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discussion and danger of war was widely believed, even the children in the schools of Los Angeles got wind of the situation. One day a little Japanese boy of ten or twelve, on his return from school, was found in tears by his father. For some time the father tried in vain to find out the trouble; he surmised that the boy might have had some trouble with his white schoolmates. At last, however, the little fellow sobbed out the words: "Papa, you know there is going to be war between America and Japan and I'll have to fight you 'cause you're a Jap."

The American-born daughter of a wealthy Japanese living in California one day suddenly exclaimed to her mother, after observing herself intently in the mirror: "Why, mother, how much I look like a Japanese girl!" Playing as she had so exclusively with her American playmates, she had assumed that she looked like them. Only when she reached her twelfth year did she discover that she was Japanese in appearance.

Particularly interesting cases of Americanization consist of Japanese children reared from infancy in American families. I am personally acquainted with two such cases, both girls. One of them, discovering her race when fourteen years of age, went through a season of deep spiritual rebellion. Physically she was Japanese. Mentally and spiritually she was completely American even to the extent of having an anti-Japanese spirit! The other I came

to know only as a young lady after she had graduated from Stanford University. She, too, was a thoroughly American woman in every respect save her physical features. Neither knows anything of the Japanese language, customs, ideals, or manners. They were and are as thoroughly American as any person of white ancestry. In both cases the biological heredity was completely Japanese while the social heredity was completely American.

With regard to the Americanization of Chinese in the United States the following statements will perhaps suffice. The census shows that in 1910 there were 8,463 American-born Chinese citizens twenty-one years of age and over, and 1,368 more who were naturalized. How completely any of these were in any proper sense Americanized we have no means of knowing. Certain considerations, however, in this connection may be helpful.

Until 1912, when the Chinese Republic was established, the entire trend of Chinese thought throughout the world was conservative. Wherever they went they had no idea of adopting new ways. It did not occur to them that they should adapt themselves to the peoples among whom they might be living, that they should learn to be assimilated to their new surroundings. The same is true of Anglo-Saxons who go to other lands-it does not occur to them to adopt the ways, ideas, and manners

of the people of those lands. But a new spirit has arisen within the republic. China is changing and all Chinese everywhere. They are entering into the life of the world. The queue is vanishing and all that it signifies. We now begin to see that Chinese can and do assimilate new ideas, and can be assimilated to new conditions.

The permanent Chinese population of the United States, as we have seen, is small. The families are few, as is also the number of their children.

The anti-Chinese feeling on the Pacific coast has largely, if not wholly, passed away. In place of violent denunciation so common two or three decades ago, commendation of Chinese character and efficiency is now frequently heard.

The writer was recently told by a labor leader in San Francisco that the Chinese voters of San Francisco exercise their suffrage rights with discrimination and probity. In the public schools of the Pacific coast Chinese children are securing their education side by side with the children of the other races that make up our mixed population. Of the 6,978 Chinese between the ages of six and twenty reported by the census of 1910, 3,263 were attending school. These changes of American opinion and attitude are doubtless due to the substantial attainments in Americanization of the Chinese in America, and also to an adjustment to the Chinese on the part of the Americans.

CHAPTER XIII

SITUATION IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

THE Hawaiian Islands present a unique opportunity for the study of race contacts and transformations, particularly contacts of the white and yellow races. The writer spent the early years of his life in Hawaii. In the course of his trips back and forth across the Pacific during the past thirty years he has made several visits to the islands. In 1915 he visited fifteen plantations for the special purpose of studying the Japanese situation. The facts discovered were impressive. He prepared a paper which was later printed under the title "Hawaii's American-Japanese Problem." That pamphlet, together with governor's reports for 1915– 1916, and the reports of the superintendent of public instruction and of the Chamber of Commerce of Honolulu for 1916, have been utilized in preparing the present chapter.

The native Hawaiian population, supposed to number some 400,000 when first discovered in the sixteenth century, early contracted fatal diseases from sailors and died off at an appalling rate. At the time of the arrival of the missionaries (1820)

already nearly one-half of the population had perished. The high death-rate was finally overcome, so that a small Hawaiian population survives to this day. Being a tropical people, they are unfitted for the monotonous hard toil to which inhabitants of the temperate zones are accustomed.

When, therefore, extensive cultivation of the soil became profitable and plantations developed, planters began to look for more efficient labor than that supplied by the natives. It was soon discovered that American laborers could not be induced to migrate to the tropical islands for agricultural labor under the broiling sun. The planters, therefore, during the later decades of the last century expended large sums in bringing to the islands in successive waves laborers from China, Portugal, Japan, Porto Rico, Siberia, and the Philippines. As one supply failed, for one reason or another, a new source was tapped. In consequence there is found to-day in the Hawaiian Islands a highly mixed population. According to the latest available statistics (June 30, 1916) the total estimated population of the islands is 228,771, classified as follows:

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