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An Outline of What to Do and How to Do It if One Would Hope for the Joy of Success in this Fascinating Occupation.

BY LOUIS F. FUCHS.

S to book work proper I have had but limited experience; hence can not edify others. But with artistic pamphlet work (so called), itineraries, leaflets, souvenirs, etc., I am somewhat at home, and would be glad to see others so. I believe there is nothing more satisfying to the job printing mind than the consciousness of having turned out a good piece of such work, and to those who have yet to become familiar with it, I can promise a fascinating occupation. It is unlike job work only in that it is on a more comprehensive scale; otherwise it requires all the tact and taste of good job work. And when, as is frequently the case, the work is in two or more colors, and includes some ad work, the opportunity to do good work embraces every field.

Much depends, of course, on the body type in such work and the way it is handled. Observation has taught me that two extremes should be guarded against, namely, overcrowding, and excessive delicacy. A page of matter should have sufficient body to give a restful appearance, and this result can not be attained by too much leading or by too much crowding. Running the range of type sizes, I should say a good rule to follow is to lead nonpareil and brevier with a

six-to-pica lead and no more; a long primer with not more than two leads, while a pica may be given three leads, provided the measure is long and the margin large. Again, in a long measure, say forty ems pica or over, nonpareil and brevier should be set in double column, while pica and long primer should be set clear across. If long primer is used and double column is wanted, single lead. Pica never looks well in a short measure double or triple leaded. It is much better to let your final page run short, gracing it with an appropriate tail-piece, than to diffuse the type through all pages in an unreadable mass. Frequently, too, opportunity occurs at intervals throughout the book for such graceful breaks. Paragraphing may be resorted to with good advantage either in short or long column, but pica matter, double or triple leaded, needs so much more between paragraphs that the effect of compactness is lost. In nonpareil or brevier, single leaded, two additional leads between paragraphs frequently greatly help the job. The custom is useful also when a given number of pages should be covered and the matter runs too short.

In the matter of initials, the range of such useful and ornamental material is so large that no rule can be set down as what will invariably look best. I have noticed, however, that a filled-in initial

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is frequently too prominent on a small page, even when the initial itself is not large; on the other hand a large fine filagree initial on a large page is satisfactory if the head matter is not obscured thereby. Such work usually having the folio at the bottom, it should be carefully figured on in the make-up of the pages. long-measure page, or a long double-column measure, it should stand about a pica lower than the last line, and when printed should not be taken into account in the margin. Hence in making up your pages proportionately more should be given to the top slug than the bottom, and as no book form should ever be put in chase before being made up accurately on the galley, this is easy to supply.

Pamphlet work of this class, while distinct both from book and job work, is, nevertheless, properly job work in that it is usually done by job men. The frequent ad work in it together with the more or less liberal display heads, etc., makes it a branch of job work peculiarly fitted to employ the best ability of the tasty job printer. Such work is usually performed under the supervision of one man, while others are delegated to assist him. He will find his time fully occupied in furnishing the heads to the straight matter set by his colleagues, and it is eminently advisable that he set them all himself. Uniformity of style and type in his heads need not act as a check to his originality if he possess any; on the other hand nothing looks more unsatisfactory than a booklet with a range of head styles reaching from Gutenberg to the present day.

This class of work, as a rule, is interspersed with cuts, and when this is the case, the printer who runs the job is a mean fellow indeed if he complains of lack of opportunity to do himself justice. In a booklet of some size, having a dozen or more cuts, his ingenuity will be taxed to the utmost to prevent overrunning. Perhaps, in view of the almost certainty of eventually doing so, it would be better to set all matter to full measure first,

running over to accommodate cuts as he makes up. Certainly, unless very certain that he has the job well in hand and is quite sure of his calculations, running over is the cheaper mode in the end, yet, to the printer who accurately forecasts an intricate system of cut work, pages in advance, the joy of success is great. It is something like the satisfaction felt by the hunter who aims into the distance and don't miss his game.

In no class of printing does a good proof pay as well as in pamphlet or booklet work. I have followed the rule for years of sending but the best obtainable stone proof, taking all pages on a uniform size paper, preferably light linen. On such paper the proof, if taken wet, will print clear, and cuts will look much lighter and clearer than if a heavy coated paper is used. Color proofs, too, can be taken without more than a very small additional time, the body being rolled while the display, initials, etc., can be rolled with the digit, as I have described in the preceding paper on job work.

