ted that the greatest part of the allied forces was under the walls of Paris. They did not leave Paris until four o'clock, when they learned that the enemy had occupied St. Denis, and that in a few moments more it would be too late to cross the Seine. Joseph passing through Versailles ordered the cavalry at the depôts in that city to follow him, and proceeded to Chartres, where he found the empress, and thence to Blois.
Great censure has been cast upon King Joseph for his proclamation, in which he assured the National Guard that he was not to accompany the empress, but would remain at Paris:-There is little justice in the exceptions taken to his conduct. No one can doubt that such were his intentions, and those of the council, which was then held, and the object of the immediate annunciation of their views can be readily conceived. But a few hours afterwards every thing was changed by the arrival of the whole allied army under the walls of Paris. There remained to King Joseph the choice of three courses: To accompany the empress to the point designated by the emperor: to remain at Paris, or to follow the army of Marshal Marmont: certainly there was no room for hesitation in selecting from among these expedients. Joseph, in following the regent, did his duty. Would he have acted more wisely in voting for the stay of the empress? Could he with honour deviate from the strict path marked out in his instructions? Subjected to the commands of the emperor he was bound to obey them, and not to surrender his wife and son to the enemy. Ought he to have exposed himself to the chance of presiding at the dethronement of the emperor and to have made peace by the sacrifice of his brother? His orders in a given case, which actually occurred, were precise, to assemble on the Loire the national authorities around the regent, and to collect at the same point all the forces he could obtain. This order was punctually complied with: the armies of the Dukes of Castiglione, Albufera, and Dalmatia were yet untouched: if the emperor had reached the Loire, he might still have balanced the chances of war, when he found assembled under his hands all the resources which he had ordered to be there collected. "Fay ce que dois, advienne ce que pourra," is without doubt the maxim of every public officer who respects himself.
The armies of Arragon and of Spain were disposed to receive any impulse which the emperor chose to give them, but the idea of resistance was abandoned, and the abdication of Fontainebleau left Joseph no choice but a retirement to Switzerland, where he remained until the nineteenth of March, 1815, the day on which he learned the arrival of his brother Napoleon at Grenoble. He set out alone with his children. At the sight of them the troops on the frontiers mounted the tri-coloured cockade amidst cries of
Vive L'Empereur!" Vive la Nation!" It was thus he crossed part of France and arrived at Paris on the twenty-second of March.
The loss of the battle of Waterloo having again brought foreign armies into France, Joseph retired to America where he originally expected to join his brother Napoleon, whom he left at the Isle d'Aix making arrangements for his departure to the new world. Fate disposed of him differently, but Joseph remained in France until after he knew that the emperor had left it.
Joseph was received in New-Jersey with the greatest kindness and respect, and a law was enacted expressly for his case, which was addressed to him, with expressions of benevolent courtesy, by the governor of that state, in 1817. By this act he was enabled to purchase and hold real estate there without becoming an American citizen. The mansion which he erected on his grounds fell a prey to the flames some years since; an occasion on which he received from the inhabitants of Jersey, the most touching proofs of affectionate interest.
Impartial and unbiassed judges of men, the citizens of the United States have been enabled to anticipate the decision of posterity and to pass upon the degree of credit which ought to be given to the countless slanders which have been invoked to blacken and vilify the name of the emperor and his family. Thus also it appears that the people of Naples and even of Spain, enlightened by experience, appreciated at their just value the incessant calumnies which were heaped upon their new monarch. Separated from his family and from his country by almost insurmountable obstacles, it is yet a source of gratification to believe as we sincerely do, that a rich store of enjoyment for the residue of life is secured to Joseph-a conscience void of offence-possessed of which, no upright man can fear solitude.
Adams, John, extract of letter from, on the appointment of Washington commander-in-chief, 472.
Adams, Samuel, extracts from letters of, 473.
Albinos, description of, 335.
Alexander, Emperor, his interview with Napoleon, 241, 242.
Ancient Mysteries, &c. by William Hone, 423, etc.
Anne, queen, and her cabinet, 51. Astronomy,-opening of the 18th cen- tury an important era in, 287-its origin, 288-the earth considered fixed by the Greek and Asiatic phi- losophers, 288-first doubted by Al- phonso, king of Castile, 289-opi. nion of Greek philosophers anterior to Ptolemy, ib.-Copernicus quoted Pythagoras' school to support his system, ib.-Greek sects of phi- losophers, 290-diurnal motion of the earth supported by known fact, not equally applicable to the system of Ptolemy, before the latter end of 17th century, ib.-opinions of Co- pernicus original with him, 291- Tycho Brache succeeded him, and Kepler completed the revolution in astronomy, 292-Kepler the first as- tronomer who paid attention to phy. sical causes, 293-planetary times and distances discovered by him, 293, 294-his second law of planet- ary motions, 294-manner of calcu- Jating the ecliptic motion of planets, ib.-his error in regard to gravita- tion pointed out by Bouillard, 295— true law of attraction first demon- strated by Newton, ib.-telescope discovered by Metius, ib.-by Gali- leo, who detected the phases of Ve- nus, ib.-logarithms of Napier and Biggs, ib.-adaptation of the pendu- lum to the measure of time, ib.- change produced by modern im- provements on the ancient method of astronomical observations, ib.-Huy- gens' and Picard's improvements, VOL. III.-NO. 6.
