The Fireside. LUTIONS TO THE CONUNDRUMS IN OUR LAST. 40. Because there is nothing which a merchant is more 1. Because they foretell (i. e. they four tell) the time. th to see than a returned Bill. NEW SUBLIMITIES. 12. Why is the letter A like the human head? 43. From the name of a fish deduct one hundred and erse the remainder, which will be a stop to any farther Why will the letter T reduce the lofty below me weeding. ity? Metaphysics. THE HISTORY OF ETHICS. LOMATHIC INSTITUTIONS. Julerend William Bengo' Collyer, D. D. LL. D. President of the Philomathic Institution, &c. &c. &c. 80M THE INVESTIGATOR, OR QUARTERLY MAGAZINE.] sacred writings, the oldest of all, and from which there are And Seven Wise Men of Greece, directed their attention principally to morals; and conveyed their precepts in the shape of short and pointed aphorisms. Quintilian esteems them certain rules of life. As yet," said that eloquent their instructions in a few expressive terms, they were writer, disputation had not obtained-but couching presented as so many religious mysteries." One grand. sentence may be produced, ascribed by some to Thales, and by others to Chilo, which while it explains this aphoristic mode of teaching, immortalises the wisdom in which it originated" Know thyself." This was one of those precepts read in the temple of Delphos; and which Cicero so esteemed as to call it the precept of Apollo; and he remarks, with singular beauty, that it was given not exclusively to humble man, by sending him into his bosom to learn its weakness, but principally to urge him to form an acquaintance with his own soul, in all the majesty of its powers, and all the importance of their application. morals, lead us still higher towards their indisputable These characteristics of the earliest method of teaching lecture-room in which we are now assembled. Pythagoras stands nearest Socrates, as his precursor in source. The parabolic mode of instruction is notoriously CTURE DELIVERED AT THE SURREY AND PHI- this study; and claims the highest attention and respect, oriental: so also is the proverbial form chosen by the whether we consider the extent of his scientific researches, seven Grecian sages. The institutes of Menu may afford a or the accuracy of his judgment, or the value of his pre-sufficient evidence of the latter; while the gorgeous imacepts, or the zeal which prompted him to explore the most gery interwoven with the very texture of Eastern compodistant lands, and to bring home the wisdom collected with sition, proves the former. The Grecian poets, older than such toil, from the most celebrated and the most copious these historians and philosophers (for even Thales, Chilo, sources. He gave his testimony also to the superiority of and his celebrated associates, lived more than three cenen I undertook to lecture on Ethics, I had not the this science over all other researches; and deemed that turies after Hesiod) chose allegory, the very garb of poetry, philosophy which could not cure, at least some of the as the grand vehicle of their moral sentiments. mption to hope that it would be in my power to pre-human passions, as worthless as that medicine which has while their mythological traditions may be distinctly traced my auditory any thing absolutely new; but it was bject, and it remains so, to produce, on a subject no effect upon bodily disease. He touched upon all the to an oriental origin, their fables were regarded by the branches of morals virtually, although not methodically; sages of Greece as containing philosophical truths, under important, something which may be generally and his mode of recommending moral duties, as well as of the veil of fiction. Doubtless they drew their ethics from The syllabus which has been submitted to your defining them, was by figures-by a symbolical and emthe sources whence they derived their philosophy; and the ntion is of so general a kind, as to preclude any blematical method of instruction. To the individual who very form in which Hesiod gives his moral precepts, come discussion of those hypotheses which it will be refused his advice, and abandoned his school for sensual bines both the characteristics of aphorism and poetry. ry to examine; and the whole that can be attempted indulgences, he appealed by addressing the senses; and Thales, although said to be born at Miletus, is contended to define principles as clearly as possible, and to placing an empty coffin in the seat which he had been acto have been of Phenician extract; and it is certain, that heir action, as well upon the various branches of soupon the individual himself influenced by them. death to which he considered the mind of the unhappy goras is