will produce the old results. That is international anarchy, with no law that anybody is really bound to respect. A régime of international law must replace it or the probability of war will remain just what it was before, no matter how boundaries are rearranged or how much, for the time being, any nation is humbled. It was from the utter humiliation and helplessness of the Napoleonic era that aggressive modern Prussia emerged. The old scheme has been very thoroughly tried out. Returning to it with a mere shifting of the weights and counterweights will not change its nature or effect. There must be complete recognition of a common European interest that is superior to any particular national in

terest. This country's vital interest in peace terms centers there."

Sun, New York: "Let us hope that if the differences between the World's Court League and the League to Enforce Peace ever reach the acute stage, the two estimable organizations will consent to arbitrate before they come to blows."

Democrat, Rochester, N. Y. "Must not a reform that will insure peace penetrate far below the surface of armaments and politics."

World, New York. "The opportunity for a World Court to win for itself a foremost place among human institutions is here."...

Henry Ford's Own Story. As told to Rose Wilder Lane. Published by Ellis O. Jones, Forest Hills, New York City. $1.00 net.

The amazing simplicity of Henry Ford is invariably emphasized by those who character-sketch him. It stands out in this lifestory, self-revealed in his own words, dwelt upon by the writer in detailing "how a farmer boy rose to the power that goes with many millions, yet never lost touch with humanity." Henry Ford does not belong to that "mythical class" of the Big Business Men, insists the writer, "he is a big man in business." Despite an annual automobile business of one hundred and fifty millions, grown inside of a dozen years, Ford holds that money has value only as a transmitter, like electricity, to be kept moving for the best interests of everybody concerned. Men he views as all parts of a great machine in which every waste motion, every broken or inefficient part means a loss to the whole. "Every human being that lives is part of the big machine, and you can't draw any lines between parts of a machine. They're all important. You can't make a good machine by making only one part of it good." The American reader of this remarkable autobiographical story book, be he sophisticated or unsophisticated, will involuntarily exclaim: If you don't know Henry Ford you don't know your own country! The publisher has rendered a service in producing the volume at this time of industrial readjustment and changing international outlook. The startling example of the Ford way of building a business is the main feature of the book. The last chapters give the key to his anti-war propaganda. I

have fifty-three nationalities, speaking more than one hundred different languages and dialects in my shops, says Ford; they have no trouble, for they realize that their interests are all the same. The real interests of all men are the same-work, food and shelter, happiness. People fight because they are wrongly taught that the only way to get things is to take them from somebody else. "The way to handle the war question is not to waste more and more energy in getting ready to hurt the other fellow. We must get down to the foundations: we must realize that the interests of all the people are one, and that what hurts one hurts all. We must know that, and we must have the F. C. B. courage to act on it.".

The Elements of International Law. With an account of its origin, sources and historical development. By George B. Davis. Harper Brothers, New York, 1916.

The appearance of the fourth edition of Davis' International Law seems to merit a few remarks in explanation. In the first place this is something more than another edition; thanks to the work of Gordon E. Sherman, who brought it out after the author's death, it amounts to a revision. The significant changes since 1908, with such a wealth of material, demanded a new edition to keep abreast of the times; this volume is up to date, covering events up to 1916. The book has a good balance, devoting two hundred and seventy pages to the laws of peace, and two hundred to those of war. The treatise has a logical unity of order, suggesting at every point that it deals with a system of law covering at the same

time conditions of war and of peace, avoiding the too frequent implication that war suspends the laws of peace. International Law is a complete system, and contemplates in its unity neither a condition of war nor of peace alone, but, unhappily up to date, a world of "war and of peace"; as Grotius so well put it, "De Jure Belli ac Pacis." This book will help to destroy that idea of International Law as a disjoined set of rules which is so largely responsible for the distorted notion that "International Law has been destroyed by this great war." International Law assumes the disturbance of static equilibrium as private law includes a body of adjective law for the protection of substantive rights. No system of law either natural or social contemplates a condition of quietism. The book under review illustrates the invaluable principles for teachers of this subject lately emphasized by a committee on The Teaching of International Law, headed by Professor Wilson, namely, that this is a branch of law and not a division of ethics or history or social theory or some equally vague field of discipline.

