Yet I can see how for a time se might have survived as a demonstrative after the regular article had become pe. There is indeed a possibility, that the form scæ (Chron. 1140) is such a survival; yet,' it may be objected, why should se survive particularly as a fem. dem. and not rather as a masculine, for while gender had become obscured such fem. forms as þeo (and heo) and acc. pa would certainly have operated toward preventing the fixing of the feminine gender upon se as opposed to the masculine. I shall return to sca below. As far as the West Midlands are concerned we find the same condition there, except that heo in its various forms is evidenced at a much later date. These forms are heo, he, hue, hoe, ha, ho and 30e. The form that seems more characteristic of the Northern part of West Midland speech being ho as in the Early English Alliterative Poems (Lancashire). Some of these forms remain down to this day in the dialects of these regions as we have seen they do in the South, especially in the forms ho, hu and u. It is not until quite late that sche establishes itself in the West, and then evidently as an importation from the East Midlands and the North; and long after this has taken place, the old pers. pron. continues side by side with it in literature (as William of Palerne, Langland, et al). Nor did heo vanish in the North for in the present dialects of Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, etc., it remains as hu and u (Halliwell's Glossary, Wright's Dialect Grammar, 1906.) In connection with this the condition in Kentish is instructive. Here the forms si and hi are the rule, but with these are also frequently found syo and hyo, sye, sie, and hie, hye, hiyo, hya, and even zie (Dehn, Die Pronomina des Frühmittelenglischen, pp. 32-33). But there is no evidence whatever of any influence of one group upon the other; no such composites as schye, schie or scho (hi, hye, hyo+si, sye, syo, etc.) occur. Nor is there any evidence that would point to the fact that seo became sche thus replacing heo (as Morsbach, Kluge, Dehn, R. Morris), for the very reason that, while it is clear that scho and 1. In fact scæ is a dem. pron. in three of the four cases in which it occurs in the annual for 1140. 2. scho occurs once in E E.A.P sche originate in the North East Midlands and adjacent territory to the North, here seo (and se) has given way to peo and pe along with which for a considerable period 3h0, 3he, is the fem. pers. pron. And there is further the phonological difficulty of deriving sche from seo.' Here perhaps it is necessary, however, to take into account again the form sca which occurs four times in the Peterborough Chronicle for 1140. Those who derive sche from seo regard this as the earliest occurrence of sche. The form sca is indeed perplexing, first, because, if it be the modern she, this isolated occurrence seems to be a century too early, second, because it occurs only in this one annual, written twenty years after se has been replaced by pe', and third, because the spelling is unusual both as regards consonants and vowel. The Peterborough Chronicle represents linguistically a region only slightly south of that of the Ormulum. Yet in this text the fem. pers. pron. is 3ho. This together with facts considered above would seem to point to the necessity of separating sca (Chron.) from e. g. scho of the Cursor Mundi (before 1300) and Yorkshire and Lincolnshire scho and sche of the second half of the 13th Century. Further as sc and a may both have various values in the Peterborough Chronicle sca becomes doubly perplexing. The vowel a may here stand for e, æ, ea, ea, or éo, (see Meyer, Die Sprache des Chronik von Peterborough), and as sc may also simply be an inexact writing for s (as Scessuns for Soissons) sca may mean se (O. E. se, seo), sa, or so. If the latter it may be the Old Dano-Norse su, which as Bradley points out (in note referred to p. 117 above), often had the function of pers. pron. Or scæ might represent the pronunciation she or sha, in which case it might be derived from O. Norse sjá (as Kluge once, later Skeat, and as Bradley suggests). Sjá would become sha or she (unstressed). The early date 1154 favors this as in this bilingual region the O. N. sjá (pronounced by the Norse speaking English sha), was of course known to the English. The rarity of Norse-Danish words in the Chronicle does not militate against 1. Even if we may disregard that it is chiefly se f. and m. that we would have to deal with as the intermediate form. 2. aud seo has earlier yielded to se. such a theory for O. N. þeir is consistently used in Orm and was probably already established by 1154. And it is furthermore not the scarcity of loans that is the significant thing but the number of times later loans are yet regularly represented by native words. However, for reasons given above and others to be added below. I do not believe Modn. E. "she" is represented in scæ; its origin must be sought elsewhere. If I am right so far the following conclusions will follow: The fem. pers. pron. scho, sche, in M. E. cannot come from O. E. heo f. pron. by influence of the demonstrative seo, nor can it come from sẽo direct. Further, there is not much evidence that O. N. sjá (or su) is the source or has played any role in the development of "she." Also scho and sche clearly originate in precisely