Confederate States (see Civil war in the
Ú. States).

Confiscation, of enemy's property found
in country at the outbreak of war, 378,
387 (n.); Roman law, 378; Grotius
qualifies, 378; Bynkershoek, 378; an-
cient practice, 378; in case of Silesian
loan, 379; in war between England and
France, ending in the peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle, dividends of public debt paid to
enemy's subjects, 379; Vattel against,
of real property, 380, but holds rents
and profits may be sequestered, 380;
of public funds, 380; modern usage,
381; sometimes provided for by treaty,
381; Chief Justice Marshall on, 381;
may depend on conduct of enemy, 381;
on treatment of merchants in war ac-
cording to Magna Charta, 381; ancient
English usage more liberal than mod-
ern, 382; droits of admiralty, 382; in
U. States, according to Supreme Court,
enemy's property in the country cannot
be confiscated except by Act of Con-
gress, 382; debts not confiscated in war,
only right to sue is suspended, 389;
decision of Supreme Court of U. States,
387, 388 (n.); course of the parties in
the Crimean war, 388, 389 (n.); present
practice, 389 (n.); British debts under
treaty of 1783, 390; treaty of 1794 be-
tween England and U. States declares
debts should not be impaired by war,
349, 390; war of French Revolution,
390; England seizes Danish vessels,
391; Denmark confiscates British debts,
391; debts and other property stand on
same ground, 391; of private debts due
to enemies, 391 et seq. (n.); authorities
on this point, 392 (n.); distinction be-
tween private and public debts, 392, 393
n.); action of the rebels in the U.
States civil war, 393 (n.); no right to
leave one's own country to bring prop-
erty from enemy's country, 397; of
rebel property by the U. States on the
ground of domicil only, 417 (n.); prop-
erty may acquire hostile character in-
dependent of domicil, 419; house of
trade in enemy's country, 419; resi-
dence in neutral country will not pro-
tect from capture at sea, if house of
trade in enemy country, 419; produce
of enemy territory hostile, if belonging
to owner of soil, wherever he resides,
420; case of Santa Cruz, 420; national
character of ships dependent on that
of owner, 425; sailing under enemy
license, 426; what property exempt
from warlike operations, 431; Norman
Conquest, 432; of private property after
conquest, 434 (n.); the restitution of the
collections at the Louvre, 447-449 (n.);
enemy property taken at sea, 450; efforts
of U. States to abolish privateering, 453.

Conflict of laws, general principles, 133;
comity, 134, 136; Huberus on, 135; con-
tracts according to law of place valid,
135; peculiar rule as to real property,
136; deeds and wills, 137, 137 (n.), 218;
English and American rules different
from Continental, 137; rights of aliens,
138; personal property regulated by
law of domicil, 140; interpretation of
instruments, 140; personal status, 141;
all persons in territory subject to police,
141, 149; extra-territorial effect of laws
regulating marriage, majority, legiti-
macy, divorce, bankruptcy, &c., 142-48;
effect of marriage on real property, how
determined, 143; on personal property,
147; effect of bankruptcy on contracts,
147; validity of contract generally de-
pends on law of place where made, 149;
contracts illegal by local laws, not usu-
ally enforced there, 149; doctrine, that
revenue laws of other States are not to
be enforced, condemned by modern
jurists, 150 (n.); origin of this doc-
trine, 150 (n.); by what law contracts
of marriage are governed, 150; sta-
tute of 19, 20 Vict. ch. 96, 151;
French law, 151; marriage of Jerome
Bonaparte, 151 (n.); English Royal-
Marriage Act, 152; English act as to
marriages abroad, 152 (n.); U. States
statute of 1860, allowing marriages
before consuls, 152 (n.); marriages in-
valid where celebrated, are invalid
everywhere, exceptions, 152; in pres-
ence of ambassador, 152; when con-
tract is to be executed in another coun-
try, 152;
; regulated as to forms of
proceedings by lex fori, 152; foreign
sovereign exempt from local juris-
diction, 153, also ambassadors and
ministers, 153-56; public vessels not
subject to local law, 153; treaty be-
tween France and the U. States, as to
private vessels, 154 (n.); case of the
Charles et George, 154 (n.); a vessel
in the public service of the U. States
cannot be proceeded against by a citi-
zen to enforce a lien which attached be-
fore she became a public vessel, 162 (n.),
168 (n.); case of the Creole, 165 (n.);
public vessels of a foreign State, coming
within the jurisdiction of a friendly
State, are exempt from all forms of
process in private suits, 168 (n.); effect
of criminal sentence local, 191; power
to punish crimes committed abroad,
difference in English and American and
continental jurisprudence, 179; when
sentence bar to further prosecution,
191, 192; piracy a crime everywhere
punishable, 192; rules of procedure
and rules of decision as affecting cases
in rem, 216; personal property of intes-
tate, 218; wills, how executed, 218;

