Guayaquil straw-hats, coffee, hides, skins, etc., making up the rest.

The Church.-The concordat that Pope Pius IX. imposed on the republic in 1863 consecrated the ensuing principles: 1. Neither liberty of conscience nor liberty of association. No religion to be tolerated but the Catholic, nor any society condemned by the Church. 2. Monopoly of education for the benefit of the Catholic clergy. 3. The instruction of children and young people generally in universities, colleges, faculties, schools, both public and private, to be entirely in harmony with the doctrines of the Catholic religion. 4. All ecclesiastical causes shall be judged by ecclesiastic law courts only, Article VIII stipulating that this relates specially and above all to matrimonial suits, and all those concerning the faith. 5. The establishment of tithes for the support of the Church and clergy, one third of this tenth to accrue to the Government. 6. The right of refuge criminals can not be arrested if they take refuge in a church or any other holy place.

:

Climate and Resources. Early in January, 1884, it was reported from Guayaquil that that section was suffering from continued dry weather. The rainy season ordinarily begins in November or December; but early in January the weather continued very dry, not more than one fourth of an inch of water falling within six months. This has had the effect of curtailing the cocoa and coffee crops.

Balsa-Wood. This wood, celebrated for its extreme lightness, and therefore suitable for life-saving rafts, etc., grows beside the Gulf of Guayaquil, and is used for the construction of craft to sail far out into the ocean for fish, and to carry fruit to ships at anchor in the roadstead. Balsa-wood, when dry, weighs about thirteen pounds to the cubic foot, and has in salt water a supporting power of fifty-one pounds per cubic foot. Consequently, a raft of ten logs, twenty feet long by sixteen inches square, will carry one hundred people.

Cocoa.-The crop of 1884 was short, being only 170,000 quintals up to Nov. 21, against 190,000 in 1883, and 210,000 in 1882.

Local Industries.-The American consul, Mr. Beach, says in his latest report from Guayaquil to the State Department:

There are in this city a fair variety of manufactories, but none very extensive, the people relying mainly on the outside world for manufactured supplies. The supplies obtained from the United States are large, and the amount is increased annually. The United States supplies all of the sugar-making machinery, all of the saw-mills, all of the planing-mill machinery, nearly all of the steam-engines, all of the carts, all of the sewing-machines, nearly all of the best saddles and harnesses, all of the street-cars, some of the furniture, all of the store-trucks and wheelbarrows, a large share of the axes, many billiardtables, a portion of the musical instruments, etc. The articles supplied from the United States give good satisfaction, and the trade promises to be largely in

creased. In some instances the lack of thoroughly skilled labor causes a great abuse of machinery.

The two leading manufacturing establishments of

Guayaquil are combined steam saw-mills, foundries, and machine-shops. The two concerns use gang and circular saws, both of which work slowly and indifferently, because of the remarkably springy nature of the wood, a log twelve feet long springing from two to four inches out of line when a slab is taken off. The two mills turn out about 150,000 feet of lumber a

year, which is sold at an average of $35. The foundry and machine-shop work is mostly in the line of repairs, and is quite extensive. Castings average to sell at 15 cents a pound. About sixty men are employed in the two establishments, whose wages range from 70 cents to 83 a day, United States currency, small-sawing establishment, whose entire outfit was There is one steam planing, matching, turning, and obtained in the United States. It does the general work of such an establishment, but mainly for carpenters and builders. There are two ice-manufac tories, both of whose machinery was obtained in New ice, which is sold at seven cents a pound. Each conYork. They daily turn out a total of 3,000 pounds of cern employs four men, with wages ranging from $1 to $2 a day. The timber of Ecuador is excellently adapted for ship-building.

EGYPT, a principality of northern Africa, tributary to Turkey. Mehemet Ali, the gov ernor, rebelled against the Porte in 1811, and assumed the powers of government. In 1841 he was recognized, under the guarantee of the five great powers of Europe, as Vali, or Viceroy, and the sovereign authority was made hereditary under the Turkish law of succession. In 1866 Ismail obtained a firman creating him Khedive, or King, and establishing direct male succession by primogeniture, in return for which concessions he submitted to the increase of the annual contribution to the Sultan's civil list from $1,880,000 to $3,600,000. By another firman, issued in 1873, he obtained the rights of concluding treaties and maintaining an army. In August, 1879, the Sultan was induced to depose Ismail I, who was involved in financial difficulties. His son Tewfik was placed on the throne, and the government was administered under the supervision of two Controllers-General, appointed one by the French and one by the British Government, who were given the right of investigation into all departments of the public service, and an advisory voice at the councils of the Cabinet. By a second decree of the Khedive, issued April 5, 1880, an International Commission of Liquidation was appointed to elaborate a financial law to regulate the relations of Egypt with her creditors. The scheme, consolidating the foreign debts, fixing the interest at 4 per cent., and reserving certain revenues to meet it, was sanctioned by the Khedive in 1881. That same year a political movement was set on foot to deprive the Controllers of the extraordinary powers they had assumed over legislation and administration, and place the powers of gov ernment in native hands. The French and English governments refused to accede to the demand, in the beginning of 1882, for the transfer of legislative powers to a Chamber of Notables. The movement, which was accompanied by military preparations, was treated as a military rebellion. The British Government sent an army to occupy Egypt, the French