This is law, and the sooner we get away from the looser concepts of morality and the like, the better. To this end Judge Davis very happily illustrates principles with cases and the actual factual development of international life in the domain of law. These brief, but concise and suggestive, references to cases should lead easily into the study of cases in existence. The brevity of these references may be remedied by the use of Stowell's cases, volumes I and II, now indispensable to all elementary study of this subject. This treatise has much of the directness, relevancy and freshness that come from a man who has had to do with actual conditions. Probably the most deterrent feature in the study of a practical scheme of law has been the abstract, vague, remote and academic treatment of a field of study so preeminently practical. Judge Davis' book does much to correct this baneful influence. This treatise is scholarly, and by abundant but fortunately not redundant citations inspires scholarly research in its users. It suggests thoroughness but

not the cumbrous burden of the overindustrious bibliographer. The valuable space has been wisely devoted to clear expositions, not to remote references to often unavailable citations. The wisdom of devoting so much space to appendices (one hundred and eighty pages) might be questioned in view of the abundance of material from the various Foundations and the pens of Scott, Hull, Wilson, etc. The book is well indexed, has an illuminating table of con

tents, and will be welcomed by teachers and all interested in a clear exposition of The Elements of International Law. W. B. G.

Present-Day China. By Gardner L. Harding. The Century Company, New York, net $1.

This picture of China's advance has the touch of reality which will make it a little classic of the Chinese revolution and the struggle for the republic.

The book, in the words of the author, is an endeavor "to do two things; first, to bring home to Western readers a series of direct impressions of present-day China, impressions which I hope will bring home to the imagination something of the quality of mind under which that country is now going forward; and second, to set forth, in a few bold strokes of general policy, the stirring and complicated series of crises which constitute its immediate historical background."

This is a large purpose. But the author has produced the most compact statement of present trends in the Orient accessible to Americans. That it has pictured so vividly the driving power behind China's progress is an achievement in itself. Couple with this a straight-from-the-shoulder revelation of the present, and we have a statement which merits the attention of every thinking American. And events in the East should make Americans think.

In "Present-Day China," Japan is indicted once again in terms unsparing. But the part played by European rivalries in sowing the seeds the Nipponese would harvest-rivalries in which the United States also has been involved likewise is shown without extenuation.

Nowadays, it may well be said a country is no stronger than its finances. The latter part of "Present-Day China” turns the spotlight on the international financing of the republic and our own policy. It is a light that might well be heeded in these times of Middle Western loans to China and when the United States is once more asked to bind her freedom of action to the company of the Allied Bankers. G. C. H.

In our review of Stanley K. Hornbeck's "Contemporary Politics in the Far East," in the December number of THE WORLD COURT, the publisher of this thorough survey of China and Japan was not given. The book is put out by the Appleton Company, New · York, at $3.00 net.

pine blister, a fungus disease imported from Europe. Already the disease has been found extensively in New England and in most of the Eastern and Northern States of the white pine belt, and to some extent in Ontario and Quebec. What you may here consider and determine will have a large influence and effect for better or worse on the future of the white pine, which is admittedly our most valuable northern lumber tree, as well as one of the most beautiful. I need not urge upon you the importance of your deliberations.