administration, 218; probate of foreign
wills, 218; foreign executor, 218; in
suits in rem, sentence conclusive, 218;
effect of transfers of property by pro-
ceedings under foreign bankruptcy, 219,
225 (n.); real, 219; power of chancery
to compel persons to convey real prop-
erty abroad, 219; proceedings against
absent foreigners, 222; rule in the U.
States governing such proceedings, 222
(n.); obligation of the contract depends
on the lex domicilii or contractûs, the
remedy on the lex fori, 223; capacity
of parties, form of contract on place of
contract, 225, 228; arrest for debt on
lex fori, 227; foreign judgments, 229;
foreign divorces, 230; rule in U. States,
231 (see Belligerent Occupation, see Su-
preme Court of U. States).
Congress, Power of U. States, 78; Con-
gress of Vienna, 276, 367; Congress of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 90; of Troppau and
Laybach, 91; of Verona, 91.
Congressional Documents and Congres-
sional Globe, passim.
Conquest, 432 (n.); effect of, 37, 432 (n.);
on property, 49, 432 (n.), 495; title by,
confirmed by time, 240; Spanish discov-
eries and conquests in America, 241;
mere posession does not make country
enemy country, 420; elaborately dis-
cussed by Pfeiffer, 432 (n.); what is war-
capture, 432 (n.); effect of belligerent
occupation of immovables, 433 (n.);
succession by virtue of, to the sovereign
or State conquered, 433 (n.); as to the
public securities, 433 (n.); completed,
434 (n.); after completion of, the prop-
erty of private citizens should not be
transferred, 434 (n.); a new political
system substituted for the old, 435 (n.);
citizens of the conquered State owe ab-
solute allegiance to the conqueror, 435
(n.); the municipal laws remain in
force after, 435 (n.); the conqueror
succeeds to the public property, 435
(n.); refusal of the Elector of Hesse-
Cassel to recognize the sale of crown-
lands made by the King of Westphalia,
435 (n.), or to respect payments to
him, 435 (n.); retro-active effect of,
436 (n.); title to real property acquired
by, liable to be divested by postliminy,
unless confirmed by treaty, 495; Hal-
leck on rights acquired by, 720 (n.)
(see Belligerent Occupation).
Consuls of U. States may celebrate mar-
riages in foreign countries, 152 (n.);
jurisdiction of, depends on treaty, 177;
practice among Christian nations, 177;
exclusive jurisdiction in Turkey, Bar-
bary, and Mahommedan countries, 177;
in China, 178; treaties of U. States
concerning, 178 (n.); rules and regu-
lations of U. States concerning, 178

(n.); Abbott's U. States Consul's Man-
ual, 178 (n.); case of M. Dillon refus-
ing to appear as a witness, 325 (n.);
U. States treaty provisions respect-
ing, 325 (n.); consular courts in neu-
tral countries cannot condemn prize,
325.

