Armenian population of the six Armenian provinces, 141 are Armenians, 13 Turks, and 12 Greeks; of 150 exporters, 127 are Armenians and 23 Turks; of 37 bankers and capitalists, 32 are Armenians and only 5 Turks; of 9800 shopkeepers and artisans, 6800 are Armenians and only 2550 Turks, the rest being divided among various other nationalities. The same is true of native industry: of 153 factories and flour mills, 130 belong to Armenians, 20 to Turks, and 3, carpet concerns, to foreign or mixed companies. The directors of all these establishments are Armenian exclusively. The number of employees is about 17,000, of whom 14,000 are Armenians, 2800 Turks, 200 Greeks and others.

The Turk, being another version of Kriloff's snake that bites the glow-worm because it is shining, massacred the Armenians. "It is absurd," confided the Mayor of Smyrna to an English traveler, "that we can govern the Armenians a people so much abler than we."

Because the Armenians are very brave, the Turkish authorities do not permit them the possession of arms. Dr. J. Lepsius writes in his book, entitled Armenia and Europe, that "Christians indeed, and Christians alone, are by statute forbidden to carry arms." As an example of Armenian valor, Viscount Bryce mentions the heroic resistance of the Zeitunlis, who proudly called themselves "The British of Asia Minor-unsubdued and unsubduable." Lord Bryce writes:

These Zeitunlis had only seven or eight thousand fighting men, but the strength of their position enabled them to repel all attacks; and, like the Montenegrins, to develop a thoroughly militant type of manhood. They are a rude, stern people, with no wealth and little education, and practising no art except that of iron-working-for there is plenty of iron in the mountains that wall them in. From 1800 till now they had forty times been in conflict with the Turks; in 1836 they successfully resisted the Egyptian invaders; and in 1859 and 1862 they repulsed vastly superior Turkish armies. In 1864, by European intervention, a sort of peace was arranged, and in 1878 a fort was erected, and the people were obliged to admit a Turkish garrison, which in 1895 was 600 strong. The Zeitunlis had laid in a stock of grain in anticipation of a general attack by Turks upon Christians, and had for some little while noticed that arms were being distributed by the Turkish officials among the Moslems. When

the massacres began in Northern Syria in November, 1895, they perceived that they would be the next victims, rose suddenly, and besieged the garrison. After three days the Turks, whose water supply had been cut off, surrendered. The Armenians, disarming them and arming themselves with the rifles which they found in the arsenal, had also weapons enough to supply some of the neighboring villages, and were able to take the field against the Turkish army which was advancing against them, and which is said to have been at times 60,000 strong. They repulsed the Turks, with great loss, in a series of hard-fought fights, and kept them at bay till February, 1896. Through the mediation of the British Ambassador at Constantinople, terms of peace were arranged in pursuance of which the siege was raised, and no fresh garrison placed in the town. The most perilous moment had been one when, the fighting men being all absent, the imprisoned Turkish soldiers had risen and sought to set fire to the town. The women, however, proved equal to the occasion. They fell upon the Turks and saved the town.

When, just prior to the deportations of 1915, Zeitun prepared to resist, the Ottoman authorities intimated to them, through the Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia, that, if they resisted, reprisals would be made upon their defenseless kinsmen in the plain. The elders of Zeitun, like the Armenian leaders throughout the empire, were determined to go almost any lengths in order to keep the peace. So the majority surrendered, and they were deported. Fifteen hundred fighting men are reported to have withdrawn to the loftier recesses of the mountains.

The chronic massacres with which, as Sir Edwin Pears has aptly remarked, the Turk has tried to maintain his supremacy ever since the capture of Constantinople, grew so appalling that Mr. E. Cantlow thus characterized the plight of the Armenians: "The very wrongs that made the French peasantry rise and in one deluge of blood sweep a corrupt aristocracy from their land are being enacted with tenfold horrors in Turkey today." Marshal von Moltke, who traveled extensively in Turkey and who was by no means a Turkophobe, asserted that security for Christians could never be had under the Turkish rulers.