known to have traversed various countries in that customed to occupy, as the emblem of that state of moral he travelled into Asia to acquire oriental wisdom. PythaLill be able to do this at all to your satisfaction-if, direction, and to have extended his researches as far as ling a few wintry hours, I shall awaken the atten profligate to be reduced. my one individual to the great law of his nature, union, and harmony, which should prevail among his learning of the world-having received her knowledge He was accustomed to represent the friendship, and India. Plato visited Egypt, then the receptacle of the Bociates him with his fellow-men, and with his 4 succeed in explaining the duties inseparable from scholars, by setting salt before them. He expressed moral from the latter and confesses that the principles of his Sloth, he re. philosophy, as well as the use of symbols, were derived ll be more than compensated; and your indulgent precepts in the same parabolic manner. will not be exercised in vain. Such are my hum-proved by the admonition," Receive not a swallow into from older nations, whom, in conformity to the usage of msions. and I submit them to your candour. your house." The swallow sports but for a season, soon the Greeks, relative to all people except themselves, he am Ethics signifies manners-or rather, the redisappears, and is supposed to be torpid during the greater calls Barbarians. The Phenicians, as the earliest naviand cultivation of manners-which attention to part of the year. He guarded them against provoking the gators, carried the sciences, and the symbols under which deeply influencing both ourselves and others, is irritable and the powerful, by advising, Stir not the fire they were couched, from the oriental world, and from Abetter by the appellation of morals. Plato dis with a sword." He cautioned against corroding and useless Egypt immediately to Greece, and even to Britain; whose Druids, more ancient than those of Gaul, resembled in cares, by exhorting, Moral Philosophy, "Eat not the heart." He recomman in his individual capacity, was called Ethics | mended a strict regard to justice, by the command, “ Pass many striking points, as well of philosophy, as of reli related to him in his family-relations, it was not over the balance." The "concord of sweet sounds," gious observances, the Hindus; and show in the most obted Economics: but extending to the larger the harmonies of music, were with him favourite images vious particulars, the oriental origin of their system. tion of general society, it received the name of of moral excellences. These symbols might be multiTo the latter of these, Plato principally di- plied, if it were necessary to our present purpose; but, gination of ancient science, from any records except those sattention, although he wrote upon the whole. such as have been adduced are sufficient to establish and of sacred history. From whatever fountains the sages of istinctions have been less respected in modern dis-illustrate the emblematical and parabolic mode of instruc- India drew their theories, it is evident that those of Greece drank of the same wells of knowledge. The philoso; and Ethics have been properly understood to tion relative to morals employed by Pythagoras.+ and morals in all their branches, emanating from understanding through the medium of the senses. Nor did Pythagoras stand alone in this appeal to the phical schools of the East comprise the metaphysics of the idual, diffusing themselves through his immePlato different sects of Grecian philosophy; and, as oriental sysnexions, and spreading over all the face of society. calls virtue, the harmony (apovay) and music of the tens are unquestionably older than those of Greece, if a real analogy subsists, it must have been imparted to the it appear possible to separate morals in their soul. (vxns μon) Temperance, he describes as latter; it could not have been derived from them by the the influence of the individual-his duties being certain symphony & concord of the affections. (ovuqova relative to the transmigration of souls, adopted even in former. The grand and favourite doctrine of Pythagoras, urate with his capacities. Tivi, kai appovia) Plato himself demands of those who the purer and more simple philosophy of Plato, is so ed ing the History of Morals, which is the subject read his allegories, that they should notrest satisfied with the evidently of Eastern origin, that it becomes a powerful resent lecture, the mind naturally reposes upon image, but penetrate the hidden meaning of the truth so argument in support of the hypothesis of the derivation as the first philosopher who reduced morals to veiled. And it was