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territories, or even to have recourse to extreme measures in French territory in Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between Italy and France would constitute ipso facto, on the demand of Italy, and at the common charge of Germany and Italy, the casus fœderis foreseen by Arts. II and V of the present treaty, as if such an eventuality were expressly contemplated therein.

Art. XI. If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against France by the two powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial guaranties with respect to France for the security of the frontiers of the kingdom and of her maritime position, as well as with a view to stability and to peace, Germany will present no obstacle thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible with circumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means of attaining such a purpose.

Art. XII. The high contracting parties mutually promise secrecy as to the contents of the present treaty.

Art. XIII. The signatory powers reserve the right of subsequently introducing, in the form of a protocol and of a common agreement, the modifications of which the utility should be demonstrated by circumstances.

Art. XIV. The present treaty shall remain in force for a period of six years dating from the expiration of the treaty now in force; but if it has not been denounced one year in advance by one or another of the high contracting parties, it shall remain in force for the same duration of six more years. Art. XV. The ratifications of the present treaty shall be exchanged at Vienna, within a period of a fortnight or sooner if may be.

In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the present treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Vienna, in triplicate, the fifth day of the month of December one thousand nine hundred and twelve.

L. S.

L. S.

L. S.

BERCHTOLD.

VON TSCHIRSCHKY.
AVARNA.

3. PROTOCOL.

At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the treaty of this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, the undersigned plenipotentiaries of these three powers, thereto duly authorized, mutually declare as follows:

1. Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle the high contract

ing parties promise each other, from this moment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads) in addition to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facilities and special advantages which would be compatible with the requirements of each of the three states and with their respective engagements with third powers.

2. The accession of England being already acquired, in principle, to the stipulations of the treaty of this day which concern the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Ottoman Empire, the high contracting parties shall exert themselves at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard to North African territories of the central and western part of the Mediterranean, including Morocco. This accession might be realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the program established by Arts. IX and X of the treaty of this day.

In witness whereof the three plenipotentiaries have signed the present protocol in triplicate.

Done at Vienna, the fifth day of the month of December one thousand nine hundred and twelve.

BERCHTOLD.

VON TSCHIRSCHKY.
AVARNA.

4. PROTOCOL.

At the moment of proceeding to the signature of the treaty of this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, the undersigned plenipotentiaries of these three powers, thereto duly authorized, mutually declare as follows:

1. It is understood that the territorial status quo in the North African regions on the Mediterranean mentioned in Art. IX of the treaty of June 28, 1902, implies the sovereignty of Italy over Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. 2. It is likewise understood that Art. X of the same treaty has for its basis the existing territorial status quo in the North African regions at the moment of the signing of the treaty.

3. It is understood that the special arrangements concerning Albania and the Sanjak of Novibazar agreed upon between Austria-Hungary and Italy on December 20, 1900/February 9, 1901, and on November 20/December 15, 1909, are not modified by the renewal of the treaty of alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy.

In witness whereof the three plenipotentiaries have signed the present protocol in triplicate.

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223

Done at Vienna, the fifth day of the month of December one thousand nine hundred and twelve.

L. S.

L. S.

L. S.

BERCHTOLD.
VON TSCHIRSCHKY.
AVARNA.

5. MILITARY AND NAVAL CONVENTIONS.

On February 1, 1888, a military convention was concluded between Italy and Germany, which contemplated the employment of Italian troops against France to the west of the Rhine. A similar agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy, with reference to the employment of Italian troops in the east-against Russia-was projected, but never came into effect. The Austro-Hungarian Government, in accordance with the treaty, merely bound itself to provide for the transportation and feeding of the Italian troops destined for Germany. On the other hand, agreements were made between all three states with reference to the employment of their navies in time of war. The first naval agreement, concluded on December 5, 1900, contemplated independent operations. It was superseded in the year 1913 by another agreement, in which united action of the combined naval forces was provided for. The chief aim of this was the securing of naval supremacy in the Mediterranean and the prevention of the transportation of French colonial troops from Africa to the European theater of war.-Pribram, loc. cit., 11-12.

Naval agreement between the Naval Section of the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry, the Admiralty Staff of the German Navy and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy, prepared in draft, June 23, 1913; revised, August 2, 1913; in force, November 1, 1913; with distribution of forces for joint operations in time of war "valid for 1914."-Pribram, loc. cit., 282-305.

To prevent the trouble that would be inevitable if Rumanian troops marched with Hungarians, it was stipulated that in case of war Italy should send 40,000 men to fight beside the Rumanians.-Summary of interview with Take Ionescu by M. Tavernier, special correspondent of the Paris Temps at Bukharest, New York Times, September 21, 1916.

