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non-Teutonic blood, of given opinions, of too much or too little property, of a fixed degree of ignorance, of red hair or black eyes or the name of Smith-anything, in short, which after sufficient deliberation it believed to constitute sufficient cause therefor. The question would be solely of expediency and of practicability.

It probably struck most American readers of Anthony Trollope's autobiography as rather queer that he should congratulate himself on never having begged, toadied and intrigued for favorable notices of his books. It would seem to our way of looking at things very much a matter of course that an author who was a gentleman by position and feeling should do no such thing. Publishers among us sometimes carry legitimate enterprise" pretty far in the way of beguiling the timid or careless reviewer into ill-considered praise; and it undoubtedly happens that not only the lower grade of publisher, but the sort of author that prints ungrammatical poems at his own expense, uses even illegitimate devices to secure good notices. But they get by it only insignificant journals, after all; none that carry much weight are open to this sort of influence. That all reviewers are influenced

by personal relations to the author is as true as that human nature is human nature; but such influence is a very different matter from the sort of thing that Trollope describes. It is impossible to imagine one of our second-rank novelists exercising much moral courage to avoid entering upon a course of flattery and intrigue to get the favor of the reviewer of any of our first-rate monthlies or weeklies. We should certainly be inclined to suspect Mr. Trollope of exaggerating the temptation, were it not that English papers, in commenting upon his book, express their pleasure at his exceptionally high-minded view of "that begging and praying and bribing and intriguing for favorable criticism of which the author is too often guilty," "that touting for favorable criticism which is one of the worst characteristics of the literary profession at the present moment." Mr. Trollope's own words convey the same idea that he is propounding quite a novel truth-when he says: "If once the feeling could be produced that it is disgraceful for an author to ask for praise, the practice would gradually fall into the hands only of the lowest." And this aspiration a leading English paper comments on as a bright dream of a future that may be hoped for eventually; "but in the mean time the condition of things which he condemns so sternly must certainly be reckoned among the woes of an author's life."

JUDICIOUS Scholarship has lately taught us to regard children's games and rhymes as folk-lore of considerable antiquity, and, in many cases, unknown origin.

This encourages an unlearned ex-child, once sharer in these traditionary bequests, to propound a notion that has sometimes interested him as to the

derivation of one particular "counting-out formula." It is one that the authorities give with so many variants, and one so absolutely unmeaning, that it seems entitled to more antiquity than, perhaps, any of the others. I received it in a Californian country school, by bequest from the older pupils there; the school had, perhaps, been in existence twelve or fifteen years, but from what section or nationality (wellnigh all were there represented) the particular pupils came who introduced the formula to it, I know not. As we had it in my time, and had had it as far back as reliable tradition extended, it ran :

"Eeny, meeny, mony, my,
Pascalena, bonus, try,
Hogga, dogga, wogga, wo,
O-U-T out goes he."

Of course these things are transmitted purely orally, so spelling counts for nothing. Make such changes in spelling as these-perfectly legitimate ones, considering the changes in vowel pronunciation of the last few hundred years:

"Ina mina mone mi (mihi? mei?), Pascalena bonus tri (trei-tre-s?)." The suggestions of Latin in the jumble are too strong not to rouse in the antiquarian fancy the thought of some medieval formula in monkish Latin

probably a charm or prayer used in casting lots, to aid the falling of the lot upon the right person; descending from friar, ignorant of Latin, to old women, from prayer to meaningless charm, and thenceperhaps with loss of respect for such things in Protestant or Puritan Reformations-handed over to

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children for a plaything, like other outgrown garments. A form "Pascalena, bona, stri," even suggests the grammatical-looking conjunction "Pascalena bona," with a suggestion of reference to the sacrament; or the other conjunction "Bonus tres hints very strongly of reference to the Trinity. And "Mone mi" still farther carries the hint that perhaps a sufficiently profound antiquarian might dig up some such original as [saint or virgin] guide me," Paschal lamb [paschala agnus-pascalena ?—no barbarism of Latinity need stagger one in a friar's charm-prayer, or old woman's charm] and good Trinity, direct the lot to the right person”—this last, of course, being in two lines lost and replaced by the meaningless words now used by children. Certainly the last two lines, as they now stand, have an air of deliberate invention, instead of gradual corruption, quite at variance with the first two. The words are such as children would naturally invent to fill out a -to them-senseless formula; which is not the case with the first couplet. It would be natural that the original charm should have limped much in metre and rhyme; but having by some elements of smoothness secured over others its survival, once in the mouths of folk who knew no Latin, it would *Sometimes tuscalena.

inevitably be docked, drawn out, twisted in vowel-
sounds and re-divided in words till it attained the
perfect rhythm of a Mother Goose rhyme. Even
now, do not children, orally taught, improve the
rhythm of "Now I lay me down to sleep" a trifle
by rendering and understanding "lay me
word?