Finally the constant appeals of the martyred Armenians to Christian Europe were answered by Article LXI of the Treaty of Berlin, signed on July 13, 1878, that read:

The Sublime Porte undertakes to carry out, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the Circassians and Kurds. It will periodically make known the steps taken to this effect to the Powers, who will superintend their application.

Furious at the Armenian temerity in demanding reforms, the Turkish government increased its persecutions and encouraged the Kurds to slay and pillage their Armenian neighbors. From 1884 to 1896 more than three hundred thousand Armenians were massacred; then followed the Adana holocaust, with a total of sixty thousand Armenian victims. And when the Young Turks entered the war in the latter part of October, 1914, Talaat Bey and Enver Pasha plotted to "solve the Armenian Question by extirpating the whole nation"-hence the deportation of the Armenians, just after the failure of the Dardanelles expedition.

But no Talaat or Enver can annihilate the Armenians, who are endowed with a wonderful power of recuperation and resiliency, and who have always arisen phoenix-like, from calamities that might have proved fatal to any other nation. The Armenians have believed that whoever create in pursuit of enlightenment and ideals, that whoever endeavors to serve the immortal gods, may be subjected to the excruciating tortures of Prometheus or may endure the sorrows of Niobe, but shall never die.

Several years ago, Dr. James L. Barton, Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and formerly President of Euphrates College, Harpoot, Armenia, declared: "Give the Armenian capital and a righteous government and he will turn the whole of Turkey into a Garden of Eden in ten years."

In the past this people of remarkable potentialities has been offered fire and sword; it is entitled now to an opportunity for achievement-viz., to the enjoyment of the completest autonomy.

Before the recent Armenian calamity, there were 4,160,000 Armenians. The Turkish Empire contained 2,380,000

THE JOURNAL OF RACE DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 7, No. 4, 1917

Russia, 1,500,000; the United States, 100,000; Persia, 64,000; Egypt, 40,000; India, 20,000; Austria-Hungary, 20,000; Bulgaria, 20,000; Rumania, 8000; Europe and Cyprus, 8000. Therefore, we shall have enough Armenians to populate the New Armenian State, that must include Van, Erzerum, Bitlis, Diarbekr, Sivas, Harpoot and Cilicia, with the Ararat enclave.

The Allies, who, according to the declaration of former Premier Asquith to Professor Masaryk, of London, England, are "fighting first and foremost for the liberties of small nations,” must create an autonomous Armenian State. By this act of Righteousness and Justice the Allies will have performed their duty toward Humanity and Civilization, remembering the dictum of Gladstone, that "to serve Armenia is to serve civilization."

PSYCHIC FACTORS IN THE NEW AMERICAN

RACE SITUATION

By George W. Ellis, K.C., F.R.G.S.

The race question is the most important social situation with which the American people have had to deal. Like a cancer it has gnawed at the very vitals of American social culture and institutions. It imperilled the adoption of the American constitution. It menaced the concord and cooperation of the Northern and Southern states for threequarters of a century. And finally with such violence it attacked the life and perpetuity of the American Union that an operation was unavoidable, and for its extirpation the country was thrown into one of the greatest civil wars of modern times. And notwithstanding the great individual and national pain, suffering and sacrifice which attended the operation, the injustice and evil of American race subjection and slavery were so enormous and far-reaching, that the race question lingers with us still, in violent antagonism to the ideals of the founders of the American nation and as an open and avowed enemy of the principles of true democracy.

NEW SLAVERY IN THE SOUTH

Although after the Civil War the Negro people were made citizens and secured in their personal freedom by federal constitutional enactment, and the states were prohibited from discriminating against citizens on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude, yet in certain Southern states, by force or fraud, the governments have been seized by the leaders of the white race and a new system of race subjection and slavery has been fastened upon the Negro people and finally given the sanction of public law.