large submarines and four of the cruiser type, one being nearly 350 feet in length. The submarine Deutschland U-153 was among the number. She had aboard Lieuts. Julius H. Fulcher and Frank L. Muller, U. S. N., who had been picked up by the submarine after the American cargo ship Ticonderoga was torpedoed on Sept. 30 last. The officers were taken to Kiel by the Deutschland, which was returning from a three months' cruise in American waters, and were landed Nov. 24 at Harwich. Another submarine surrendered was the U-139, commanded by Lieut. Commander Arnauld T. La Perriere, who in 1916 was awarded the Order Pour le Merite for sinking, 126 vessels.-Army and Navy Journal, 30/II.

GERMAN DESTROYER MINED.-An Edinburgh message states that one of the-German destroyers was mined on the way across the North Sea.— London Times, 12/11.

GERMANS BUILDING CRAFT TO FLY ACROSS ATLANTIC.-The Germans are building an airplane with which they intend trying a trip across the Atlantic and have a Zeppelin under construction with the same idea in view, according to the correspondent at Berlin of the Daily Express. The correspondent says he learned this when being shown over an aircraft factory at Staaken, a suburb of Berlin by Managing Director Raasch, a former naval officer.

The Staaken works built during the war cover hundreds of acres and employ 3000 workers. The machines employed in the later raids on London and Paris were built there. The machine being constructed there for the transatlantic flight, says the correspondent, has a wing spread of 198 feet and engines of 3000 horsepower.

Almost immediately after the armistice was signed the Staaken plant began converting the fighting planes on hand into commercial machines intended to link all the European capitals with Berlin, and dozens of planes built entirely of aluminum are being transformed for postal service.

The correspondent says he has learned that the Zeppelin factory at Friedrichshafen is building an airship for a transatlantic voyage, capable of carrying 100 passengers. It has nine engines and eight propellers. Its first flight will be in July next, if the international situation clears up by that time. The trip is expected to be made in 40 hours.

The correspondent was told of the remarkable flight of a Zeppelin in November, 1917. The airship started from Bulgaria for East Africa, with 22 tons of munitions and medicines and a crew of 22. It had arrived over Khartoum in the Sudan, the correspondent's information declared, when it was ordered by wireless to return because it was learned that the bulk of the forces of Gen. von Lettaw-Vorbeck, the German commander in East Africa, had surrendered. It returned to its starting point four days after it had left.

Director Raasch claimed that this airship could have gone from Berlin to New York and back without stopping-Baltimore American, 7/12.

NORTH GERMAN LLOYD'S YEAR-BOOK.-The year-book of the North German Lloyd publishes a statement concerning the seizure of German ships in oversea countries since the entry of the United States and its allies into the war. In the United States a total of 115 German and Austro-Hungarian ships, with a tonnage of 703,792 tons, was expropriated. The chief sufferers were the Hamburg-Amerika and the North German Lloyd, the former losing 35 ships, with 283,122 tons, and the latter 29 ships with 234,056 tons. The North German Lloyd lost, in addition, in Brazil, Peru, Siam, and China, 75,000 tons; and the same company had already lost about 60,000 tons in Italian and Portuguese harbors. On January 1, 1917, the fleet of the North German Lloyd represented 983,000 gross tons.-Nautical Gazette, 16/1.

GREAT BRITAIN

ZEEBRUGGE VISITED.-Skill of British Naval Gunners.-A correspondent describes a visit to Zeebrugge since its evacuation by the Germans. He entered the harbor in the early hours of the morning. Along all the length of the great mole, upon which the men of the Vindictive surged ashore from her plunging gangways, nothing moved; it stood like a monument a vast memorial to the dead and the living who made it glorious and unforgettable.

