war was 600,000, and that they never had more than 200,000 in the field at any one time. This would seem likely to be an underestimate, but is the nearest to official data that we have. He states the entire force opposing the 1,000,000 men in the closing campaign to have been 100,000. There is reason to believe that the Confederates killed, and the wounded and sick who died in hospital, was about 300,000.

The entire amount expended by the National government, by States, counties and towns, and contributed in other ways to the comfort or sustenance of the army, is computed at $4,000,000,000. The support of the Southern army cannot be ascertained, but it is thought that those expenses and the destruction of property inflicted about an equal loss on them.

These losses in life and property are fearful; but they are the price of Freedom and of Nationality. The general prosperity of the country has made it richer than before, while natural increase and immigration have filled the places vacant by death.

The South was hopeless and exhausted at the close of the war. It had been feared that a guerrilla war, the most desolating and bloody of all wars, would follow the defeat of the great armies. It could result only in destruction of what remained to the Southern people, and they submitted quietly to their fate. Various excesses and deeds of blood were indeed committed, but they were not sympathized with by the mass of the people. It was only the desperate and lawless class that came to the surface naturally in war.

Many of the influential Southern leaders counseled submission to inev. itable necessity, and themselves set the example. The policy of reconstruction adopted by the National government, excluded, at first, all who had taken a part in the rebellion from political influence. The loyal element, small as it was, was alone to restore the Southern States to their place in the Union. It was, however, proposed to admit others, both individuals and classes, to participation in political action as they proved themselves rustworthy and loyal to the new order of things. After some years, and when it was felt to be quite safe, these disabilities were nearly all removed. The most distasteful act of the General Government, to the people of the Bouth, was clothing the blacks with the rights of citizens. They received the elective franchise, and assisted to rule over their former masters. It was considered necessary, since they had now no masters to be interested in them, to give them the power to protect themselves, and to elevate them to something of influence and respectability by force of the ballot. That advantage given them, they must take their chances with others, and win their own way. They had been loyal to the Union, which strongly recommended this policy to the government. The Northern people who now settled in the South and the blacks mainly reorganized the State governments. This was the chief punishment inflicted on the Southern people in retaliation for the war they had waged with such fearful energy. It was a clemency quite unexampled in history. No blood was shed after they

laid down their arms. The assassination of the beloved President Lincoln made the North thoroughly angry, but no vengeance was taken except on those believed to be immediately connected with the atrocious deed. The most lively indignation had long been felt at the dreadful treatment experienced by prisoners of war in some of the prisons of the South; but the government and the people contented themselves with the punishment of the governor of Andersonville prison, on due civil trial and conviction.

On the whole, the conduct of the Northern people was extremely magnanimous. The dissolution of the Union would have been an irreparable loss to them; they resolved not to suffer it; and, with extraordinary energy, they put in the field more than a million and a half of men, and near 700 vessels, to subdue it, and suffered no reverses to discourage them until this was done. When resistance ceased and the Union was secure, they exacted only the pledges necessary to keep it safe. Appreciating the unfortunate condition to which nearly all the before prosperous classes of the South were reduced, they aided them in their distress, ceased at once all hostile action, and left them to recover from their disasters under as favorable circumstances as their own conduct warranted. The South naturally felt an affection for her Lost Cause, proportionate to the sacrifices she had made and the suffering she had endured for it. Time, and busy care to develop the vast resources that slavery had, in great part, neglected, would gradually restore them to right feeling, and the state of mind fitting them for citizenship. This, in part, has already taken place, and, by and by, the Bonds of the Whole Union will be more firmly cemented than ever before. May it be soon.

CHAPTER XXIX.

HISTORY OF THE U. S. FROM 1865 TO 1877.

May 13-During the week ending with this day there was subscribed to the U. S. seven-thirty loan $98,000,000. It was an expression of the enthusiastic confidence of the people in the government and its

resources.

22-23-Grand review of Gen. Sherman's army at Washington. There were 200,000 men.

"26-Kirby Smith, the last leader of a Southern military organization, surrendered his command.

66 30-The great Sanitary Fair opened at Chicago.

" 31-Gen. Hood and his staff surrendered prisoners of war.

June 1-A day of fasting and national humiliation for the death of Presi

dent Lincoln.

July 5-The four confederates of Booth, the assassin of President Lincoln, were found guilty. They were hanged on the 6th and 7th. These were Harold, Atzerott, Powell and Mrs. Surratt.

11-Gen. R. E. Lee appointed president of the Washington College, Va. It was done by Southern people as a mark of respect, and to furnish him a support; he having lost his property in the war. Sept. 20-The marking of the graves of 12,000 of the unfortunate Andersonville prisoners completed.

29-Cession of 1,000,000 acres of land to the government by the Osage Indians, for $300,000.

Oct. 20-Champ Ferguson, noted for his crimes in guerilla warfare, hung at Nashville, Tenn.

Nov. 10-Henry Wirz, the former keeper of Andersonville prison, hung, after trial and condemation.

Dec. 18-Secretary Seward officially announces that the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery in the United States, has been adopted by three-fourths of the States, and it is now the law of the land.

1866.

Jan. 1-Third anniversary of Emancipation celebrated by the colored people.

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2-Funeral of Hon. Henry Winter Davis, M. C., at Baltimore.

12-The Kentucky University purchases the homestead of Henry Clay. แ 23-The 13th Constitutional Amendment reconsidered by the Legisla ture of New Jersey and passed. It had been rejected in the previous year.