A word as to ad work. Good typesetting varies; many printers have many styles, but it should be the aim of the man in charge to secure a uniformity of style if possible. To do this, it is not necessary for him to arbitrarily say this or that shall or shall not be used, but simply to see that the central idea of style shall be followed. In souvenir work, for instance, the panegyric on the particular occasion is usually followed, sometimes. alternated, with ad pages. Now, if the gentleman in charge will lay down the rule to his assistants that straight lines are the desired style, the book's ad pages will likely present a more uniform excellence than if every man is allowed to go as he pleases. If group work is desired, with a liberal splashing of grotesqueries, let it be so understood, and if the artistic aspirations of the compositor in charge will not be satisfied with anything less than rule twisting, with all its time-eating concomitants, it should be clearly un

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derstood, as also whether the man who pays for the job is willing-to pay. This latter point is very important-to the proprietor and unless the rule twisters are of one mind and one soul (artistic) the result is more apt to be a nightmare than a thing of beauty. The reason for this is perfectly obvious when it is remembered that no two out of ten artists at

the trade have the same tastes. What in the hands of any one man of excellent taste might become a beautiful whole, under the erratic manipulation of three or four becomes a weird tangle of twisted rule, without rhyme or reason, looking like nothing so much as a system of telegraph wires struck by a cyclone.

St. Louis, Mo.

CONCERNING LABOR LEGISLATION.

Underlying and Fundamental Principles for the Intelligent Comprehension of the GoodIntentioned Labor Legislators.

BY STEPHEN BELL.

hands of scoundrels only become the most efficient means for defrauding them. Labor shouts for protection, and gets it -the same protection we accord to a cow, and for about the same purpose. Antitrust laws are passed-with what effect?

That it requires something more than the defrauding of the workers, and in the good intentions to legislate intelligently in the interests of labor is abundantly proved by a glance at the history of labor legislation. Until voters and legislators grasp the scientific formula that "like forces acting on like units produce like effects: like forces acting on unlike units produce unlike effects; unlike forces acting on unlike units produce such an infinite variety of effects that no man can trace them," such legislation is vain. Labor legislation can never be successful until directed by an intelligent comprehension of the underlying and fundamental principles of political economy, for the laws of the universe are fixed, unchangeable, immutable.

The statute books of our states and of the nation are burdened with acts and amendments to acts passed avowedly in the interest of labor, but the average condition of labor grows worse. Factory laws are passed for the protection of employes, only to be a dead letter; or, if enforced, to be in some instances such a charge on the employer as to decrease his ability to pay wages in competition with other employers less scrupulous. Mechanic's lien laws are passed to prevent

As to labor organizations, ought not the favor with which such bodies are regarded by certain of the more intelligent among the great employers of labor show that monopoly has little or nothing to fear from them? Such organizations might be made a power for good to labor, but so long as they are conducted on their present lines aggregated capital can afford to be patronizing.

If happiness is the object of human existence there must be a way to attain that object, a way that is ethically right. Man can find happiness only in the proper exercise of all his faculties, and he can only exercise his faculties when he has freedom to do so. If all men are to have freedom for the exercise of their faculties, there must be the limitation of equal freedom; no man must have more freedom than his fellows, for that would be unequal freedom. The conditions of happiness, then, are that all men must have equal freedom

to pursue the objects of their desires. But all the so-called labor legislation that I know anything about consists of acts and amendments to acts restricting men in the pursuit of their desires-equal repression having evidently been mistaken for equal freedom.

So long as men continue to strive for the objects of their desires along the lines. of least resistance, so long will the existing class of labor legislation be worse. than useless.

Men have a right to equal freedom, and any measure impairing that right is wrong, and, being wrong, will work evil instead of good; for like forces produce like effects.

If men have a right to equal freedom, let us see what it involves. The right of the individual to freedom abrogates the right of the state to interfere with that freedom. The right of the state extends no farther than to preserve equity-to see that no individual oppresses or interferes with the freedom of any other individual. The law of equal freedom condemns the ownership of the planet by individuals, for if part of the earth can be owned it all can be, and those so unfortunate as to own none of it have no rights in it-a condition we can not conceive of. Exclusive occupation of any part of the planet can only be reconciled with equity by the rendering of an equivalent value to those excluded.