therefore justly observed, that ncovered their source, and applied them practi- is no Platonist who thinks that Plato must not be under- And with the general principles of philosophy came their Heof other parts of the same system from the same quarter. e duties of the individual, and his relations to stood allegorically, unless he will, with Aristotle, triumph Ethics, both as to substance and to the form of comThe philosophy which preceded this illustrious sted to nature, and might be called speculative; The philosophy of Socrates was plain and simple, and be well spared, when we have the testimony of Diodorus over Plato's words, and not regard his profound sense. "S | munication. Conjecture and hypothesis nay, however, tected knowledge to purposes of moral utilityd such sciences as appeared to him to conduce proceeded upon a method peculiar to himself, of asking Siculus direct to this point. "All those," he says, who othing to this great design-gathered the scat-questions, until he obtained the induction which he de- were renowned among the Greeks for wisdom and learnæpts of a remote antiquity-reduced them to order sired, from the concessions of his opponents. That of ing, did in ancient time resort to Egypt, thence to deduce hed their truth, or refuted their sophistry-in- | Plato was more dogmatical, more ornamented, and often philosophy and laws. The peculiar dognas of the Gree in them practical results; and to use the language than those of Pythagoras. But Aristotle was the first Phenicia, Chaldea, India, and Persia. The sun of knowallegorical. His symbols, indeed, were much less obscure cian philosophers are respectively acquired from Egypt, rtant inquiries after virtue and vice, and to the who wholly laid allegory aside; and in considering Plato ledge rose, like the orb of day, in the East. Certain ment of the distinctions and the boundaries of as the representative of the morals of Socrates, we must terms, and even the names of their idols, are by the Gre 1 evil. As this unrivalled philosopher wrote not forget that he has added to his master's principles cians borrowed from the Egyptians, between whose lanWe must be satisfied to learn the outline of his much of his own manner. guage, and that of the Phenicians and Chaldeans, is such an affinity, that they may, with little difficulty, be traced ton Plato, by whom they were adopted and reMorals themselves are as old as man's existence, to an Hebrew origin. been objects of inquiry and of speculation in all [To be continued.] it the reduction of them to form (if we except the .cad, Quest. i them into three branches. from an operation as extensive as the relations of , was the first who led the studies of mankind to The sages who obtained the distinguished title of the Stobæus Serm. 80. + Gale, b. ii. c. 7. vol. it. p. 167, &c. + Plato. Phaed. and Repub 6 and 10. a It is difficult to obtain information relative to the ori Quint. lib. 5. c. 11. † Cic. Tuscab. I. 22, &c. "Amongst our national faults, have we any instances of cruelty or oppression to repent of? Can we look round from sea to sea, and from east to west, and say that our Market of young Lecturers whom you may cheapen here at all rates and sizes. It is the generall Mint of all famous lies, which are here like the legend of Popery first coyn'dandstomt in the Church. All inventions are emptyed We never recollect perusing any descriptive sketch more brother hath not aught against us? If such instances do here, and not few pockets. The best sign of awfully impressive or more unaffectedly related than the not exist under our immediate eye, do they exist any a Temple in it is, that it is the Thieves Sanc following: [From the Cincinnati Literary Gazette of Jan. 24.] The note in which the following was inclosed, mentions that it is the account of an event which really occurred to the writer as related. I sailed from New Orleans in the beginning of Feb. 182-, in a small schooner, bound for New York. We descended the river without any accident, and went to sea with a fine breeze; we had favourable winds and good weather for the first five days. On the morning of the sixth, it began to cloud up; as the day wore away the gloom increased, and when the night set in, it was as intensely dark as I ever remember to have seen it. The novelty and interest of my situation prevented me from turning in ; the scene was awfully grand the rolling of the thunder could just be distinguished above the roaring of the waves, and the vivid flashes of lightning dispersed for a moment the gloom, and showed the raging waters round us. I continued walking the deck with the Captain, who was relating to me some of the many dangers and