"25-Kentucky refused to pass the 13th Amendment.

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31-Commissary and quartermaster warehouses burned, at Ft. Riley, Kansas. $1,000,000 lost.

Feb. 2-The Civil Rights bill passed the Senate.

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11-The U. S. Sanitary Commission closed with an anniversary meeting at Washington.

12-Memorial services in honor of President Lincoln held in the capitol, at Washington; address delivered by the Hon. Geo. Bancroft, statesman and historian.

19-President Johnson vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau bill.

22-The 134th anniversary of Washington's birthday celebrated. 26-Meeting held at Richmond to ratify President Johnson's policy.

Mar. 10-North Carolina passes a Negro Rights bill.

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12-North Carolina passes a Negro Testimony bill.

Texas Convention declares their Secession ordinance null and tel. 47 13-The Civil Rights bill passed the House of Representatives. 19-The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada expires.

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27-The Civil Rights bill vetoed by President Johnson.

April 2-Gen. Hawley elected republican governor of Connecticut.

4 Gen. Burnside elected governor of Rhode Island.
6-7-Civil Rights bill passed Congress over the veto.

30-Two churches of colored people burned by incendiaries in Rich mond, Va.

May 15-The President vetoes the bill admitting Colorado as a State.

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29-Gen. Scott died at West Point, N. Y.

June 3-Gen. Meade goes to Buffalo to prevent the Fenians (Irish Patriots)

from invading Canada.

6-President Johnson issues a proclamation forbidding belligerent operations against Canada from the United States.

8-13-The 14th Constitutional Amendment passed by Congress. July 4-Great fire at Portland, Me. Loss, $15,000,000. The U. S. govern ment a heavy loser by this fire.

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23-Tennessee readmitted as a State in the Union, by joint resolution of Congress. This was the first State readmitted after the war. 25-Lieut. Gen. Grant nominated General-the highest grade known in our military organization-never before occupied. Vice Admiral Farragut nominated Admiral.

27—Hon. J. H. Harlan, Sec. of the Interior, resigns. O. H. Browning appointed.

28-The Great Eastern reaches Hearts Content, Newfoundland, with the Atlantic Telegraphic Cable, which proved successful. It had failed in the previous year. Great rejoicings. It was one of the most important events of this century.

30 Great riot at New Orleans, in which many were killed. It was thought the result of President Johnson's policy of reconstruction, which was not in harmony with the system adopted by Congress.

Aug. 1-Gen. Sherman commissioned as Lieut. General.

8-Queen Emma, wife of the late King of the Sandwich Islands, arrives at New York, and is received as a National Guest.

" 12-Telegraphic communication between New York and Europe complete, by the Atlantic Cable.

31-American and English naval forces unite to break up piracy by Chinese junks in the East Indies.

Sept. 6-The monument to S. A. Douglas, at Chicago, inaugurated. President Johnson made many speeches on his journey to attend this celebration, which were indiscreet, and disrespectful to Congress. It was called his "Swinging around the Circle," in derision; a figure employed in one of his speeches.

Oct. 9-Gen. Geary elected governor of Pennsylvania.

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23-Dedication of The Stonewall Jackson Cemetery, at Winchester, Va Nov. 6-State elections in 12 States are held to-day.

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20-The Grand Army of the Republic, formed of the present and previous officers of the U. S. Army serving in the late war, hold a convention at Indianapolis, Ind.

22-Raphael Semmes, former Commander of the Confederate war steamer Alabama, appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Louisiana State Seminary.

Dec. 7-The Louisiana Legislature rejects the 14th Amendment to the

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Constitution.

13-Territorial Legislature of Colorado organized.

16-The U. S. frigate New Ironsides burned at League Island. 22-Massacre of nearly a hundred soldiers near Ft. Kearney.

44 24-U. S. Minister John A. Dix enters on his duties in France.

1867.

Jan. 7-A suffrage bill for the Dist. of Columbia vetoed by President Johnson, but passed over the veto by Congress. Congress was laboring to harmonize the laws of the country with the changes produced by the war. President Johnson did his utmost to prevent the success of this policy. Congress, however, succeeded in carrying its point. This is an important and interesting history, since it shows how the Representatives of the People may check and neutralize the power of a President when his designs conflict with the interests of the country and the purposes of the people.

" 8-10-14th Amendment ratified by two States (Missouri and New York) and rejected by another (Virginia).

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28-Nebraska bill vetoed, but passed over the veto.

Most of the Northern States ratified the 14th Amendment in this month.

Feb. 20-Military government bill passed Congress.

Mar. 1-Nebraska proclaimed a State by the President.

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2-The President vetoes the Military Government and Civil Tenure

of Office Bills. They are passed over his veto.

4-The 39th Congress ends, and the 40th is organized.

11-Military governors assigned to various districts in the South. 30-The President announces the ratification of the treaty with Russia, by which the United States bought all her North American Possessions for $7,200,000.

Apr. 3-Gen. Burnside re-elected governor of Rhode Island.

May 13-Jeff. Davis admitted to bail in $100,000; Horace Greeley and others furnish the bonds.

June 19-The Arch Duke Maximilian, Titular Emperor of Mexico, shot by order of the Mexican Republican government. The remonstrances of the U. S. government obliged the French to withdraw their support from Maximilian.

July 13-The steamer Dunderberg, bought by France, sailed for Cherbourg. Aug. 1-Gov. Brownlow re-elected governor of Tennessee.