A League of Nations

8. Statement of Supreme War Council, January 30-

February 2, 1918

9. Address of President Wilson, February 11, 1918.

147

158

159

10. Address of Chancellor von Hertling, February 25, 1918. 165

No. 4, APRIL, 1918

THE BACKGROUND OF THE WAR

DOCUMENTS CONSTITUTING THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE AND THE

TRIPLE ENTENTE AND ITS FRIENDSHIPS

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Turkey's entrance into the alliance

Anglo-Italian Mediterranean agreement

Central Powers in alliance with and against Russia

Austro-Russian effort to keep Balkan peace

Germany "reinsures" with Russia against Austria-Hungary

France and Russia make friends

Alliance signed after naval fraternizing

Treaty relations between allied groups.

France and Italy compose Mediterranean rivalry

Anglo-Japanese Alliance takes form

Origin of the Entente Cordiale.

204

Anglo-Russian convention respecting Asia

205

How the Triple Entente ripened

207

Effects of the Agadir crisis.

208

1. Treaty of alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany, October

7, 1879.

2. Main treaty of Triple Alliance, as revised in 1912

6. Instructions of Count Guiccardini to the Duke of Avarna, December

15, 1909, handed by the latter to Count Aehrenthal on December

7. Rumania and the Triple Alliance: Fourth treaty of Alliance, signed

at Bukharest, February 5, 1913

223b

8. Treaty of formal alliance between Germany and Turkey, August 2,
1914.

223d

9. Treaty between Bulgaria and Germany, Austria-Hungary and Tur-

key, concluded at Sofia, July 17, 1915

223e

B. ALLIANCES OPPOSED TO THE CENTRAL POWERS:

I. Franco-Russian Alliance:

1. Exchange of letters, August 27, 1891:

a. Russian ambassador at Paris to French minister for foreign

affairs

224

b. French minister for foreign affairs to the Russian ambas-
sador

225a

c. Further understandings

2256

2. Military convention, August, 1892:

a. General Boisdeffre to the French minister of war, inclosing

project

2250

b. French minister for foreign affairs to the French ambassador

to Russia, August 27, 1892

225e

c. Report respecting interview with General Obruchev
d. Russian minister for foreign affairs to the French ambas-
sador, December 27, 1893

225f

e. French ambassador to Russia to Russian minister for foreign
affairs, January 4, 1894 .

2258

3. Exchange of notes confirming arrangements of 1891-1894:

a. Russian minister for foreign affairs to French minister for

foreign affairs, August 9, 1899 .

b. French minister for foreign affairs to Russian minister for

foreign affairs, August 9, 1899 . .

4. Naval understanding:

a. Project of naval convention, July 16, 1912

b. Convention for exchange of information, July 16, 1912

225j

II. Anglo-French Entente Cordiale:

226

1. Schedule of documents

2. Summary of contents:

a. Circular addressed April 12, 1904, by M. Delcassé, French

minister of foreign affairs, to French ambassadors

227

b. Dispatch to British ambassador at Paris forwarding agree-

ments

230

d. Exchange of letters respecting armed assistance, Novem-

ber 22-23, 1912:

c. Secret articles respecting Egypt and Morocco, London,

April 8, 1904

231

i. Sir Edward Grey to Paul Cambon .

ii. Paul Cambon to Sir Edward Grey .

233

234

III. Anglo-Russian Entente Cordiale:

1. Sir Edward Grey to Sir Arthur Nicolson

2. Sir Arthur Nicolson to Sir Edward Grey

Inclosure 1. Convention between Great Britain and Russia,

Inclosure 2. Sir Arthur Nicolson to Alexander Izvolski

Inclosure 3. Alexander Izvolski to Sir Arthur Nicolson

241

242

IV. Anglo-Japanese Alliance:

1. Agreement relative to China and Korea (Alliance, etc.), Lon-

don, January 30, 1902

242

2. Agreement relative to Eastern Asia (China and Korea) and

India, London, August 12, 1905

244

3. Agreement respecting rights and interests in Eastern Asia

and India signed at London, July 13, 1911

1. Treaty of peace, friendship and alliance, London, June 16,

1373

No. 5, JUNE, 1918

THE MONROE DOCTRINE AFTER THE WAR

By GEORGE GRAFTON WILSON,

Professor of international law, Harvard University.