THE WAR AND FOREST ECONOMICS

The great war in Europe has increased the importance of the economic value of the forest. Germany has ever been in the lead in the practice of dealing scientifically with these matters. One of the interesting mysteries of the present conflict is the source from which the Central Powers obtain the nitro-cellulose necessary in the manufacture of smokeless powder. This, as you all know, is ordinarily made from cotton. Germany does not now have access to the world cotton market. We have information which would indicate that in this emergency the nitro-cellulose used now by Germany is made from wood. The ordinary black powder is composed of fourteen to eighteen parts charcoal, made from certain varieties of wood. For strategic purposes, of course, smokeless powder is preferred on the battle-fields, but very great quantities of black powder are consumed daily by the contending armies. We refer to rosin and turpentine, so largely the

product of our Southern pine forests, as "naval stores," but now rosin is employed in large quantities in filling the space between the bullets in shrapnel shells, so shrapnel shells, so that when the shells explode the missiles will be evenly distributed in all directions. Gun-stocks, formerly made almost entirely from walnut, are now made from birch, red gum and other woods. Millions of such have during the past few years been made in America. The peculiar style of warfare which the great war has brought forth, necessitates the use of enormous quantities of timber for trench walls, trench floors, braces and stays. Millions and millions of feet are required for buildings behind the fighting lines, for hospitals, for housing non-combatants, for temporary storehouses and the like. Enormous quantities of forest products go into mine props, bridges and for other military prepa

rations.

The ingenuity of Germany has taught her to make a soft and satisfactory absorbent as a substitute for absorbent cotton for surgical uses, and it is made from wood fiber or cellulose. Nowadays, enormous quantities of cordage and ropes and burlap, rugs and carpets are manufactured from wood fiber and wood pulp. Some may not know it, but many a person, even in this audience, is wearing articles of clothing that are now made wholly or in part from wood fiber. Some beautiful fabrics for ladies' evening wear are made largely of wood fiber and celluloid. The new uses and the increased old uses for the products of the forest increase

the economic value of the forest, and add to the importance of all the questions you are here to consider. The effect on the cost of paper is farreaching, and of great economic consequence.

Germany was well prepared for this World War, and part of her economic preparation was seen in the fact that she has been unequalled in the perfection and practice of forestry. The care for many years with which Germany has protected her timber, and her laws not only compelling in effect the replanting but making replanting profitable and, therefore, economically possible, are among the things that stand out in clear relief from the viewpoint of preparedness.

NO IMMEDIATE DANGER OF SERIOUS

LUMBER SHORTAGE

There is no immediate danger, if we use our forests rightly, of a serious shortage in our lumber supply, but the time is here when the conservation of our forest resources demands more serious and real economic consideration. It seems to me that the conservation of our privatelyowned forest resources will never really become effective on a sufficient scale until there is a prospective profit in practising forest conservation. Our great National forests, now under Government administration, should be supplemented to a greater extent by State and Municipal forests, as only the Nation, the State or the Town can afford to hold forest lands in reservation, the cost of tax exemption, forest management, and protection being a burden of all

the people, these properties, thus free from the often heavy local taxation of privately owned forests, privately-owned should be largely held in reserve until logs at the saw-mill are worth the cost of raising the crop.

CONSUMPTION AND PRICES OF LUMBER

The official Government figures show that the lumber manufacturer in 1915 received 10 per cent. less per thousand feet for his product than in 1906. The average of lumber prices in 1916 at the saw-mills will average little more than those of 1915, and at Southern pine mills not as much as the prices of 1913; and this when the average citizen of this country uses over 400 feet of lumber yearlymore extravagant in the use of lumber than the people of any other land. The best estimate of lumber used in 1916 in the United States was about 42 billion feet as against 38 billion used in 1915. The forest and lumber industry is the greatest of our industries which has not greatly benefitted by the World War. There are no war brides in the shares of Lumber Companies. Such low prices for lumber at producing points— away below the costs of reproduction through forestry methods-are against the interests desiring the conservation of these resources. You can't continue to have your cake and eat it too, when you buy your cake at less than the cost of raising the grain and sugar.

The values of the trees in the forest

stumpage values, we call them— have in recent years steadily increased, but even at present prices forest trees at the source are the