difficulties, that a life of thirty years on the ocean had subjected him to. He had been thrice shipwrecked, and twice captured by the enemy, in the late war with England. He was a good seaman, and had all the virtues and vices of a sailor. We continued on deck some time; the wind had now increased to a gale. The waves ran mountain high, and our little vessel danced over them in fine style, when accidentally casting my eye over her side, I thought I perceived something dark moving in the water; I pointed it out to the Captain, who no sooner saw it than with an exclamation of terror and despair he cried "we are all lost," and sprung to the binnacle for his trumpet. I saw in an instant our danger; it was a large ship with all her sails set bearing full upon us. I knew if she struck us our destruction was inevitable; she would pass over us in a moment; the people on her deck would be scarce sensible of the event, and we should be buried in the ocean without the least possibility of relief. The Captain twice raised his trumpet to hail her, but fright and despair made him mute; I snatched it from him, and in a voice rendered supernaturally loud by the danger of my situation, and which was heard even above the roaring of the waves, I hailed her with "starboard your helm." In an instant after I heard the officer on her deck, in a voice scarcely less loud than mine, pass the word of "hard a starboard." In another moment she past us with the velocity of lightning, her huge bulk and lofty sails casting a still deeper gloom over the deck of our little vessel. She rolled in the chasm occasioned by the passing of the vast body, so nigh her, and nearly upset. I sank on deck overcome by the intensity of my feelings and deprived as it were of the power of motion. I recovered myself and approached our Captain; he was standing in the same position as before the vessel had passed us, and appeared to be insensible to the objects around him. I spoke to him but he answered me not, I shook him, and he roused as from a stupor or reverie. It was some time before his mind resumed her empire, and he afterwards told me, that in all his danger, and perils, and when death stared him in the face, and deliverance seemed impossible, he was never so impressed with the certainty of his destruc tion as at that moment. As for me I shall never forget my feelings on that eventful night, and cannot even now look back without horrer on the danger of my situation. where under our influence and jurisdiction? There are some, whose nerves, rather than whose principles cannot tuary, which rob more safely in the Crowd bear cruelty; like other nuisances, they would not chuse then a wildernesse, whilst every searcher is a it in sight, but they can be well content to know it exists, bush to hide them. It is the other expence and that they are indebted to it for the increase of their income, and the luxuries of their table. Are there not of the day, after Playes, Taverne, and the some darker-coloured children of the same family, over like, and men have still some Oathes left whom we assume a hard and unjust control? And have to swear here. The visitants are all met the these our brethren aught against us. If we suspect into the truth, that we may deliver our souls? But if we they have, would it not become us anxiously to inquire know it, and cannot help knowing it if such enormities have been pressed and forced upon our notice till they are become flat and stale in the public ear, from fulness without exceptions, but the principall habitants and possessors, are staile Knights, and Captains out of Service, men of long Rapiers and Breeches, which after all, turs and repetition, and satiety of proof; and if they are still Merchants here, and traffick for News. Some sanctioned by our legislature, defended by our princes make it a Preface to their Dinner, and tradeep indeed is the colour of our guilt. And do we ap- vell for a stomack, but thriftier men make point fasts and make pretences to religion? Do we pre- it their Ordinary, and boord here very cheap. tend to be shocked at the principles or the practices of Of all such places, it is least haunted with neighbouring nations, and start with affected horror at the name of Atheist? Are our consciences so tender, and Hobgoblins, for if a ghost would walk more our hearts so hard? Is it possible we should meet as a he could not. nation, and knowing ourselves to be guilty of these things, have the confidence to implore the blessing of God upon legislative meetings, and then deliberate how long we shall our commerce and our colonies; preface with prayer our continue human sacrifices? Rather let us 'Never pray more, abandon all remorse.