Contraband of war, as regards questions
of neutrality, 563 (n.); the doctrines of
"Free ships, free goods," and "Hostile
ships, hostile goods," 581 (n.) (see Ves-
sels); what is, 608; Grotius on, 610;
Vattel on, 612; Bynkershoek opposes
admission into list of, of articles of
promiscuous use in peace and war, 613;
questions as to provisions, 613, 614;
naval stores, 615; treaties defining,
618; treaty between England and Rus-
sia, 1801, 618; discussion on England
making provisions contraband in 1793,
620, 621; article as to, in treaty of 1794
between England and U. States, 623;
British provision order of 1795, 623;
test of what is, 629, (n.) 632 (n.); arti-
cles ancipitis usûs, 630 et seq. (n.)*; Amer-
ican doctrines and treaties, 630 (n.);
views of divers authorities, 630-33 (n.);
English doctrine and action concerning,
631, 632 (n.); coals stopped in the Cri-
mean war, 632 (n.); how affected by
owner's intent, 633, 634 (n.); rights of
belligerents concerning, 634 (n.); lead-
ing English decisions, 635 (n.); convey-
ance of military persons or despatches,
630; rules and questions arising un-
der, as to carrying hostile persons or
papers, 637 et seq. (n.); despatches from
ambassadors in neutral States may be
carried, 636; case of the Trent, 644 et
seq. (n.) (see The Trent); vessel must
be taken in delicto, 645; American rule,
650; authorities on the right to take
military persons from neutral vessels,
652 (n.); the right of a belligerent to
take noxious persons from an innocent
neutral vessel, 656 (n.); treaties on this
point, 656, 657 (n.); case of military
persons in actual service found in neu-
tral vessels, 657 (n.); the French and
English treaty of 1786, 657 (n.); postal
vessels and mail-bags, 659 et seq. (n.),
their liability to search, 660 (n.); in-
structions of Mr. Seward concerning
mails in the civil war in the U. States,
660, 661 (n.); penalty for carrying,
663, 664 (n.); when this amounts to
hostile service, 664 (n.); taking contra-
band goods from neutral vessels, 665
(n.); the question of a continuouş voy-
age, its bearing, &c., 667-69 (n.) (see
Blockade).

Contracts, Distinction between the rule of
decision and the rule of procedure in
case of, 222; with enemy, unlawful in
war, 403.

Conventions, Transitory, perpetual in their |
nature, 340; applied to treaty of 1783
with Great Britain, 341.
Convoy, Case of Swedish, 690; right
claimed by belligerents to visit a neu-
tral ship under, of a ship of war of its
own nation, 690; history of, 692 et seq.
(n.); right to search vessels under,
693, 694 (n.); treaty provisions, 695
(n.); neutral or resisting, 695 (n.) (see
Visitation and search); how regulated
by maritime convention between Rus-
sia and England, 695; neutral vessels
under enemy's, 699; discussion with
Denmark respecting, 699 et seq.; neu-
tral under enemy's, 708 et seq. (n.);
controversy between U. States and
Denmark involving this question, 709,
710 (n.).

Creole, The case of the, 165 (n.); Mr.
Webster to Lord Ashburton, 165 (n.);
Mr. Wheaton's article on, 166 (n.);
controversy between England and Ú.
States, 166 (n.); referred to Mr. Joshua
Bates, 166 (n.); his decision, 166, 167
(n.).

Crimean war, Ionian Islands not parties
in, 55 (n.); time given by Russia, Eng-
land, and France for vessels of the
enemy to depart, 388, 389 (n.); rule of
non-intercourse with the enemy greatly
relaxed in, 400 (n.); adjudication in
case of joint capture in, 478 (n.); neu-
tral commerce in, 608 (n.); stoppage in,
of coals, as contraband of war, 632
(n); notification of blockade in, 683 (n.).
Crimes (see Extradition) considered by
England and the U. States local, 180;
otherwise on the continent of Europe,
180; extra-territorial operation of a
criminal sentence, 191 (n.); territorial-
ity of criminal law, 189 (n.); rules of
divers nations in this matter, 190 (n.);
when a bar to further prosecution, 192
(n.).

Cuba, deputation and proposals to the U.
States in 1822, 106 (n.); attitude of the
U. States towards, 106 et seq. (n.); Jef-
ferson concerning, 111 (n.).
Cumberland, De Legibus Naturæ, 7.

D.

Dallas, Mr., Minister to Russia, instruc-
tions to for a renewal of convention,
249, 250.

Danube, treaty of March 30, 1856, 118
(n.); opened to the trade of all nations,
277 (n.).

Dardanelles, Treaty excluding vessels of
war from, 118 (n.); navigation of, 263,
264 (n.), 272 (n.).

