by Sisera. The battle was fought to the south-west, on the plain near Endor (Psalm lxxxiii. 10), and the pursuit of the vanquished Canaanites took the direction of the valley of the Kishon, at the base of the northern hills, toward Harosheth, which has been identified with the modern village of El Harathijeh. The stream had been swollen by a sudden fall of rain, for the river Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the river Kishon.' The scene of this conflict was alınost identical with that of the battle of Tabor in 1799, when Kleber drove the Turks into the same treacherous quagmires, which now, as in the time of Sisera, skirt the apparently insignificant stream on either side. The defeated general fled in an opposite direction to the line of flight taken by his army, making his way under the slopes of Tabor across the great plateau, on which stood, about ten miles off, near Bitsaanaim, the black tent of Heber the Kenite. The topography has been settled so clearly by the survey, that no doubt need any longer exist as to the actual situation of the places mentioned in the history, with the exception of Kedesh Naphtali, the site of which has not been satisfactorily determined.

Having established himself at a place called Beit Atab, twelve miles south-west of Jerusalem, Lieutenant Conder proceeded to explore the tract of country rendered famous by the deeds of Samson. Three places in the south of Palestine called Etam (the eagle's nest) are mentioned in Scripture. At 1 Chronicles iv. 32, a town of this name is noticed, of which the survey officers thought that they discovered the site at a modern village called Aitun. The second was a city fortified by Rehoboam (2 Chron. xi. 6) along with Bethlehem and Tekoa, which they supposed to have been situated near the spring called Ain Atan, not far from Solomon's Pools. The third was the rock Etam, on the top of which Samson took up his quarters after the slaughter of the Philistines (Judges xv. 8). It was apparently within the boundaries of Judah (verse 9), and in the tract of country where most of his exploits were performed. This place was identified by Lieutenant Conder with Beit Atab, because the latter suits the description given in Scripture, being preeminently a rock or knoll of hard limestone above a deep valley. The Hebrew term rendered 'top' is more correctly translated cleft' or 'fissure,' corresponding with a long, narrow cavern now existing, such as Samson might have gone down into (verse 13), which bears the name Hasuta or refuge. It extends under the middle of the modern

village, being 250 feet long, 18 wide, and from 5 to 8 in height. At the north-east end there is a shaft cut through the rock, from the surface of the hill ten feet deep, the opening being within sixty yards of the principal spring. The substitution of B for M being not uncommon, no difficulty in the identification need arise from the apparent difference in the terms Atab and Etam. Having regard to the modern name, the position, and the chasm, Lieutenant Conder thought that the site proposed, although it had never been suggested before, was in reality the rock Etam where Samson found a refuge. About two miles west of Beit Atab there is a valley running east and west, and opening into the plain of Philistia, called Wady Surar, which was easily identified with the valley of Sorek. Near the junction of the plain and valley were found the ruins of Bethshemesh on a knoll surrounded by olive-groves. Toward the south was Tibneh, the ancient Timnath, where Samson slew the lion, and near it two little mud villages called Sura and Eshua, being the ancient Zorah and Eshtaol. As he viewed the country, Lieutenant Conder was able fully to picture the scene which met the eyes of the five lords of the Philistines, as they went up the corn valley to the rugged hills above, following the lowing oxen which conveyed the ark on the 'straight way' (1 Sam. vi. 12) from Ekron to Bethshemesh.

The place of the camp of Dan, between Zorah and Eshtaol, mentioned in connexion with the history of Samson (Judges xiii. 25), after having been long sought for in vain, has been identified by the survey officers with some degree of certainty. Mahaneh Dan was behind, that is west of, Kirjath Jearim (Judges xviii. 12), so that if the site of the latter can be determined, the camping-place can be easily fixed. The corn valley east of Zorah was probably not the situation of it, because the former was eight miles from Kurieh El Anab, which Dr. Robinson identified with the city where the ark rested for so many years. The situation suits Kirjath in the tribe of Benjamin (Joshua xviii. 28), and not the place in question. It has lately been discovered that the identification of the American explorer rests only on a fifth-century tradition of foreign origin, so that Kirjath Jearim, or the city of thickets, must be sought for elsewhere. A ruin has been found about three miles from the valley, on a ridge covered with copses and thickets, called by the peasantry 'Erma. This word corresponds to the latest form of the term as it appears in Ezra ii. 25, where the children of Kirjath Arim are spoken of, the contracted form being derived from Jearim, through Yaʼrim.

Here the survey officers would place the city in question, because the place affords evidence of having been an ancient site, the position of which suits the requirements of the Scriptural narrative.