* Let us lay aside the grimace of hypocrisy, stand up for what we are, and boldly profess, like the Emperor of old, that every thing is sweet from which money is extracted, and that we know better than to deprive ourselves of a gain for the sake of a fellow-creature. REVIVIANA. MICRO-COSMOGRAPHIE; or, a Piece of the WORLD DISCOVERED; in ESSAYES, and CHARACTERS. By DR. JNO. EARLE. The P.C. 1664. Eighth Edition. London: printed by R. D. for [CONTINUED FROM OUR LAST.] 62. A MEER GREAT MAN is so much Heraldry without honour: himself lesse reall then his Title. His virtue is, that he was his Fathers son, and all the expectation of him beget another. A man that lives meerly preserve anothers memory, and let us know who died so many years ago. One of just as much use as his Images: only be differs in this, that he can speak himself, and save the fellow of Westminster a labour: and be re members nothing better then what was out of his life: His Grandfather and their acts are his discourse, and he tells them with more glory then they did them, and it is well they did enough, or else he had wanted matter, His other studies are his sports, and thos 61. PAULS WALK is the Lands Epitome; vices that are fit for great men. Every or you may call it the lesser lie of Great Bri-nity of his has his officer, and is a serious en tain. It is more then this, the whole worlds ployment for his servants. He talks loud Map, which you may here discern in it's per-and coarsely, and scurvily, as a part of state fect'st motion justling and turning. It is a and they hear him with reverence. All go heap of stones and men, with a vast confusion qualities are below him, and especially learn of Languages, and were the Steeple not sanc-ing except some parcels of the Chronicle, tified, nothing liker Babel. The noyse in it the writing of his name, which he learns is like that of Bees, a strange humming of write not to be read. He is meerly of hig buzze-mixt of walking tongues and feet. It servants faction, and their instrument is a kind of still roar, or loud whisper. It is their friends and enemies, and is alwayes! the great Exchange of all discourse, and no thankt for his own courtesies. They busines whatsoever but is here stirring and a fool him most, doe most with him, and he foot. It is the Synod of all pates politick, little thinks how many laugh at him, bare joynted and laid together in most serious pos- head. No man is kept in ignorance ture, and they are not half so busie at the himself and men, for he hears nought bat It is the Antick of tailes to flattery, and what is fit to be spoken, truth tailes, and backs to backs, and for vizards with so much preface, that it Joes it Parliament. more Thus he lives till his Tomb be made ready, ad is then a grave Statue to posteritie. [To be continued in our next.] Chit Chat. A gentleman waiting in the antechamber at the Exeter best room, inquired of the attendant what was the care of the performances, adding that he supposed they re mucellaneous; to which the other immediately reed, "No, sir, I don't think she is here; but there's Holdaway, and Miss George, and several other exat singers."-Taunton Courier. Thank God," said the Russian murderer of a Jew's ly at Karagoss, devoutedly crossing himself as he e, "Thank God, I never broke the fast!" -Keddahs, a wild tribe in Ceylon, appear to be out names. A Weddah interrogated on the subject, "I am called a man; when young, I was called the man; and when old, I shall be called the old man. any's Ceylon. This comes from Mary Kitchen the Sister of Mrs ——— a Landlady perhaps in Dale Street. The Landlady is an Irish Woman from Athlone. late from the Direction of a Letter :-The following is from a corres-delight in this branch of science. We cannot give a better pondent:-For Mrs Landlady of the Golden Cross idea of the nature of these results than by quoting the or the Golden Ball; or some Respectable Inn or Public conclusion of the memoir of M. Savart. The memoir House in Liverpool; as this Letters contain Importance itself is long, and will probably engage our attention, I hope the Letter deliverer will find out the Person, as I again at a future time, in the progress of foreign science. am certain there is such a person. "It results from these researches that masses of air, limited at every point of their extent, or even only at part of their extent, can enter into a state of vibration by communication, like those which are contained in tubes; and that when one is in an apartment where a sound is preduced, one is, as it were, in a large organ-pipe, where the sonorous vibrations encountering each other, without doubt, in various directions, form centres of vibration and