A Song of Dark Weather.
Ан, hopeless day, with sky of gray
Bowed down on wet, green hills,
With slender trees bent all one way,

And slow, damp wind that chills;—
And ache, heart, ache,

as one

For the wind will blow and the skies stoop low,
And men, thy brothers, will come and go,
And who will care though thou shouldst break?
Ache, heart, be dumb and ache.

The sun shall shine, and the green hills' line Be drawn on purest sky;

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BOOK REVIEWS.

Reminiscences of Lord Ronald Gower.1

This is a record of the life of a gentleman who possessed everything to make life happy, useful, and beautiful. Born in Stafford House, London, in 1845, of a noble family, related on the father's side to the Campbells, Stuarts, Levesons, Grosvenors, and Fitzgeralds, and on the mother's to the equally notable Sutherlands, Howards, and Carlisles, he was schooled at Eton, and afterwards in Switzerland, and was then entered at Cambridge University. Here he passed the usual period, interspersed with visits to London, etc., excursions to the Continent, and frequent returns to the three palaces which constituted his three homes, and which, with their art and surroundings, he graphically pictures to the reader. From 1867 to 1874, he was in Parliament as a Liberal and supporter of Gladstone. His reminiscences of that great chief are most interesting and valuable; but he seems to have been even more intimate with Disraeli, who used to address him as "My Dearest," and who confided to him, among many striking thoughts, that memorable conclusion of his long political career: "There is no such thing as sympathy or sentiment between statesmen." His description of the declining days of that brilliant leader, when, at Hughenden, he sat gazing into the fire murmuring absently to himself, "Dreams, dreams, dreams! is the most pathetic passage of the book.

Our author was especially intimate also with the Marquis of Lorne and Lord Dufferin, and he is full of interesting particulars of Lord Derby, Dean Stan

1 My Reminiscences. By Lord Ronald Gower. 2 vols. Kegan Paul, French & Co., London. 1883.

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ley, Carlyle, Ruskin, Thackeray, Swinburne, Charles Kingsley, Harriet Martineau, Motley, Longfellow, Garibaldi, Thiers, Taine, Victor Hugo, Sarah Bernhardt, Tom Taylor, W. H. Russell (whom he calls "the founder of the profession of war-corre spondents"), and very many other noted people. He it was of his statuette of the "Old Guard ” that Carwas also an artist—a sculptor of no little fame, and dinal Manning cleverly said, in writing to him, that he had accomplished the difficult achievement of 'translating the Dying Gladiator into modern French." As an artist he has entertaining things to say of Sir F. Leighton, Watts (whom he styles ** a far greater artist"), Millais, Sir Henry Thompson, Frank Miles, E. M. Ward, Whistler (of whom he fectation and self-admiration "), and, in France, Guswrites, "he has certainly talent, but too much af tave Doré, Meissonier ("more like a gnome than any one I ever set eyes on "), Leopold Flameng, etc. He recounts many curious phases of English life; among others the "snobbish," as he characterizes it, reception of the Shah, whom he describes as “a man ut terly without recommendation—a more effete, ungracious, uncivilized creature than this yellow-faced Persian could not be imagined—his unmajestic majesty," who was more interested in cock-fighting than anything else he saw in England. One of the author's most important episodes was his march with the German army and subsequent stay in Paris during the Franco-Prussian war. Everywhere throughout the work the reader finds himself moving in exalted and distinguished society, or taking part in scenes and events, now stirring, now charming, in England and abroad.