Debtor, liability of the body of to arrest,
226, 227 (n.).

Debts, Public, how affected by change of
government, 48; of foreign sovereigns,
161; provisions in treaties relating to,
in case of war, 352; treaty between
England and U. States, 1794, as to, 352;
whether property in the territory at the
commencement of the war is subject to
confiscation, 378; case of the Silesian
Loan, 379; course of England and
France as to dividends on public, to
enemy's subjects in war ending in peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 379; due to an en-
emy not confiscated by war, but right
to sue for, suspended, 390; compensa-
tion exacted by England for, confiscated
by France, 390; ambassadors not liable
to be proceeded against for, 304.
Declaration of Paris, of 1856, on the ques-
tion of "Free ships, free goods, 608 et
seq.; relations of the U. States to, 608
(n.), 612 (n.) (see Vessels).
Denmark, claim over the Sound, 264;
Sound dues capitalized and abolished,
266 (n.); treaty of with U. States open-
ing the Sound to American vessels, 266
(n.); law of on recaptures, 471 (see
Schleswig-Holstein).

Deserters, power of consuls over, from mer-
chant-ships, 178 (n.); U. States laws and
treaties, 178 (n.); penalty of, 428 (n.).
Despatches, transportation of, in enemy's
service, of the nature of contraband,
630; subjects the vessel to confiscation,
636; penalty not applicable to neutral
vessels carrying, from a minister in a
neutral country to his government, 636.
Détraction, Droit de, effect on emigration,
subjects of German Confederation ex-
empt from, in removing from one State
to another, 69, 138.

Diana, Case of the, 206 (n); nature of the
proceedings in, 210 (n.).

Dillon, Case of M., the French Consul,
refusing to appear as a witness, 325
(n.).

Diet, Federative, of Germany, 66; its
powers, 68.

Diplomacy, Language of, 235.

Discovery, right by, 240; in case of Guano
Islands, 255 (n.).

Divorces, Foreign, 230; in the several
States of the U. States, 232 (n.).
Dodson's Admiralty Reports (see Table of
Cases).

Domain, Public, effect of change of gov-
ernment on, 49; power of sovereign to
alienate, 50; conquest, 432.

Domicil, what constitutes, 405; governs
personal property, 140; case of French
at Greytown, 145 (n.); protection of
Christians in Mohammedan States, 177;
jurisdiction over resident foreigners,
220; proceedings against absent foreign-
ers, viis et modis, how far reconcilable
with international justice, 222; foreign-

ers domiciled in enemy's country liable
to reprisals, 403, 405; when native
character reverts, 407; American de-
cisions, 411; merchants in the East,
418; house of trade in enemy's coun-
try, 419; hostile character of produce
of enemy's country, while belonging to
the owner of the soil, 420.
Dresden Project, 78 (n.).

Droit des Gens, use of the term, 21 (n.).
Du Cange, Glossarium Medii Ævi, 138.
Dupin, aine, Collection des Réquisitoires,
168.

E.

Egypt, relations with the Porte, 56; inter-
vention of great powers with regard to,
116.

El Arish, Capitulation of, 501.
Elbe, Navigation of the, 276; tolls on, capi-
talized and abolished, 266 (n.).
Eliza, Case of the, 711 (n.).
Embargo, previous to declaration of hostili-
ties, 371; British, on Dutch vessels, 371;
retro-active effect of peaceable termina-
tion, 371; as a civil act of government,
detaining ships of its own people in port,
372 (n.); of the U. States in 1807, 372
(n.); hostile, as distinguished from re-
prisals, 372 (n.); motive of, 372 (n.);
to gain possession of neutral vessels in
port, at the outbreak of war, 373 (n.)
(see Angaria).

Emily St. Pierre, Case of the, 475 (n.);
the law of rescue by neutrals fully con-
sidered in, 475 et seq. (n.).

Emperor, title of, does not confer pre-emi-
nence over other sovereigns, 236.