nodal surfaces, of which the form and direction vary almost infinitely, according to the form of the place where the phenomenon occurs, and according to its extent and the position of the different bodies which the vibrations may meet with, and which by themselves may, either by acting as vibrating bodies or not, influence the position of the vibrating parts and the intensity of the motion; for it is The name was omitted in the original as well as the copy. Scientific Records. [Comprehending Notices of new Discoveries or Improve- MUMMIES. that there are parts of the mass of air often of a very She extent where the motion is incomparably stronger than elsewhere. Nevertheless the irregularity in the distribution of the vibrating parts is not observed except in places furnished, or of an irregular form; for in other places, and especially in long galleries, the vibrating zones appear to exist generally and regularly.-Ann. de Chimie, xxiv. 56. A patent has been granted to Mr. Simeon Broadmeadow, Gas-New mode of Manufacturing and Purifying it. civil engineer, for this discovery, which supersedes the necessity of the retorts, mouth-pieces, hydraulic mains, purifiers, and other expensive articles and erections hitherto used. On this plan, the gas is generated in a common brick oven, and conveyed through the condenser into the gas-holder in its impure state, where, by the introduction of atmospheric air, it is rendered perfectly pure, and not to of the best quality, and calculated to cover the expense of be excelled in quality. The coke, thus manufactured, is the coal and labour. Two mummies, ely brought from Egypt, by M. Cailliaud, were lately opened at Paris. One of these had Wyreal Punishment. Of all the moral advantages been remarked for its size and extraordinary weight. The e new system of education (Lancasterian) perhaps the head bore a crown, formed of plates and buttons of copper est arises from the mildness of the punishments which gilt, imitating the leaves and young fruit of the olive. poses. Its punishments appeal to the rational, not Attention was also much attracted by the case, on which je animal nature of man; and are calculated to in- were painted figures resembling those on the zodiac of ce the principles of his mind, rather than to impose Denderah. A Greek inscription was also observed upon ite on his body. Every blow inflicted for the correc-it, nearly defaced. The name of Pentemenon was found of a bad action, excites bad feelings; and it is some- also on a bit of papyrus, which seemed to have been placed 7absurd to attempt to purify the stream by corrupting between the folds of the dress. Much curiosity having A boy may be flogged for a fault, and the been excited respecting it, M. Cailiiaud consented to open may be corrected; but it is corrected rot in con. it. There were present a great number of distinguished te of the flogging, but in spite of it. No virtuous persons. The mummy was first weighed in its envelope iple was ever instilled into the human mind by ments, and found to be 106 killo. The length was im. their only effect is to irritate and harden, to make 90c.; the size of the head 42c. and its circumference 1m. and to train up tyrants.—Westminster Review. 38c; the breadth of the shoulders was 47c. &c. &c. After this an outer bandage was taken off, which confined to Reflection!-Mabomet changed the face of part the body a cloth covered with paintings and hieroglyphics American Iron-A sample of rolled iron was lately pe, one half of Asia, and nearly all Africa; nor inttle observed in Egypt. Under these were other wrap-sent to England from New York as an experiment in rereligion unlikely, at one time, to subjugate the pings, solid, and forming the first envelope, which were ference to its singular properties. It was manufactured art-Voltaire-Philosophical Dictionary.-Gib-easily removed. The second envelope was fastened round from the Peru ore, at the Russian iron-works on the river he serves, that, but for the timely victory of Charles the neck with a knot, which the sailors call a flat knot Au-Sable. It is pronounced equal to the best Archangel over the invading army of the Saracens of Spain, (naud plat.) Beneath were a few finer bandages, like iron, and superior to any other in the world in the essential nce might have been Mahometanised, and even napkins or large pieces of cloth. In the next envelope, property of welding. Orders of considerable amount have, erglish Oxford have ultimately been distinguished larger, thicker, and older bandages were found; also four in consequence, been received from England. Should the ques in lieu of temples-simple fatalism and clear Eyptian tunics, without sleeves and unsewn, to apply tariff-bill now before Congress pass, and the Northern stead of high-church politics and muddy port! them close to the body. This was fixed by black bitumen Canal be completed below Fort Edward, the manufactur tor's Note New Translation, vol. 1, p. 76. round the head and feet. The next envelope consisted of ing villages which have recently arisen on the Sable river. bandages placed lengthways, from the feet to the head, will soon swell into cities, and our Northern Canal become with transversal bands; four large pieces then wrapped more and more productive.