* *

But that which will most interest the Pacific reader is his journey in 1878 to the United States and Australia, and his impressions of the American people. In regard to the latter, he is full of enthusiasm. He says of them: "They are intellectually, as a people, vastly superior to any other nation, and the progress they have made, and are making annually, is one of the most gratifying facts in the history of civilization. Again: "Wherever I went, I found all classes of the Americans not only civil but highly civilized, as compared class for class with the English; not only amiable, but as a rule kind and courteous, and with rare exceptions well-informed, well-bred, and having more refinement of manner than any other people I have ever come amongst. I admire with all my heart this great people." Of a steamer on the Hudson he writes: "To which steamer and to which river, we have nothing to compare in the Old World." Of our climate: "I begin to think this American climate the most perfect in the universe. All this week has been heavenly, and the sky infinitely more blue than ours in England, and the air has a brightness and sparkle about it that gives one a sense of continually quaffing ethereal champagne." Coming westward, he tarries at Salt Lake City. "As to its position," he declares, "no town can be more beautifully situated than this of the Mormons. Infinitely finer in situation than even Florence, but recalling a little the position of that city." He duly arrives at Sacramento, and "from there on to San Francisco the country is like an immense English park; oaks abound, and the pastures are as green and fresh as those of Kent in May. Crossing a ferry at Oakland in one of those triple-decked steamers on which hundreds of passengers and dozens of carts and horses can all be stowed away, looking like a Noah's ark, we reached Frisco * * and there put up at the hugest wooden inn in the world, the Palace Hotel." It is to be regretted that so appreciative a visitor was obliged to pass rapidly through our city on his way to Australia, without delaying to see and know us. But on his return by the same route, in September, he stopped long enough to make the excursion to the Yosemite Valley. This journey, however, taken at he dustiest season of the year, was almost too much or him. "This," he writes, "is an expedition of ach labor and toil, that compared to it a felon's ask would be an agreeable change. ** Not for an mpire would I go through that drive again from Merced to Clarke's." At the "Titanic Valley," as he tyles it, though there was but little water in the Falls, nd "Mirror Lake," so called, was found to be a 'swindle," the traveler was profoundly impressed y the "gigantic granite walls, the valley appearing ke a path between them." But what most surprised nd delighted him was the Trees, "the largest id most ancient that exist in the world." Beginng with the "beautiful ride” to the Mariposa rove, he proceeds with his fine and glowing deription: "These trees are altogether beautiful

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beautiful from their prodigious height and size-and of inexpressible majesty and solemnity. Much soon er would I have missed seeing the Valley of the Yosemite than these glorious trees; they make one feel, while riding beneath them and looking up at their matchless height, as one only does when seeing or hearing some glorious work of art--before a cartoon of Raffaelle, or listening to a march of Handel, or a requiem of Bach's. They brought one's heart into one's throat, and a mist to one's eyes, and one felt under them nearer to God and to heaven. With what delight could one pass days in this natural temple, the dome of which is the blue sky, the pillars these stately purple columns." Of one of these giants he says: "It was more like a polished pillar of porphyry than a tree."

But here we must leave, though with great reluctance, this genial and generous Englishman. What shall we do with our Daughters?1

THERE is very little to be said on the general subject of woman's sphere, rights, duties, or capacities, and as a great deal is said, it follows that the major part of it is essentially repetition. "The main thing is to get the point of view," as Mr. James's international visitors say: that once got, it is hard to find any further writing upon the subject that is not selfevident in all but some corroborative and cumulative details. As the doctrines of these writings, however, are still in the position of propaganda, numbering only a minority of the reading world among their adherents, it is as right that they should be continually restated, inculcated, re-illustrated, and re-proved, as that the doctrine of civil service reform, or of the higher education, should be. Mrs. Livermore's lectures, recast into the form of treatise, form an admirable addition to the chain of expositions with regard to the sphere of women. They are in the sensible and moderate style that is coming more and more to the front in such discussion; they are directed, most wisely, to the single point of how girls should be brought up-the most vital one, certainly, connected with the destiny of the sex; for it has become obvious enough that laws might be enacted to infinity without extending the sphere of woman an inch, if she did not show herself capable of occupying the extended territory; and that whatever territory she can occupy will surely be hers. Indeed, it is clear to the candid that women have already open to them more opportunity than they avail themselves of; that, both in education and money-earning, the strongest bar to their liberty at present is their own disinclination to severe training and the influence of social opinion. It is, therefore, against these moral obstacles to the progress of her sex that Mrs. Livermore's book is directed. The present orthodox idea of bringing up girls (we are glad to say it is not, and never has been, the universal idea) is to make qualifi

1 What shall we do with our Daughters? By Mary A. Livermore. Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1883.

cation for attracting a husband the chief end of education; qualification for wifehood being a neglected consideration, for motherhood still more so; while the often inevitable spinsterhood is a state for which girls seem to be almost deliberately disqualified. Mrs. Livermore pleads for the reversal of all this. A few scattered quotations will give an idea of her general positions :

"Our social structure has been based on the theo

ry that all men support all women,' -a theory which has never been true, and which is farther from being true to-day than ever before. Consequently, boys have been educated to have some well-defined, clearcut purpose in life. . . . It has been, and is still, regarded as a misfortune when a boy grows to manhood, aimless, shiftless, content to live on the labor of others. With girls it has been otherwise. . . . The practical working of this theory has weighted women with heavy disabilities; for many men make neither good nor competent husbands. . . . Many women are widows, while an increasingly large number in the Eastern and Middle States do not marry at all.... At sixty, when their husbands die, they are no better able to manage their affairs than they were at six, but betray by their childishness that the whole moral work of life has been stopped for them for half a century.' . . . Society has a claim upon every human being, women as well as men, for some useful work.... Girls would then escape one of the most serious dangers to which inefficient women are liable the danger of regarding marriage as a means of livelihood." "Out of two thousand fallen women in the city of New York, eighteen hundred and eighty had been brought up 'to do nothing.""