Enemy, what is "enemy property" and

enemy territory," 375 (n.), 417 (n.);
decision of the Supreme Court of the U.
States, 377 (n.); enemy's property found
in the country on the breaking-out of
war, 387 (n.); decision of the Supreme
Court of the U. States, 387, 388 (n.);
Hautefeuille on this point, 388 (n.)
other text-writers, 388 (n.); action of
Russia in the Crimean war, 388, 389
(n.); of France and England, 389 (n.);
effect of this, 389 (n.); Earl Russell's
letter on the civil war in the U. States,
389 (n.); confiscation of private debts
due to enemies, 391 et seq. (m) (see
Confiscation); non-intercourse with an
enemy, 400 et seq. (n.); in the Crimean
war, 400 (n.); expression of public
opinion on the question afterward, 401
(n.); distinction between property of,
on sea and land, 451 (n.); licenses to
trade with, 504 (n.).

Enlistment, American Foreign, Act, 533,
534; British, 534, 564 (n.); of soldiers
in neutral State, violation of neutrality,
727.

Equality, rights of, 232; natural, of States
modified by compact and usage, 232;
royal honors, 232; precedence among
princes and States enjoying royal hon-
ors, 233; the great republics, 233; usage
of the alternat, 234; language used in
diplomatic intercourse, 235; titles of
sovereign princes and States, 236;
maritime ceremonial, 237.
Estrella, Case of the, 552 (n.).
Essex, Case of the, 526 (n.).
Exchange, Case of the, 550 (n.).
Experience, Case of the, 475, 476 (n.).
Extradition, opinions of publicists, 181;

how far it can be enforced if not stipu-
lated for in treaty, 182, 183 (n.); pre-
ponderance of American authorities is
against such enforcement, 182 (n.); be-
twixt the different States of the U.
States, 181 (n.); constitutional obliga-
tion on the States to make arrests,
181, 183 (n.); in the U. States, a tri-
bunal has no authority, unless con-
ferred by positive law, to make extra-
dition of criminals, 182 (n.); can only
be claimed by virtue of a treaty stipula-
tion, 182 (n.); whether fugitive crimi-
nals shall be surrendered, in the absence
of a treaty, is to be decided by the
political department of the government,
182 (n.); constitutional power of the
President of the U. States to make,
182 (n.); case of Arguelles, 183 (n.);
nations bound by treaties of, must
protect their right to give asylum,
184 (n.); of slaves in the U. States,
184 (n.); extradition under the Ash-
burton Treaty, between U. States and
England, 184 (n.); extradition under
the convention between U. States and
France, 1843, 187; of 1858, 189 (n.);
the construction put upon the term
'piracy" in the Ashburton Treaty,
in the case of the Gerity, 184 (n.), 186
(n.); judicial construction of extradi-
tion treaties, 186 (n.); Windsor's and
Anderson's cases, 186 (n.); extradition
by Canada of a slave charged with mur-
der of his master in Missouri, 187 (n.);
by a State of its own subjects, 189 (n
rules of divers nations on this subject,
190 (n.); treaties of the U. States with
Prussia, and with other nations, con-
cerning, 190, 191 (n.); of political of
fenders, refused by England, 191 (n.);
obtains between the States of the Ger-
man Confederation, 191 (n.); Lord
Palmerston's bill to punish conspiracies
formed in England to commit murder
elsewhere, 191 (n.); of deserters and
fugitive slaves, U. States treaties con-
cerning, 191 (n.).
Extra-territoriality, of foreign ministers,
153, 156, 179, 300; of bankrupt laws,
225 (n.).

F.

Fanny, Case of the, 555 (n.).
Fecial College, 687 (see Collegium Feciali-
um).

Federal Union, distinction between system
of confederate states and compositive
state, 65.

Fishermen, often exempted by treaty from
disturbance in war, 431 (n).
Fisheries, convention between Great Brit-
ain and Spain concerning, on South
American coast, 243 (n.); on northwest
coast of America, convention of 1824
between U. States and Russia, 245;
expired without renewal, 248; between
Great Britain and Russia of 1825, 246;
on coasts of Great Britain and France,
259: the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 262
(n.); on British possessions in America,
261, 262, 342; construction of treaty of
1783, 285, 343; convention of 1818, 258,
350; treaty of Ghent contained no pro-
vision respecting, 343; Great Britain
claimed all treaties to be abrogated by
war, 343-45; argument of J. Q. Adams
on American claim to the, 343; the Re-
ciprocity Treaty of 1854 concerning the
North-eastern, 350 (n.); terminated, 350
(n.); questions arising upon this termi-
nation, 350 (n.); meaning of the terms,
coasts, bays, harbors, and creeks," as
used in the convention of 1818 in the
case of the Washington, 351 (n.) (see
Bay of Fundy).