-Albany Daily Advertiser. the body, of the finest linen. The sixth envelope was formed of transversal bands, of a yellow colour, from the bitumen in which they had been soaked. After this were fifteen pieces of a similar colour. The seventh and last envelope was saturated with black bitumen, and formed six different pieces, stuck together with balsam. After which came a slender covering, and then the body. The toes were wrapped separately; the arms and hands were line sex, and appeared about forty-five or fifty years of age at most. The length was 5 feet 3 inches, 9 lines French measure (about 5 feet 9 inches English.) The breast and part of the abdomen were gilt. The belly was filled with a black balsam. No MS. was found; but large masses of black balsam were discovered on the legs. The unrolling the body took three hours, and 2800 square feet of cloth were taken off. M. Cailliaud found several parts of the arms were also gilt. The hands long, and very well preserved; the fingers well made and plump; the ears entire; and the nose, although injured by the extraction of the brain, little deformed. The face was less inclined than in ordinary mummies. The hair was perfectly preserved, tine, and a little curled. On the left side was an opening, about five inches in diameter, by which the balsam was introduced into the body. Under the cloth which covered the face below each eye, on the ball of the cheek, a gold plate was found, with the representation of an eye with the Volcano. A letter from Rome of the 21st ult. says, lids. On the mouth was another plate, with a repre- the news is circulated here that a volcano has arisen in the sentation of a tongue placed perpendicularly to the closing centre of the trading city of Aleppo, in Syria, and that of the hips, which were fast shut. The conjectures res- this volcano has subsequently formed a lake. This inpecting their usages are of course vague and unsatisfactory.telligence needs confirmation. all given at Turin, a Mdlle. Alessi, in dancing, the Emperor Napoleon's foot, he retired, exclaim b, Mademoiselle, you force me to retreat!" For time then," was her ready reply. er s ms and Answers. At this game lately it was why the marrying of the Duke of Cumberland was religious of any of the royal family? The an ecause he showed that he was fond of (P) salms; extended on the thighs. The subject was of the mascu- one-tenth of sal-ammoniac is pounded and mixed with it: that she loved Him. atrical Law. The theatre of Hull has, during the weeks, been the scene of repeated rows, owing to ager having discharged Miss Penley, in a manth the public thought harsh and ungenerous. The jal of strength between the supporters of Mr. and the friends of Miss Penley took place on #night, when, after a hard fought battie, the latter said to have obtained a triumph, Mr. Mansel greed to reinstate the lady in her former situation teatre. euch Bull.-A Paris journal states that one deputy, ned to death at Lyons, had attempted suicide, first m, and then by the knife: "but," adds the editor, Assistance being promptly administered, he is now DANGER (hors de danger) and will to-morrow the sentence of the law !!" of the great gates of the City of Vienna is called ish-gate, in memory of a bold achievement perby the troops of that nation. following is the exact copy of a letter from the f servant of a London Baronet:"Sir Thos the of ship 300-66 (366) all well horses, pigs and well Sur Thos my por wife is no mor Tuesday Pas seven o clock. ON THE VIBRATION OF AIR. M. F. Savart has published a variety of experimental researches into the nature of the vibrations performed by air, both in tubes and also in spaces of irregular form, but bounded by solid bodies; the latter are cutirely new, and, with the former, possess great interest to those who Valuable Information to Smiths.