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Sec. 25. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so amended in its passage through either house as to change its original purpose.

Sec. 26. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended or rejected by the other; and every bill shall be read on three different days in each house.

Sec. 27. No bill shall be considered for final passage unless the same has been reported upon by a committee and printed for the use of the members.

Sec. 28. No bill (except general appropriation bills, which may embrace the various subjects and accounts for and on account of which moneys are appropriated, and except bills passed under the third subdivision of section forty-four of this article) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title.

64 Sec. 29. All amendments adopted by either house to a bill pending and originating in the same shall be incorporated with the bill by engrossment, and the bill, as thus engrossed, shall be printed for the use of the members before its final passage. The engrossing and printing shall be under the supervision of a committee, whose report to the house shall set forth, in writing, that they find the bill truly engrossed, and that the printed copy furnished to the members is correct.

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Sec. 30. If a bill passed by either house be returned thereto, amended by the other, the house to which the same is returned shall cause the amdment or amendments so received to be printed under the same supervision as provided in the next preceding section, for the use of the members, before final action on such amendments.

Sec. 31. No bill shall become a law unless on its final passage the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the members voting for and against the same be entered on the journal, and a majority of the members elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its favor.

Sec. 32. No amendment to bills by one house shall be concurred in by the other, except by a vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting for and against recorded upon the journal thereof; and reports of committees of conference shall be adopted in either house only by the vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting recorded upon the journal.

Sec. 33. No act shall be revived or re-enacted by mere reference to the title thereof, but the same shall be set forth at length, as if it were an original act.

Sec. 34. No act shall be amended by providing that designated words thereof be stricken out, or that designated words be inserted, or that designated words be stricken out and others inserted in lieu thereof; but the words to be stricken out, or the words to be inserted, or the words to be stricken out and those inserted in lieu thereof, together with the act or section amended, shall be set forth in full as amended.

Sec. 35. When a bill is put upon its final passage in either house, and, failing to pass, a motion is made to reconsider the vote by which it was defeated, the vote upon such motion to recon

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sider shall be immediately taken, and the subject finally disposed of before the house proceeds to any other business.

Sec. 36. No law passed by the General Assembly, except the gen. eral appropriation act, shall take effect or go into force until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted, unless in case of an emergency (which emergency must be expressed in the preamble or in the body of the act), the General Assembly shall, by a vote of two thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct-said vote to be taken by yeas and nays and entered upon the journal.

Sec. 37. No bill shall become a law until the same shall have been signed by the presiding officer of each of the two houses in open session; and before such officer shall affix his signature to any bill, he shall suspend all other business, declare that such bill will now be read, and that, if no objections be made, he will sign the same to the end that it may become a law. The bill shall then be read at length, and if no objections be made, he shall, in presence of the house in open session, and before any other business is entertained, affix his signature, which fact shall be noted on the journal, and the bill immediately sent to the other house. When it reaches the other house, the presiding officer thereof shall immediately suspend all other business, announce the reception of the bill, and the same proceedings shall thereupon be observed, in every respect, as in the house in which it was first signed. If in either house any member shall object that any substitution, omission, or insertion has occurred, so that the bill proposed to be signed is not the same in substance and form as when considered and passed by the house, or that any particular clause of this article of the Constitution has been violated in its passage, such objection shall be passed upon by the house, and if sustained, the presiding officer shall withhold his signature; but if such objection shall not be sustained, then any five members may embody the same, over their signatures, in a written protest, under oath, against the signing of the bill. Said protest, when offered in the house, shall be noted upon the journal, and the original shall be annexed to the bill, to be considered by the Governor in connection therewith.

Sec. 38. When the bill has been signed, as provided for in the preceding section, it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Senate, if the bill originated in the Senate, and of the Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives, if the bill originated in the House, to present the same in person, on the same day on which it was signed as aforesaid, to the Governor, and enter the fact upon the journal. Every bill presented to the Governor, and returned within ten days to the house in which the same originated, with the approval of the Governor, shall become a law, unless it be in violation of some provision of this Constitution.

Sec. 39. Every bill presented as aforesaid, but returned without the approval of the Governor, and with his objections thereto, shall stand as reconsidered in the house to which it is returned. The house shall cause the objections of the Governor to be entered at large upon the journal, and proceed at its convenience to consider the question pending, which shall be in this form: "Shall the bill pass, the objections of the Governor thereto notwithstanding?" The vote upon this question shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names entered upon the journal, and if two thirds of all the

members elected to the house vote in the affirmative, the presiding officer of that house shall certify that fact on the roll, attesting the same by his signature, and send the bill, with the objections of the Governor, to the other house, in which like proceedings shall be had in relation thereto; and if the bill receive a like majority of the votes of all the members elected to that house, the vote being taken by yeas and nays, the presiding officer thereof shall in like manner certify the fact upon the bill. The bill thus certified shall be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, as an authentic act, and shall become a law in the same manner and with like effect as if it had received the approval of the Governor.

Sec. 40. Whenever the Governor shall fail to perform his duty as prescribed in section twelve, Article V, of this Constitution, in relation to any bill presented to him for his approval, the General Assembly may by joint resolution, reciting the fact of such failure and the bill at length, direct the Secretary of State to enroll the same as an authentic act, in the archives of the State, and such enrollment shall have the same effect as an approval by the Governor: Provided, that such joint resolution shall not be submitted to the Governor for his approval.