Flags of truce (see Truces).

Florida (or Oreto), Case of the, 571 (n.);
capture of in neutral waters, 528 (n.)
(see The Golden Rocket).

Fadera, 329 (n.).

Foreign Enlistment Acts (see Neutrality).
Forsyth, Mr., on Russian claims to North-
west coast, 248.

Fortifications, regulated by treaty, 90.
Fortuna, Case of the, 205 (n.); exclusively
a prize cause, 209 (n.).

France, acknowledgment of independence

of U. States by, 40; non-recognition of
the republic of 1792, 43 (n.); recogni-
tion of Louis Philippe in 1830, of the
Republic in 1848, and of the Empire in
1852, 43 (n.); revolution in, 93; in 1815,
restores works of art, 447; intervenes
in Spanish affairs, 95; as to Greece,
113; treaty of with U. States, of Feb.
23, 1853, concerning droit d'aubaine,
139 (n.); does not ratify Quintuple
Treaty of 1841 as to right of search,
201; cession of Louisiana, 279; com-
pensation for confiscated debts exacted
by Great Britain from, 390; admission
of privateers of, with their prizes, into
ports of U. States, to the exclusion of
their enemies, 518; treaty-making power
in, since 1852, 712 (n.); ordinance of

Louis XIV. of 1681, 25; Valin's Com-
mentary on, 25; as to the extent of the
exemption of private foreign vessels
from local jurisdiction by law of, 163;
marriages contracted abroad, 151; con-
spiracy against Emperor of, formed in
England, 191 (n.); as to the judicial
power exercised respecting foreigners
in, 221; as to the effect of foreign judg-
ments in personal actions, 230; French
rights of fishery on coasts of, 259.
Franciska, Case of the, 675, 676 (n.), 681
(n.).

Free ships, free goods (see Contraband
of War, Neutrality, Visitation and
Search, Neutral Rights).
Friendship, Case of the, 640 (n.)..
Fundy, Bay of, its limits, 351 (n.); an
open and common sea, 261 (n.).

G.

Gallatin, Mr., Minister to England, on
British claims to Oregon, 251.
Genet, Case of, 295 (n.).
General Armstrong, Case of the, 526 (n.).
Georgia (or Japan), Case of the, 572 (n.).
Gerity, Case of the, 184 (n.).
Germanic Confederation, 65, 77; internal
sovereignty of the States of, 70; ex-
ternal sovereignty, 71; distinction be-
tween the States that have possessions
without the limits of the, and those
which have not, 71; nature of the act
of the Diet of 1832 as to the relations
between princes and local legislatures,
73; of the Diet of 1834, concerning
federal tribunal for references between
States and sovereigns, 75; Parliament
of Frankfort, 1848, 77 (n.); efforts to
create a German empire, or united
government, 77 (n.); negotiation for
peace between Denmark and Austria
and Prussia, 77 (n.); attempts to re-
construct the German Confederacy and
the Zollverein, 78 (n.); war with Den-
mark concerning Schleswig-Holstein,
77 (n.); controversy between Austria,
Prussia, and Russia, in the Italian war
of 1859, 72 (n.).

Gesammtstaat, Community of States, the
political unity of the Austrian Empire,
61.

Ghent, Treaty of, 342, 445.
Golden Rocket, Case of the, 199 (n.).
Good offices distinguished from media-
tion, 366.

Gran Para, Case of the, 554 (n.).
Great Britain, recognition of the, Com-
monwealth, 42 (n.); of the Orange
dynasty, 42 (n.); renounces protecto-
rate of the Ionian Islands, 55 (n.);
incorporate union with Ireland, 62;
union with Hanover personal, 61; ob-