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b. Notification instructing regiments to begin pour- parlers with enemy, November 22, 1917
c. Order directing the army to cease firing and begin
fraternization, November 28, 1917.
3. Note of Leon Trotsky to Allies, requesting participation.
in armistice, December 6, 1917
4. Basic principles for peace negotiations, Brest-Litovsk,
December 22, 1917
112
II. REPLIES TO THE RUSSIAN OFFER:
1. Statement of Count Czernin for Central Quadruple
Alliance in reply to Russian peace principles, Brest-
Litovsk, December 25, 1917
113
2. Extract from proceedings of Brest-Litovsk conference
proposing 10-day recess, December 25, 1917
115
3. Attitude of the Allies
116
4. The War Aims of the Allies: Speech of David Lloyd
George, British Premier, January 5, 1918
117
Explanatory note: Memorandum of the British Labor
Movement on war aims, December 28, 1917
118
5. Terms for which America Fights: Speech of President
Wilson, January 8, 1918
133
6. Address of Chancellor von Hertling, January 24, 1918. 139
7. Count Czernin, January 24, 1918
8. Statement of Supreme War Council, January 30-
February 2, 1918
9. Address of President Wilson, February 11, 1918.
147
158
10. Address of Chancellor von Hertling, February 25, 1918. 165
No. 4, APRIL, 1918
THE BACKGROUND OF THE WAR
DOCUMENTS CONSTITUTING THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE AND THE
TRIPLE ENTENTE AND ITS FRIENDSHIPS
The Austro-German Alliance .
Italy enters the Triple Alliance
Rumania forced in
German pressure for secret diplomacy
Changes in the Triple Alliance
Momentous change of attitude
Italy strains at the leash . .
Turkey's entrance into the alliance
Anglo-Italian Mediterranean agreement
Central Powers in alliance with and against Russia
173
176
178
180
181
182
183
184
186
188
PAGE
Germany "reinsures" with Russia against Austria-Hungary
France and Russia make friends
190
192
1. Treaty of alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany, October
7, 1879.
2. Main treaty of Triple Alliance, as revised in 1912
3. Protocol
4. Protocol
5. Military and naval conventions
6. Instructions of Count Guiccardini to the Duke of Avarna, December
15, 1909, handed by the latter to Count Aehrenthal on December
19, 1909
216
218
221
222
223
1223a
7. Rumania and the Triple Alliance: Fourth treaty of Alliance, signed
at Bukharest, February 5, 1913
223b
8. Treaty of formal alliance between Germany and Turkey, August 2, 1914.
223d
9. Treaty between Bulgaria and Germany, Austria-Hungary and Tur-
key, concluded at Sofia, July 17, 1915
223e
B. ALLIANCES OPPOSED TO THE CENTRAL POWERS:
I. Franco-Russian Alliance:
1. Exchange of letters, August 27, 1891:
a. Russian ambassador at Paris to French minister for foreign
affairs
224
b. French minister for foreign affairs to the Russian ambas- sador
c. Further understandings
225a
225b
2. Military convention, August, 1892:
a. General Boisdeffre to the French minister of war, inclosing
project
2250
b. French minister for foreign affairs to the French ambassador
to Russia, August 27, 1892
225e
c. Report respecting interview with General Obruchev
225f
d. Russian minister for foreign affairs to the French ambas- sador, December 27, 1893
e. French ambassador to Russia to Russian minister for foreign affairs, January 4, 1894 .
2258
3. Exchange of notes confirming arrangements of 1891-1894:
a. Russian minister for foreign affairs to French minister for
foreign affairs, August 9, 1899 .
b. French minister for foreign affairs to Russian minister for
4. Naval understanding:
225h
225i
b. Convention for exchange of information, July 16, 1912 .
a. Project of naval convention, July 16, 1912
II. Anglo-French Entente Cordiale:
1. Schedule of documents
2. Summary of contents:
a. Circular addressed April 12, 1904, by M. Delcassé, French
minister of foreign affairs, to French ambassadors
227
b. Dispatch to British ambassador at Paris forwarding agree-
ments
230
d. Exchange of letters respecting armed assistance, Novem- ber 22-23, 1912:
c. Secret articles respecting Egypt and Morocco, London,
April 8, 1904
231
2. Sir Arthur Nicolson to Sir Edward Grey
Inclosure 1. Convention between Great Britain and Russia,
236
St. Petersburg, August 31, 1907:
Arrangement concerning Persia
237
Convention concerning Afghanistan
239
Arrangement concerning Tibet.