At Zeebrugge there is no population at all; the last civilians were evacuated in June, “when,” said one of them at Blankenberghe, “it began to rain bombs." The village stands a little apart and to the east of the port, and is only superficially damaged. Such has been the accuracy and discrimination of our bombardments, both from the sea and the air, that all along the coast private property had received surprisingly little injury, and many prominent and responsible Belgians have expressed to our naval authorities their appreciation of the fine skill and humanity with which our fire was limited to purely military targets. At places beyond the range of the naval guns, such as Bruges, the line of demarcation between private property and such military targets as the docks was drawn with remarkable precision; the air forces which carried out the incessant night and day bombing operations have sedulously endeavored to avoid, and wonderfully succeeded in sparing, the fine old city. Dunkirk, bombed by the Germans during four years, stands in strong contrast to this evidence of respect for the laws of civilized war; there the damage to houses, to churches, and so forth, and to life is general all over the town. The last Germans, doubtless those charged with constructing the "boobytraps" of which the place is a tangle, seem to have left late on the night of Saturday, the 19th. They blew up the temporary bridge which covered the gap in the jetty at the landward end of the mole, set adjacent buildings on fire, and cycled towards Bruges. Our motor-launches are working at the entrance to the harbor, clearing it of mines; the rattle of their machineguns is incessant, and at intervals comes the great leap of water and smoke followed by the stunning detonation, the signal that a mine has been touched off.

The exploration of the mole has commenced. It will be a long task, and not alone because of the length of the structure and the great number of sheds and buildings, and the great quantity of material with which it is covered. Experts are required in that new science which German war methods have forced upon the world-the science of neutralizing "booby-traps." There are wires everywhere; they run in and out of the débris which strews the place; they even snake in and out of the strands of coiled wire hawsers. It is dangerous to tread anywhere or to touch anything. Some such traps were laid at Blankenberghe, in the abandoned huts by the dunes, and children have been killed by them.

The Gutted "Block" Ships.-The "block" ships, Intrepid and Iphigenia, lie well within the piers, the latter across the passage, the other at a slight angle to the piers. Thetis is outside, but well across. The German torpedoboats could only be maneuvered past them with the greatest difficulty after extensive dredging operations had been carried out. All that remained in the old ships that could be unscrewed, unbolted, or cut away has been removed. There remains not a scrap of brass or copper. Round Iphigenia's conning-tower a bomb-proof shelter of reinforced concrete has been erected as a refuge for the men at work on the dredger during our air raids.

But those who gutted the old ship so thoroughly to obtain metal for their munition factories were, at the last, in such haste to leave that they abandoned guns ashore and on the Mole which had riddled the old Vindictive, as well as several anti-aircraft cannon. On Wednesday, the 23d, six months to the day since she steamed into the harbor in face of the

frantic fire, the white ensign was hoisted aboard of the Thetis; it flies there yet.

Eastward of Zeebrugge lies Heyst, and then comes the Dutch frontier, with its triple wire fence and the neat huts of the guards. It is all ours, the spoil of the unresting navy which, for four years, has maintained its tireless war upon this vital and dangerous front. The coast is clear. Already there are lights along it, where none have shown since August of 1914.-London Times, 30/10.

WARSHIP MINED.-The British warship, Cassandra has been mined in the Baltic, it was announced to-day.

The name Cassandra does not appear in any available British naval lists. -Baltimore Evening Sun, 7/12.

BRITISH SQUADRON GOES TO KIEL.-The British squadron which will go to Kiel and Wilmhelmshaven it is understood in naval circles, will be commanded by Vice Admiral Montagu Browning, who will be accompanied by American, French and Italian admirals. The purpose of the journey is to see that German vessels in those ports are properly disarmed and interned. A flotilla of British mine-sweepers left the Firth of Forth, Scotland, Nov. 25 to clear the passage to Kiel for the squadron.-Army and Navy Journal, 30/11.

BLEW UP U-BOAT IN THE TAY.-Details of how an attempt by a German submarine to blow up the bridge over the Tay at Dundee some time ago was frustrated are published by The Dundee Advertiser. A British airman observed a large submarine lying on the sandy bottom of the river near Dundee.