Equal freedom condemns the regulation of trade by governmental tariffs. The right of the individual to trade where he will is sacred, seeing that he infringes

on no one's freedom in so doing, and that to prevent him from so doing is to decidedly infringe on his freedom. Tariffs, being wrong in morals, must work evil, for like causes produce like effects.

Equal freedom condemns the taxation of rightful individual property. When a man has built a house, or a bicycle, or made himself a pair of boots, or purchased these things with the products of his labor, they belong to him alone. The state has no shadow of right to them or to any part of them. Especially is this true when we see that the state has an ample revenue in the rental of the common property of all-the land.

Only by obeying the law of equal freedom can the true rights of all men be obtained. When the rights of man are secured, a reasonable inference is that there will be no wrongs to be redressed, and mankind will have a chance for development that they have never had before, and will refute the slander that human nature is essentially evil.

"We honor liberty in name and form. We set up her statues and sound her praises. But we have not fully trusted her. And with our growth so grow her demands. She will have no half service. Liberty! It is a word to conjure with, not to vex the ear in empty boastings. For liberty means justice, and justice is the natural law-the law of health, and symmetry, and strength, of fraternity and co-operation. Only in broken gleams and partial light has the sun of liberty yet. beamed among men, but all progress hath she called forth."

Though we break our father's promise, we have nobler duties first,
The traitor to humanity is the traitor most accursed;

Man is more than constitutions; better rot beneath the sod,
Than be true to church and state while we are doubly false to God.

We owe allegiance to the state, but deeper, truer, more,
To the sympathies that God has set within our spirit's core;
Our country claims our fealty; we grant it so, but then
Before man made us citizens, great nature made us men.

-Lowell.

PROVIDING FOR THE UNEMPLOYED.

The Difference Between Out-of-Work Benefits and Those for Sick Relief-Reduction of Scale No Remedy.

BY ALEXANDER SPENCER.

How to provide for the unemployed is a leading question with the typographical unions of today. Some people believe that it can be done by reducing the scale, but these would probably be both surprised and disappointed at the results should their wishes prevail. The employers who The employers who claim that they could put so many more men at work if the scale was lower would find that their competitors kept pace with their figuring, and it would be a will-o'the-wisp chase to endeavor to underbid them. Not but that in some cases there might be temporary advantage; it is the permanent effect which is reasonably certain to prove disastrous to the workman without benefiting the employer. Only something that creates work is likely to be of real value, and the reduction necessary to accomplish this would be so large as to be a lasting injury, and ultimately defeat its own purpose. For a material reduction of wages in one branch of labor is likely to be followed by lower wages in other branches, and business in general can not be very good whenever the people are compelled to exercise close economy. In the same way any attempt to keep out successful machinery is to sacrifice a long future to a brief present. The intention of such measures is good-it is always better to give work than money, but the practical working is defective.

By way of parenthesis it may be remarked that many book and job offices in Chicago will not have typesetting machines very soon because it would not pay them—even if it is reported that orders for seventy more are yet unfilled. While any number of men can be kept standing around at beck and call without compensation for lost time, they are cheaper than

idle machinery. An effort is to be made to remedy this injustice, still there must always be considerable transient work. There are offices printing law briefs and abstracts, for instance, in which but few find steady work, while there will be occasional periods when all they can find room for have to work overtime. For that reason the introduction of machinery, by giving more certain employment, will finally result in good, though the period of transition is very trying.

In the absence of a satisfactory method of giving employment to the idle, it is felt that other ways must be found to provide for them. This is done either by means of a relief fund or out-of-work benefit, or by both. Out-of-work benefits are often confounded with relief measures, though they are entirely separate and distinct. The difference is that one provides for sickness and distress, while the other is simply insurance against lack of employment. It is because some recognize this that they insist on married and unmarried unemployed members each receiving the same sum. A factor overlooked, however, is that typographical unions in this country have only of late years had to face the problem of the unemployed. Therefore the funds of the union have never been accumulated for insurance purposes, except in case of strikes. It is the distress of the unemployed that has led to the attempt to establish out-of-work benefits. So that in reality it is a mistake in name, as only relief is contemplated by the majority.

An erroneous idea is occasionally expressed when an old union man says he is entitled to relief because he has paid dues so long. Anyone who has been a

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