240
Annex to the Arrangement between Great Britain and
Russia concerning Tibet
241
Inclosure 2. Sir Arthur Nicolson to Alexander Izvolski
Inclosure 3. Alexander Izvolski to Sir Arthur Nicolson
242
IV. Anglo-Japanese Alliance:
1. Agreement relative to China and Korea (Alliance, etc.), Lon-
don, January 30, 1902
2. Agreement relative to Eastern Asia (China and Korea) and
India, London, August 12, 1905
244
3. Agreement respecting rights and interests in Eastern Asia
and India signed at London, July 13, 1911
245
V. Anglo-Portuguese Alliance:
1. Treaty of peace, friendship and alliance, London, June 16,
1373
No. 5, JUNE, 1918
THE MONROE DOCTRINE AFTER THE WAR
By GEORGE GRAFTON WILSON,
Professor of international law, Harvard University.
APPENDIX
I. THE EUROPEAN BACKGROUND OF THE MONroe Doctrine:
Historical note on the principle of "legitimacy"
1. The Holy Alliance, September 26, 1815
2. Declaration of the five cabinets of Austria, France, Great Britain,
Prussia and Russia, signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, November 15, 1818,
3. The conferences of Troppau:
a. Circular of the Austrian, Prussian and Russian missions to foreign
courts, December 8, 1820, declaring their policy toward revolu-
tions
b. Circular dispatch to British missions at foreign courts, January 21,
1821, dissenting from foregoing and protesting its “principles".
4. Declaration of the monarchs of Austria, Prussia and Russia at the
conclusion of the conference of Laibach, May 12, 1821, relative
to the suppression of revolutions in Italy
5. Final circular of the Congress of Verona, December 14, 1822, relating
the result of measures taken in Italy and declaring policy toward
the struggle for freedom in Greece, Spain and her American
colonies
6. Europe's attitude toward intervention on behalf of Spain in the
Latin-American revolution: Invasion of Spain by France; restora-
tion of the king; his circular note to Europe relative to aid in
Spanish America; Great Britain's dissent and its program in re-
lation to the origin of the Monroe doctrine
II. THE MONROE DOCTRINE:
1. President Monroe's annual message, December 2, 1823 . .
2. President Polk's annual message, December 2, 1845, declaring against
any future European colony or dominion in North America. . .
3. President Johnson's annual message, December 9, 1868, advocating
republican institutions in West Indies
4. President Grant's messages:
a. First annual message, December 6, 1869, declaring against the
transfer of American colonies from one European power to
another
b. Special message, May 31, 1870, repeating the foregoing
253
266
269
271
273
275
278
281
283
286
288
289
290
c. Special message, June 13, 1870, discussing effect of American
freedom from designs of conquest
d. Special message, April 5, 1871, declaring it the duty of the United
States to prevent North American territory becoming dependent
upon any European power
291
5. President Hayes' special message, March 8, 1880, declaring policy of
an Isthmian canal under American control.
6. President Harrison's inaugural address, March 4, 1889, suggesting
European reciprocity as to noninterference
7. President Cleveland's special message, December 17, 1895, relative
to the enforcement of the Monroe doctrine . .
8. Reservation made by the American delegation to the Hague conven-
tion for the pacific settlement of international disputes, 1899
and 1907 ..
9. Secretary Hay's circular note on the open door in China, September,
1899, with record of its acceptance
10. President Roosevelt's messages:
a. First annual message, December 3, 1901, declaring that the Monroe
doctrine guarantees commercial independence, but not against
punishment for misconduct
292
293
294
295
b. Second annual message, December 2, 1902, asserting that a navy is
required to back up the Monroe doctrine
296
c. Fourth annual message, December 6, 1904, discussing the Monroe
doctrine and exercise of international police power
d. Fifth annual message, December 5, 1905, stating that just and
orderly American governments have nothing to fear from the
Monroe doctrine
297
II. Notes exchanged by the United States and Japan declaring their
policy in the Far East, November 30, 1908
298
12. Senate resolution, August 2, 1912, relative to foreign corporate pos-
session of American harbors
13. President Wilson's address to the Senate, January 22, 1917, proposing
the Monroe doctrine as the doctrine of the world
299
No. 6, AUGUST, 1918
GERMAN ATTEMPTS TO DIVIDE BELGIUM
By CARL L. BECKER,
Professor of modern European history, Cornell University.
INTRODUCTION: GERMAN POLICY
Promises no longer binding
I. THE FLEMISH QUESTION
Belgian determination to be independent
Use of either language optional
German theory of two "peoples"
II. THE FLEmish University of Ghent
University to "liberate" Flemings.
Teachers difficult to obtain
Students got by scholarships.
III. THE ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF BELGIUM.
Germany entertains "Flemish deputies"
Opinion of real Flemings.