It is thanks to it [the alliance] that so many Rumanian officers have studied in Germany and Austria without any advantage to our arms. It is because of it that we have no artillery, infantry, mountain artillery, fortifications in the Carpathians or factories for munitions or guns.-Take Ionescu to M. Tavernier, special correspondent of the Paris Temps at Bukharest, quoted in New York Times, September 21, 1916.

6. INSTRUCTIONS OF COUNT GUICCARDINI TO THE DUKE OF AVARNA, DECEMBER 15, 1909, HANDED BY THE LATTER TO COUNT AEHRENTHAL ON DECEMBER 19, 1909.1

In the conversations which have lately taken place between Count Aehrenthal and yourself with a view to specifying and perfecting Art. VII of the treaty of Triple Alliance, you have firstly agreed that, Austria-Hungary having renounced the rights which the treaty of Berlin had conferred upon her in respect of the Sanjak of Novibazar, the provisions of the aforesaid article of the treaty of Triple Alliance apply equally to the Sandjak as to other parts of the Ottoman Empire. If, therefore, Austria-Hungary, in consequence of the impossibility of maintaining the status quo in the Balkans, shall be compelled by force of circumstances to proceed to a temporary or permanent occupation of the Sanjak of Novibazar, that occupation shall only be effected after a previous agreement has been reached with Italy, based on the principle of compensation.

Faithful to the spirit which has inspired the treaty of Triple Alliance, and with a view to defining exactly and by mutual consent the mode of procedure which the two allied cabinets intend to adopt in certain eventualities, you have also arranged with Count Aehrenthal as follows:

Each of the two cabinets binds itself not to effect with a third power any agreement whatsoever concerning the Balkan question without the participation of the other cabinet on a footing of absolute equality. The two cabinets also bind themselves to communicate to one another all propositions which may be made to the one or to the other by a third power, contrary to the principle of non-intervention and referring to a modification of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Turkish coasts and islands in the Adriatic and Ægean Seas.

It is understood that Art. VII of the treaty of Triple Alliance, which is defined and completed only by the aforesaid provisions, shall remain in force in its entirety.

As to the duration of the obligations which the two cabinets assume by virtue of the aforesaid, it is understood that it shall coincide with that of the treaty of Triple Alliance, in such a manner that these obligations will be implicitly renewed with the renewal of the Triple Alliance.

Conforming with the analogous provisions of this treaty, the two cabinets mutually promise secrecy on the obligations thus entered into. Only 'Austro-Hungarian Red Book, Appendix II.

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223b

the Berlin cabinet, in its capacity as an ally, shall be informed by the two Governments without delay.

In order to define exactly all that has been agreed upon in the conversations I have conducted through your mediation with the Austro-Hungarian Government, I request you to communicate this telegram to the minister of foreign affairs and to leave with him a copy thereof.

7. RUMANIA AND THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.'

His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and ApostolicKing of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of Rumania, animated by an equal desire to maintain the general peace in conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro-Hungarian-German Alliance, to assure the political order and to guarantee against all eventualities the perfect friendship which binds them together, having taken into consideration the stipulations of the treaty signed to this end on July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, a treaty which by its essentially conservative and defensive nature pursues only the aim of forestalling the dangers which might menace the peace of their States, and desiring to record once more the understanding established between their Majesties in prospect of certain eventualities mentioned in the treaty of July 25, 1892, the duration of which has been prolonged until July 25, 1903, by the protocol signed at Sinaia on September 30, 1896, and which has been renewed by the treaty signed at Bukharest on April 17, 1902, have resolved to renew and to confirm by a new agreement the engagements contained in the aforesaid treaty.

For this purpose their said Majesties have named as their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

The accession of Germany, dated at Bukharest, February 13/26, 1913, provided that "His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the name of the German Empire toward their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic-King of Hungary, and the King of Rumania by the undersigned, Sieur Charles Emil Prince von Fürstenberg, His Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, and the Sieur Titus Majoresco, President of the Council of Ministers, His Minister of Foreign Affairs, duly authorized for this purpose take toward His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the same engagements by which the High Contracting Parties have mutually bound themselves according to the stipulations of the said treaty inserted above."

The accession of Italy, dated at Bukharest, March 5, 1913, provided that the King of Italy "accedes to the said treaty within the limits indicated below so far as concerns the stipulations of Articles 2 and 3 of the treaty of July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, articles which are reproduced in Article I of the treaty inserted above, to wit:

"If eventualities that could give rise to the casus fœderis, as it is foreseen in the said Articles 2 and 3, should chance to occur, their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic-King of Hungary, the King of Italy and the King of Rumania assume a mutual engagement to concert with one another in ample time as to common action, the detailed procedure of which shall be regulated by a special convention.

"The present accession shall be in force dating from July 8, 1914, for the whole duration of the principal treaty of February 5, 1913, unless it may be denounced by one of the high contracting parties in the proper time."

The texts are reprinted from Pribram, loc. cit., 260-273.