"Prepare our daughters to be good wives, mothers, and home-makers? Do we conduct the education of girls with this object? Do we not trust entirely to natural instinct and aptitude, which, in the woman, is incomparably strong in the direction of wifehood, motherhood, and the home? . . The very highest function of woman is to raise and train the family; it is the very highest function of man also. Indeed, civilization has but this end in view. . . . 'Governments, religion, property, books, are but the scaffolding to build men. Earth holds up to her Master no fruit but the finished man.' . . . Are the duties of motherhood so slight and easy of right performance that no preparation or training is necessary? . . . It requires a very high order of woman to be a good wife, mother, and housekeeper; and she who

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makes a success in these departments possesses such a combination of admirable qualities, both mental and moral, that, with proper training, she might make a success in almost any department.... President Dwight, of Yale College, was wont to say that a man must ask his wife if he may be rich." "The widespread neglect, indifference, or opposition to marriage' discussed and anathematized by some late writers, exists more generally in their imaginations than in society. For to-day, as ever since the world began, men and women marry, wisely and unwisely. It is true there are communities where women are in excess of men. . . . It is also true that the better classes of women demand more in marriage at the present time than was formerly thought essential. . . . From institutes of heredity and temperance unions, from maternal associations, and societies for moral education . . . comes a united entreaty to the young women of the present to forbear allying themselves in marriage with drunken, sensual, immoral men."

...

...

"Superfluous women? There are plenty of them. ... But you will not always find superfluous women aniong the unmarried. They are superfluous women, whether married or unmarried, whose lives are days of idle pleasure, and who are victims of ennui, unrest, and morbid fancy, because they despise the activities of the age into which they are born. . . They are superfluous women who are . . . so lacking in high principle, so devoid of tender feeling, that they are capable of accepting any man in marriage if his establishment, his equipage, and bank ac count are satisfactory . . . they are superfluous women who live for what they call 'society,' their weak natures knowing no loftier aspiration than to be admitted to a gilded social circle higher than they." "It is the false teaching of society-a demoralizing public sentiment-that is responsible for these women.'

...

These quotations give a sort of abstract of the argument, and an idea of the tone of the book. It is throughout unmarred by any fanaticism or folly-wise, temperate, and sound as it is possible for a book to be. We rarely meet a book that we feel it right to urge so warmly upon readers. Young girls, parents, teachers, who have not already given the subject careful thought, should certainly read it; and whatever additional readers it gains, outside these classes, will count as a gain toward the formation of a wise public opinion.

THE

OVERLAND MONTHLY.

DEVOTED To

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY.

VOL. III. (SECOND SERIES.)-APRIL, 1884.-No. 4.

A PUEBLO FÊTE DAY.

SCATTERED about among the valleys of New Mexico and Arizona there are some twenty-three villages peopled by a race known as the Pueblo Indians. Once a mighty nation and an ancient one, the tribes to-day do not number more than 10,000 persons, and disease still continues its decimating work. Who the Pueblo Indians really are is hard to tell. They were found iving where they do to-day by the Spaniards is far back as 1540; and to all appearances hey had occupied their mud-built houses nany centuries before Cortez landed on the hores of Mexico, and before Coronado had arched to the northern counties beyond. Ir. Frank Cushing, living among the Zuñi, striving to learn what the mythological istory of that tribe is; and if, as many beeve, the Zuñi and the so-called Pueblo ibes come from the same race, and were iginally of the same nation, then Cushing's owledge of one people's history may enle him to unravel the mythological haze rrounding the others. It is possible that e Pueblo Indians are related to the Aztecs old Mexico. They certainly have many stoms similar to those of the Aztecs, and personal appearance the likeness is rearkable. Both live in adobe houses, VOL. III.

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dress very much alike, cook in the same manner, and eat the same kind of food. The language of the two, however, is different; but this is not strange, for it is a curious fact that among the twenty-three Pueblo tribes, hardly any two have the same tongue. It is said that when the small-pox had rendered one of the New Mexico pueblos no longer habitable, the remaining members of the tribe left their homes, and had to travel many miles and visit many different villages before they found a people who could understand their language. I once heard of a man who said that a medium or spiritualist had told him that centuries ago Egyptians crossed over at the far north from Europe to America, and settled in what is now the arctic region. At that early period, however, the country there was possessed of a mild climate; but when it began to grow cold, the Egyptians began to move south, and continued their migrations until they reached the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and as they moved toward warmer latitudes, they left behind them, at irregular intervals, different bodies of men and their women, who afterwards formed first the Esquimaux, then the Indians of central North America, then the Pueblo Indians, and later the Aztecs.

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