An alarm was immediately given, and numerous mine sweepers and destroyers were soon in the vicinity. The wire ropes of the sweepers struck their mark and a depth charge was lowered. A patrol boat then dropped a very heavy charge, which exploded with tremendous force. Oil and wreckage came to the surface, and divers afterward found 13 dead German sailors.

Two guns and a large part of the wreckage salved are now on exhibition in Dundee.-N. Y. Times, 30/11.

BRITISH WARSHIPS ARRIVE AT LIBAU.-Fleet That Entered the Baltic with Transports Now on Courland Coast.—A British fleet arrived yesterday at the port of Libau, in Courland, on the Baltic, says a Wolff Bureau dispatch from Berlin to-day.

[Advices received in London on Nov. 28 from Copenhagen reported two British squadrons off the east coast of Denmark headed south. They numbered 22 ships, including destroyers, cruisers, mine-sweepers, and transport steamers.]

If a few British torpedo-boats or light cruisers, with even a small landing force, could reach Reval this week they could dam the Bolshevist flood which has been murdering, burning and plundering Esthonia and Livonia, according to a declaration made to the correspondent by Baron Aexkuell of Esthonia, who escaped from that country on Thursday in disguise. Baron Aexkuell reports that German forces had begun to evacuate Narva, when they were attacked and defeated by Russian troops.

Last Tuesday White Guards, commanded by former Russian officers, under the leadership of Count Keller of the old Russian régime, were attacked by a superior Bolshevist force. The Guards gave protection a month ago to 500 Russians, who alleged they had deserted from the Bolshevist army because of bad treatment. They brought 23 machine guns with them.

While the attack was proceeding last Tuesday these

Russians fired upon the White Guards from the rear, contributing materially to their defeat. The White Guards, half annihilated, retired.

Esthonian workmen are nearly all Bolsheviki, according to Baron Aexkuell, and the middle classes of Esthonia and Livonia are facing the same reign of terror that the bourgeoisie of Russia have suffered.—N. Y. Times, 4/12.

BRITISH NAVAL CASUALTIES.-The British Admiralty announced on Nov. 26 that the British naval casualties from the outbreak of the war until Nov. 11 numbered 39,766. These were divided as follows: Killed or died of wounds-officers, 2466; men, 30,895. Wounded, missing or prisonersofficers, 1042; men, 5363. In addition, 14,661 officers and men of British merchant vessels and fishing boats lost their lives while pursuing their ordinary vocation by enemy action and 3295 were taken prisoner.-Army and Navy Journal, 30/11.

CHANGES IN NAVAL TITLES.-The Admiralty announces that the recent changes in the titles of officers of the medical, accountant and naval instructor branches of the Royal Navy are applicable to officers on the retired and emergency lists, who have actually served during the war. The changes in titles referred to above are as follows:

Medical Branch.-Surgeon General to be Surgeon Rear Admiral; Deputy Surgeon General to be Surgeon Captain; Fleet Surgeon to be Surgeon Commander; Staff Surgeon to be Surgeon Lieutenant Commander; Surgeon to be Surgeon Lieutenant; Surgeon Probationer to be Surgeon SubLieutenant, R. N. V. R.

Accountant Branch.-Paymaster General to be Paymaster Rear Admiral; Paymaster-in-Chief to be Paymaster Captain; Fleet Paymaster to be Paymaster Commander; Staff Paymaster to be Paymaster Lieutenant Commander; Paymaster to be Paymaster Lieutenant; Assistant Paymaster to be Paymaster Sub-Lieutenant; Clerk to be Paymaster Midshipman.

Naval Instructor Branch.-Chief Naval Instructor to be Instructor Captain; Naval Instructor (with 16 years' seniority) to be Instructor Commander; Naval Instructor (with eight years' and less than 16 years' seniority) to be Instructor Lieutenant Commander; Naval Instructor (with less than eight years' seniority) to be Instructor Lieutenant.-Army and Navy Gazette, 23/11.