APPENDIX

I. THE EUROPEAN BACKGROUND OF THE MONroe Doctrine:

Historical note on the principle of "legitimacy"

1. The Holy Alliance, September 26, 1815 .

2. Declaration of the five cabinets of Austria, France, Great Britain,

Prussia and Russia, signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, November 15, 1818,

3. The conferences of Troppau:

a. Circular of the Austrian, Prussian and Russian missions to foreign

courts, December 8, 1820, declaring their policy toward revolu-

b. Circular dispatch to British missions at foreign courts, January 21,

1821, dissenting from foregoing and protesting its "principles" . 275

4. Declaration of the monarchs of Austria, Prussia and Russia at the

conclusion of the conference of Laibach, May 12, 1821, relative

to the suppression of revolutions in Italy .

5. Final circular of the Congress of Verona, December 14, 1822, relating

the result of measures taken in Italy and declaring policy toward

the struggle for freedom in Greece, Spain and her American

colonies

..

6. Europe's attitude toward intervention on behalf of Spain in the

Latin-American revolution: Invasion of Spain by France; restora-

tion of the king; his circular note to Europe relative to aid in

Spanish America; Great Britain's dissent and its program in re-

lation to the origin of the Monroe doctrine . .

II. THE MONROE DOCTRINE:

1. President Monroe's annual message, December 2, 1823.

2. President Polk's annual message, December 2, 1845, declaring against

any future European colony or dominion in North America . . .

3. President Johnson's annual message, December 9, 1868, advocating

republican institutions in West Indies . . .

4. President Grant's messages:

a. First annual message, December 6, 1869, declaring against the

transfer of American colonies from one European power to

another

b. Special message, May 31, 1870, repeating the foregoing

c. Special message, June 13, 1870, discussing effect of American

freedom from designs of conquest

290

d. Special message, April 5, 1871, declaring it the duty of the United

States to prevent North American territory becoming dependent

upon any European power . . .

291

5. President Hayes' special message, March 8, 1880, declaring policy of

an Isthmian canal under American control.

291

6. President Harrison's inaugural address, March 4, 1889, suggesting

European reciprocity as to noninterference

7. President Cleveland's special message, December 17, 1895, relative

to the enforcement of the Monroe doctrine

8. Reservation made by the American delegation to the Hague conven-

tion for the pacific settlement of international disputes, 1899

and 1907 ..

9. Secretary Hay's circular note on the open door in China, September,

1899, with record of its acceptance

10. President Roosevelt's messages:

a. First annual message, December 3, 1901, declaring that the Monroe

doctrine guarantees commercial independence, but not against

punishment for misconduct

b. Second annual message, December 2, 1902, asserting that a navy is

required to back up the Monroe doctrine

c. Fourth annual message, December 6, 1904, discussing the Monroe

doctrine and exercise of international police power

d. Fifth annual message, December 5, 1905, stating that just and

orderly American governments have nothing to fear from the

Monroe doctrine

297

II. Notes exchanged by the United States and Japan declaring their

policy in the Far East, November 30, 1908

298

12. Senate resolution, August 2, 1912, relative to foreign corporate pos-

session of American harbors

298

13. President Wilson's address to the Senate, January 22, 1917, proposing

the Monroe doctrine as the doctrine of the world

299

No. 6, AUGUST, 1918

GERMAN ATTEMPTS TO DIVIDE BELGIUM

By CARL L. BECKER,

Professor of modern European history, Cornell University.

INTRODUCTION: GERMAN POLICY

307

309

311

Belgian determination to be independent

Use of either language optional

German theory of two "peoples"

II. THE Flemish UniversITY OF GHENT

University to "liberate" Flemings

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