298-telescope first applied to the taking of angles, and as a transit in- strument, ib.-Olaus Roëmer's im- provements, ib.-Vernier's 299- Newton and his discoveries, 299- 303-Richer's observations, 303- Bradley's discoveries on the variation of the fixed stars, ib.-transit of Ve nus, 305-attention of European go- vernments drawn to the transit of, 1769, 306-proceedings of American Philosophical Society in regard to it, ib.-Maskelyne and De Sejour calcu- late the parallax of the sun, 307-ob. servations at Paris and Greenwich,ib.- Flamstead and his labours, 308.-Hal- ley, ib.-Bradley and Bliss, 309-- Mas- kelyne,310-312-tables of Mayer, 312 -Graham's improvements on the pendulum, 314-Harrison's, ib.- Dollond's on glasses, 315-improve- ments on instruments for measuring angles, ib.-on quadrants, 316- Godfrey's quadrant, 317-conclud- ing remarks, 318-320. Almospherical Phenomena, of universal interest, 1-remarks on J. F. Da- niell's Meteorological Essays, &c. 2, 3-degrees of heat greater within than upon the earth's surface, 3- Laplace's proof that the temperature of the earth is the same as in the time of Hipparchus, 3, 4-the earth re- ceives from the sun heat exactly equivalent to the quantity radiated, 4 different causes for the variation of climate, 5, 6-modes of measur- ing the atmosphere's variations, 6, 7-motion of the atmosphere caused by heat, 7-remarks upon the cur- rents of air, 7-14-changes effected in their course by the motion of the earth round its axis, 9-trade winds, 9-12-variables, 11-14-prevailing winds of the United States, 13- north-west wind of North America, ib.-aqueous matter in the atmo- sphere, 14-19-evaporation, 14- transparency of the atmosphere in- creased by the presence of aqueous vapour, 15-the Dew Point, ib.-
marked change produced in the winds by the condensation and eva- poration of water, 15-19-probable cause of water-spouts, 16, 17-J. F. Daniell's instrument for making ob- servations on aqueous matter, 17-19 -phenomena of the radiation of heat, 19-23-effect of electricity on atmosphere, 24-effect of the de- composition of animal and vegetable matter on the atmosphere, 24, 25— on the two atmospheres surrounding the earth, 25, 26. Austin, James T. his Life of Elbridge Gerry, &c. reviewed, 469, etc.
Baffin, Captain, his voyages, notice of, 513, 514.
Barentz, Captain, his northern disco- veries, 511.
Bausset, L. F. J. De, his Memoirs of Bonaparte, reviewed, 220, etc.-See Bonaparte.
Beck, Dr. his gymnasium at Northamp- ton, Mass. notice of, 140. Beechey, Captain, his researches round Icy Cape, 528.
Bees, Natural History of, &c. 370-so- cieties of beavers and white ants, 371 -wasps, 372-humble-bee, ib.- very little known of the economy of the bee-hive by the ancients, 373 -Schirach's discovery respecting queen mothers, ib.-Huber's disco- veries, 374-black bees, ib.-work- ing bees, 375-antennæ of bees, 376 -method of discovering the hive of the wild bees, 377-habits of the queen, 378-381-anecdotes of the affection of the bees to their queen, 380-waxen animal secretion, 381- massacre of the drones, 382-archi- tecture of the combs of the common bee, the black bee of Guadaloupe, and the South American bee, 383- reasoning powers of the bees, 384- remarks on these powers, 384-386- best situation for an apiary, 386 -bee hives, 386-388-hiving of swarms, 388-uniting of hives, 389- enemies of bees, the robbers, 389- 391.
Behem, Martin, a terrestrial globe made in 1492 by, 180.
Behem, Martin, his discoveries, notice of, 509.
Behring, Captain, his discoveries and death, 516.
Bevan, Edward, M. D. his Honey Bee its Natural History, &c. reviewed, 370, etc.-See Bees.
Biorn, discoverer of Newfoundland, notice of, 508.
Bodmer, of Zurich, notice of, 152, 153. Bonaparte, Joseph Napoleon, historical
summary of events which placed him on the throne of Spain, by Abel Hu- go, reviewed, 549, &c.-General Foy's tribute to Joseph, 549—his birth, education, and marriage, 544 -appointed minister plenipotentia- ry to Rome, ib.-one of the council of Five Hundred, and its secretary, 545-signs the treaty between France and Austria at Luneville, ib. -treaty of Amiens, ib.-he is creat- ed a senator, and one of the legion of honour, 546-commands a regi- ment at camp Boulogne, ib.-de- clines the crown of Lombardy, ib.- assumes command of the army to in- vade Naples, and Capua surrendered to him, ib.-is recognised by his brother as king of Naples, 547-or- ganization of his government, 548- capitulation of Gaeta, 549-salutary effects of his government for the peo- ple, 550-ex-monks employed in education, ib.-the trullati abolished, 551-Calabrian road completed, ib. -visit to Abruzzi, ib.-employment of the Lazzaroni, 552-hospitals en- dowed from the national funds, 553 -Royal Academy established, ib.- Mesta, ib.-the royal palace thrown open to the nobility, 554-Napoleon urges Joseph to take the crown of Spain, 555, 556-he is recognised as King by the Continental powers, 558-his choice of ministers, 559- first military occurrences of his reign, ib.-battle of Talavera, 560-eccle- siastical jurisdiction annulled, 561— battle at Ocaña, 562-campaign of Andalusia, ib-he is received at Se- ville with enthusiasm, 563-invest- ment of Cadiz, 564-Napoleon by decree instituted military govern- ment in Spain, ib.-Joseph threat- ens to leave Spain if the system did not cease, Napoleon promises, and he returns to Madrid, 565-Napole- on setting out for Russia gives Jo- seph the command of the armies, 566 -battle of Arapiles, 568-battle of Vittoria, 569-Joseph returns to Pa- ris, and has in the absence of Napo- leon the military command, ib.-re-
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