Sec. 41. Within five years after the adoption of this Constitution, all the statute laws of a general nature, both civil and criminal, shall be revised, digested, and promulgated in such manner as the General Assembly shall direct; and a like revision, digest, and promulgation shall be made at the expiration of every subsequent period of ten years.

Sec. 42. Each house shall from time to time publish a journal of its proceedings, and the yeas and nays on any question shall be taken and entered on the journal at the motion of any two members. Whenever the yeas and nays are demanded, the whole list of members shall be called, and the names of the absentees shall be noted and published in the journal.

LIMITATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER

Sec. 43. All revenue collected and moneys received by the State, from any source whatsoever, shall go into the treasury, and the General Assembly shall have no power to divert the same, or to permit money to be drawn from the treasury, except in pursuance of regular appropriations made by law. All appropriations of money by the successive General Assemblies shall be made in the following order:

First. For the payment of all interest upon the bonded debt of the State that may become due during the term for which each General Assembly is elected.

Second. For the benefit of the sinking fund, which shall not be less annually than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

Third. For free public-school purposes.

Fourth. For the payment of the cost of assessing and collecting the revenue.

Fifth. For the payment of the civil list.

Sixth. For the support of the eleemosynary institutions of the State.

Seventh. For the pay of the General Assembly, and such other purposes, not herein prohibited, as it may deem necessary; but no General Assembly shall have power to make any appropriation of

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money for any purpose whatsoever, until the respective sums necessary for the purposes in this section specified have been set apart and appropriated, or to give priority in its action to a succeeding over a preceding item as above enumerated.

Sec. 44. The General Assembly shall have no power to contract or to authorize the contracting of any debt or liability on behalf of the State, or to issue bonds or other evidences of indebtedness thereof, except in the following cases:

First. In renewal of existing bonds, when they cannot be paid at maturity, out of the sinking fund or other resources.

Second. On the occurring of an unforeseen emergency, or casual deficiency of the revenue when the temporary liability incurred, upon the recommendation of the Governor first had, shall not exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for any one year, to be paid in not more than two years from and after its creation.

Third. On the occurring of any unforeseen emergency or casual deficiency of the revenue, when the temporary liability incurred or to be incurred shall exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for any one year, the General Assembly may submit an act providing for the loan, or for the contracting of the liability, and containing a provision for levying a tax sufficient to pay the interest and principal when they become due (the latter in not more than thirteen years from the date of its creation), to the qualified voters of the State, and when the act so submitted shall have been ratified by a two-thirds majority, at an election held for that purpose, due publication having been made of the provisions of the act for at least three months before such election, the act thus ratified shall be irrepealable until the debt thereby incurred shall be paid, principal and interest.

Sec. 45. The General Assembly shall have no power to give or to lend, or to authorize the giving or lending of the credit of the State in aid of or to any person, association, or corporation, whether municipal or other, or to pledge the credit of the State in any manner whatsoever, for the payment of the liabilities, present or prospective, of any individual, association of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever.

Sec. 46. The General Assembly shall have no power to make any grant or to authorize the making of any grant of public money or thing of value to any individual, association of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever: Provided, that this shall not be so construed as to prevent the grant of aid in a case of public calamity.

Sec. 47. The General Assembly shall have no power to authorize any county, city, town or township, or other political corporation or subdivision of the State now existing, or that may be hereafter established, to lend its credit or to grant public money or thing of value in aid of or to any individual, association, or corporation whatsoever, or to become a stockholder in such corporation, association, or company.

Sec. 48. The General Assembly shall have no power to grant or to authorize any county or municipal authority to grant any extra compensation, fee, or allowance to a public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service has been rendered or a contract has been entered into and performed in whole or in part, nor pay nor

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authorize the payment of any claim hereafter created against the State, or any county or municipality of the State, under any agreement or contract made without express authority of law; and all such unauthorized agreements or contracts shall be null and void. Sec. 49. The General Assembly shall have no power hereafter to subscribe or authorize the subscription of stock on behalf of the State, in any corporation or association, except for the purpose of securing loans heretofore extended to certain railroad corporations by the State.

Sec. 50. The General Assembly shall have no power to release or alienate the lien held by the State upon any railroad, or in anywise change the tenor or meaning or pass any act explanatory thereof; but the same shall be enforced in accordance with the original terms upon which it was acquired.

Sec. 51. The General Assembly shall have no power to release or extinguish, or authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability, or obligation of any corporation or individual to this State, or to any county or other munici-, pal corporation therein.

Sec. 52. The General Assembly shall have no power to make any appropriation of money, or to issue any bonds or other evidences of indebtedness for the payment or on account or in recognition of any claims audited or that may hereafter be audited by virtue of an act entitled “An act to audit and adjust the war debt of the State," approved March 19, 1874, or any act of a similar nature, until after the claims so audited shall have been presented to and paid by the Government of the United States to the State of Missouri.

88 Sec. 53. The General Assembly shall not pass any local or special law

Authorizing the creation, extension, or impairing of liens ; Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, townships, wards, or school districts;

Changing the names of persons or places;

Changing the venue in civil or criminal cases;

Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, or maintaining

roads, highways, streets, or alleys;

Relating to ferries or bridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge companies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries between this and any other State;

Vacating roads, town plats, streets, or alleys;

Relating to cemeteries, grave-yards, or public grounds not of the State;

Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children;

Locating or changing county-seats;

Incorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing their char

ters;

For the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the places of voting;

Granting divorces;

Erecting new townships, or changing township lines, or the lines of school districts;

Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, townships, election or school districts; Changing the law of descent or succession;