The sites of many places mentioned in the history of Saul and David have also been recovered. Bezek, the mustering place of Israel (1 Sam. xi. 8), has been identified. It was known to Jerome and Eusebius, who placed it at some distance from Shechem, on the road to Beisan. At the site indicated, on the ancient highway, a ruin called Ibzik has been discovered, which is believed to be the place where Saul collected his army before attacking the Ammonites. The great cliffs Bozez and Seneh (1 Sam. xiv. 4), which Jonathan climbed on his hands and feet, followed by his armour-bearer, have been identified with the help of the accurate description of the Philistine camp given by Josephus. Bozez means shining, and suits the aspect of the northern cliff, which is crowned by a mound of white chalky marl. Seneh, the thornbush, is still capable of being recognized in the name of the intervening gorge, which the Arabs call the valley of the little thorn-tree. The fixing of the scene of this famous exploit depends upon the right determination of the position of Gibeah of Saul, about which there is some controversy. Lieutenant Conder thought that it ought to be identified with the modern Jeb'a, and that the Philistine camp at Micmash was pitched on a precipice east of the modern village of the same name, which is still called the fort' by the peasantry. On the opposite side, on the south, there is a crag equally impassable, thus fully bearing out the Scriptural description, that between the passages by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistine garrison there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side (1 Sam. xiv. 4). Before the final battle between Saul and the Philistines, the Israelites were concentrated at Gilboa (1 Sam. xxviii. 4), beside the fountain that was in Jezreel' (1 Sam. xxix. 1); the former being at first in Shunem, and then in Aphek. The strategical position seems to have been, that the king was hemmed in between the enemy on the south and the precipices of the mountain on the north. The places where the Philistines were encamped have been supposed to be the modern Fuku'a and 'Arraneh, and if so, the strong position of Jezreel must have been turned from the southwest. Saul, finding his situation to be desperate, and that God did not answer him by dreams, or by Urim, or by prophets' (1 Sam. xxviii. 6), resolved to disguise himself and seek an

interview with the witch of Endor. The situation of this place, now a small village of mud huts, has been identified, showing that, during his night journey from the fountain at Jezreel, he must have passed round the Philistine camp, and along the eastern shoulder of Gilboa, before he could reach his destination.

The story of the wanderings of David in his flight from Saul is one of the most interesting portions of Old Testament history. So accurately has the topography of the country been ascertained, where the different events took place, that no difficulty need be experienced in tracing the course of events. Elah, Shocoh, Keilah, Hareth, Choresh Zif, Maon, the home of Nabal, Hachilah, and the spring of Sirah near Hebron, have all been recovered with some degree of certainty. The modern village of Keratiya has been identified as the seat of the Cherethites (1 Sam. xxx. 14), who appear to have been a branch of the Philistines dwelling in the maritime plain. Both appear connected in Zephaniah ii. 5. They were not Cretans, as the Septuagint supposed, but Caphtorim, and if so, they must have been of Egyptian origin (Gen. x. 14). Sela Ham-malekoth, or the cliff of divisions (1 Sam. xxiii. 28), has been fixed at a deep gorge called the Valley of Rocks, which cannot be passed except by making a detour of many miles, so that Saul might have stood on one side of it, within sight of David, without being able to capture him. The place is now called Malaky, which bears some resemblance to the Hebrew Mahlekoth, the similarity giving additional probability to the identification. The sudden invasion of the Philistines prevented Saul from pursuing David beyond this place. No doubt any longer exists as to the true situation of the cave of Adullam. It was fixed by the Crusaders, whose opinion is still held by some, at Kureitun, not far from Bethlehem, where there is a cavern capable of affording accommodation for several hundred men. They probably arrived at this conclusion, because it was the largest that they knew of in the country, and because at 1 Chron. xi. 16, in the account of David's three mighty men, it is mentioned in connexion with the exploit of drawing water from the well of Bethlehem, although it is not said that the two places were near each other. The true site must be looked for in the valley of Elah, near the city Adullam, which was one of the fifteen situated in the lowlands of Judah (Joshua xv. 35), on the border of the Philistine country, where David apparently had his 'hold' (1 Sam. xxii. 5). North-east of the modern Beit Jibrin, in the same locality, several of

these cities, standing close together, have been identified, and here the officers of the survey prosecuted the search. Ruins were discovered known among the peasantry by the name Aid el Ma, or feast of the water, and Aid el Maiyeh, or feast of the hundred, the radicals of either being the same as those of Adullam. They were believed to be those of the royal city of Adullam, it being necessary to suppose that, besides the cavern, there was a strong position held by David's six hundred followers. Near it there are caves in the hill-side, several of which were occupied by sheep and cattle, and in one a family of human beings was found to have made its home. Accepting the site so recovered as the real cave of Adullam, it is interesting to notice that the place where David overcame Goliath is only about eight miles distant. The Philistines had encamped in the valley of Elah, between Shocoh and Areka, at Ephes Dammim, or the boundary of blood,' of which some trace is supposed to remain in the modern Beit Fased, or house of bleeding, near the former place. Saul and his host took up their position opposite the enemy, there being a ravine with a stream running through it, which furnished the smooth stones, with one of which David smote to death the Philistine champion, in sight of both armies.

The survey has further shown that the places where he concealed himself when flying from Saul are mentioned in the narrative in consecutive order, each one south of the other, and further from his native town, the direction being into a country increasingly desolate, and more difficult of access than that around his previous hiding-places.

ART. II.-COUNT ARRIVABENE.

Giovanni Arrivabene, Senatore: Memorie della mia Vita, 1795-1859.

COUNT ARRIVABENE, the subject of the present paper, born in 1787, and dying at the ripe age of ninety-three, was an eye-witness of every stage of that last great struggle which resulted in the freedom of Italy.

His earliest recollections, we gather from his Memoirs, centre round the birthday festival of the Prince of Gazzoldo. It was the last State ceremony of the little principality,