FIFTY-SEVEN Hours Under Water.—Of the many thrilling stories which might be told of naval heroism during the war, few, if any, can rival that of a British submarine which went down in Gareloch, near the Clyde. The story has in part already been told, as it related to the act for which the late Captain Goodhart, D. S. O., was posthumously awarded the Albert Medal in gold, as announced in The Times on the 24th of last April. The submarine was on her trials. She had on board 73 persons, including naval contractors and men from the yard where she had been built. The order was given for her to submerge, and when she had just gone beneath the surface water began to pour into her aft, and she descended stern downwards into 15 fathoms. The ventilating shafts had been accidentally left open. Those in the rear of the submarine, 31 in number, were immediately drowned. The forepart of the vessel was shut off, and the 42 who were at that end were saved. How their rescue was accomplished is a tribute to the skill of the Admiralty Salvage Department. A few hours had passed before divers went down to the submarine on what they considered a forlorn hope. Getting to the bottom, they discovered that the stern of the vessel was embedded in many feet of mud. They knocked at the hull, and to their amazement there was a responsive tapping, showing that some at least of those inside were alive. Then

Captain Goodhart essayed the task which cost him his life. The highpressure air bottles were brought into use, and the captain undertook, with their aid, to be projected through the conning-tower and shot into the water in the hope of reaching the surface and conveying to the rescue party information as to the condition of those below. He was hurled upward at terrific speed, but his head struck a support in the tower, and he was immediately killed. His example was followed by another ship's commander on board, who was fortunate enough to reach the surface and was caught and saved by the salvage men.

Cards "to Beguile the Tedium."-Acting on his information, divers again descended and got into communication with the imprisoned men by means of Morse signals. With great ingenuity the rescuers were able to insert through a water flap, which was temporarily opened from the inside, a flexible hose, through which air and also Bovril, chocolate, and other sustaining food was passed. The entombed men never lost heart, although the chances were that they would never be got out alive. At their request playing cards were sent down " to beguile the tedium of waiting," as one of them said. Strong wires were put round the vessel, and as the submerged men were provided with air from above there was no need for them further to conserve their air bottles. These they utilized to blow out the oil fuel stowed forward. With this gone, the vessel after a time drove upwards at high speed until her bow was weil above water in a perpendicular position. Immediately a big hole was made in her by acetylene burners, and the 42 men were brought out and conveyed to an infirmary nearby.

It was about midnight when the submarine rose, and in the glare of the arc lights of the salvage ships they walked, or were carried, to the infirmary amid the cheers of scores of men who had been aiding them to escape death. The submarine spat out fire and smoke, and the last man had not been long rescued before the vessel settled down and slid again to the depths of the loch. The submarine had been below about 24 hours when Captain Goodhart made his ill-fated attempt, and altogether the party were down 57 hours before they were so miraculously saved.-London Times, 21/11.

ITALY

ITALIAN SEA TANK.-The operations of the Italian Navy will hold a conspicuous place in the annals of the Great War. The major units of their fleet (battleships, cruisers), have had little if any opportunity for battle; but this was not the fault of the Italian command; it was due to the unwillingness of the Austrians to come out of their fortified harbors and risk a fight in the open-a reluctance that was shared by their German ally.

So what engagements took place were confined to the smaller craft, light cruisers, destroyers, motor-boats and submarines, and in these branches of the service the Italians have shown admirable initiative, great skill, and unquestioned daring. Not only have they made constant use of the established types of craft, but they have developed new types that have scored some of the most brilliant successes of the war.

The attack of two torpedo motor-boats upon three Austrian dreadnoughts of the Viribus Unitis type, while they were defended by a screen of destroyers, in which two of the dreadnoughts were sunk, was the most daring and successful feat of its kind in modern naval history.

Commander Luigi Rizzo was in command at the time. This feat is in the same class as the successful night attack on Pola, when another battleship was torpedoed. The Pola success was attained by the use of a boat which had been designed for this very kind of work. Its characteristics are shown in the accompanying drawing, from which it will be seen that the hull is of the "sea-sled" type, with a tractor device to enable it to climb over the torpedo-defence boom, with which the harbor was closed.