those sections of England which formed the heart of the Danish and Norse settlement and where, therefore, they formed a very large proportion of the population, namely Lincolnshire, Yorkshire and adjacent country. O. E. heo remains as the only possible source of sche, but everything points to the fact that it was by some form of Scandinavian influence. I believe that influence lies in the way heo was pronounced by Norsemen and the English in a region which for a long time was bilingual. Orm's form 3ho was an effort to represent that pronunciation, which must have been heavily aspirated, a voiceless semiguttural spirant very much like what we may assume was the value of the consonant combination hj in native Norse words. Orm, who himself was in all probability of Norse or Danish descent, consistently wrote this sound 3h. The form 3h0 must also be asumed for Yorkshire, in fact it is not unlikely that the half dentalized spirant, which must have been intermediate between 3h0 and scho, developed first in Yorkshire and perhaps as early as the second quarter of the century. We assume in short that we have here the same stage of development from hj (hjo) to scho as took place in O. N. hj to sh (š) in many Norwegian words, particularly in those parts of Norway whence a large number of the Norse Vikings who settled. in that part of England came.' So. O. N. hja, "with, chez, at the house of," Mod. Norw. sjaa (dialects of Telemarken, Hardanger, Söndhordland, Ryfylke, Jæderen, shao in Sogn, and sjaa in Gudbrandsdalen); O. N. hjastaurr, the stick used as a brace in a rail-fence, Mod. N. sjaastaur (in Stjördalen); O. N. hjóm, “a thin layer," Mod. No. sjaam, "a thin stratum of clouds" (Hadeland), also adj. sjaamet; O. N. hjallr, "scaffold," sjell in No. Gudbrandsdalen; O. N. hjarni, "brain," sjerne in No. Gudbrandsdalen, and in the same region and elsewhere O. N. hjón, hjún, "husband and wife" is sjon, also in sjonskilna, "separation of husband and wife." In Jakobson's Det norröne Sprog på Shetland may be found numerous cases of this same case as shalma, "a helmeted cow," black cow with a white head,<O. N. hjálma (p. 103) etc.; but the phonology of Shetland words is very irregular and I prefer to leave these out of account. The name Shetland, however, illustrates well how the change from 3ho to scho may have come about in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. Here the O. N. Hjaltland was at an early time written Syetteland, Schetteland. The combination hj in the name Hjaltland having a strongly aspirated semi-guttural sound was heard by the early settlers as a dentalized spirant (hsch) and later was so written. Thus in No. 114 of the records of Diplomatarium Norwegicum, Vol. II, written in Latin at Inverness, Scotland, October 29, 1312, the old name Hjaltland is written Syettelandie, p. 98, and Syettelandia, p. 99. In a Latin letter of 1289, Thorwald, governor of Hjaltland 1290-1300, is spoken of as Thorvaldus de Shetland. In a similar way I conceive did the spirant hj, 3h, as pronounced in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, come to be heard as scho and so written. From this region then scheo arose which later became sche, she; this form thereupon spread south into East and Southeast Midland and into the literary language. State University of Iowa. GEORGE T. FLOM. 1 Danes were undoubtedly in the majority in Lincolnshire but this does not affect the problem. THE KANTIAN STUDIES OF SCHILLER. That Schiller had some acquaintance with the Kantian philosophy perhaps as early as 1786, that is during his Dresden period, is evident from the decidedly Kantian coloring of some of the passages in the Philosophical Letters, but that his acquaintance with it was not very intimate or extensive is also seen not only from the vagueness and looseness with which Kantian principles are there employed, but from the direct statement of Schiller himself in his letter to Körner of April 15, 1788. What knowledge of the Kantian writings he possessed he had perhaps gleaned mostly from the long and earnest conversations with Körner, which he is reported to have had, and from the regular correspondence with his friend, whose letters and other writings show him to have been a man of philosophical temperament and varied interests, though the variety of his interests and the somewhat desultory character of his literary efforts kept him from going far beyond the stage of dilettantism in any line. The first writings of Kant which Schiller actually read, and the only ones before 1791, so far as there is any record, were the two small treatises Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht, and Muthmasslicher Anfang der Menschengeschichte, both published in the Berliner Monatsschrift. "Reinhold's lectures" he writes to Körner August 29, 1787, after a visit to Jena, "commence in October; they include Kant's Philosophy and the Fine Arts. In comparison to Reinhold, you are an enemy of Kant's; he maintains that a hundred years hence Kant's reputation will be unbounded. But I must avow that he spoke of him with great judgment, and has already induced me to commence reading Kant's small treatises in the Berliner Monatsschrift, amongst which his idea of a universal history gave me great satisfaction. That I shall read Kant, and perhaps study his books is, I see, more than probable. Reinhold |