-Mr. A. Scibe, of London, has invented, and for some time practised, a mode of welding together two thicknesses of cast steel, or iron and cast steel, which process of welding is formed at a temperature very little above a red heat. "I melt," says Mr. Scibe, "borax in an earthen vessel, not in a metallic one, particularly in brass or copper; when melted, the two substances being well incorporated in the fire, it is to he poured out on an iron plate, and when cold, will produce a substance resembling glass; it is then to be pulverized, and to be mixed with an equal quantity of unslaked, which makes it fit for use. In performing the operation of welding, the iron or steel must first be heated to a red heat, and then the pounded material scattered upon the surface, which will melt and run over it like sealing-wax. The iron or steel is then to be again introduced into the fire, and raised to a heat considerably below the ordinary welding heat (which proves itself by the cast steel) when it is to be withdrawn, and immediately beaten by a hammer, until the surfaces are welded together. The composition is an invention of my own, and I have proved it, for some years, with never-failing success.' Luccock, in his notes on Rio Janeiro, says, "A purple bird, called Subiar, was shot near St. Gonzales, and, though badly wounded, immediately set up a full and melodious song, which continued until its last moments." Could this bird have been the swan of the ancients, whose dying song is so often alluded to? We have lately observed, in the shops of chemical and philosophical instrument-makers, a very ingenious con trivance for procuring a light by means of a jet of hydrogen gas, impelled upon a small mass of spongy platina. The apparatus is extremely portable, not being larger than a quart decanter; and is arranged in such a manner as to produce the requisite supply of hydrogen gas, being always in a condition to operate and produce a light, by simply turning a cock. The annexed wood-cut will serve to explain the construction of the apparatus :-A and B represent two blown glass vessels, of a spherical figure, the lower one, B, being formed with a foot or pedestal, to serve as a support for the whole. The vessel A has a tube or neck, a, a, proceeding from it; the upper part of this tube is fitted, air-tight, into the neck, b, of the lower vessel, in the manner of a ground glass stopple, at the same time its lower orifice reaches near to the bottom of the vessel B; this tube is covered or encompassed, as shown in the figure, by a piece of zinc, which is secured by a small string or wire being twisted round it. C. shows a neck, formed out of the lower vessel, to which a small brass tube, D, is cemented, having a cock, d, in it, and a small tube or nose-pipe, e, projecting downwards, for the purpose of directing the jet of hydrogen gas upon the spongy platina, contained in the small copper-box E; this box is supported by a sliding stein, passing through a hole in a solid piece of metal formed at the end of the pipe D. The manner of preparing the apparatus for use is as follows: Remove the upper vessel, A, from the lower one, B, and secure the piece of zinc upon the tube, a, as shown by the figure; then pour as much dilute sulphuric acid into the lower vessel as will fill it up to the opening or neck, b; after which replace the upper vessel, as in the figure in this state the water will be decomposed by the action of the acid upon the zinc, and the hydrogen gas will be liberated, so as to rise in bubbles to the upper part of the vessel, B; and by not being suffered to escape at the ground fitting of the part, b, it will press upon the surface of the fluid, and cause it to pass up the tube, a, and rise in the upper vessel, A; this operation will continue until the fluid is depressed in the lower vessel to about the level of the dotted line, k, k, at which point it will no longer touch the zinc, consequently the production f hydrogen will cease: but if the hydrogen is permitted escape from the lower vessel, it will let down a corresading bulk of the fluid from the upper vessel, and the omposition and production of gas will recommence as efore. By this means the apparatus keeps itself consantly charged with hydrogen gas; and when a light is Pred, a person has nothing to do but open the small o, d, and suffer the gas (which will be expelled by the comun of fluid in the upper vessel) to blow through the ,, upon the mass of spongy platina in the box, E. a it is requisite to introduce a fresh supply of acid, it poured in through the neck, h, of the upper vesstopple of which should not fit air-tight. were shown a very neat and compact apparatus of scription at Mr. Tuther's, 221, High Holborn, who was obliging enough to explain its operation to us, and bikain use. It is very interesting even as a philoso pheral experiment, independent of its use for procuring a Sght anddukvaneously. To Correspondents. LIVERPOOL APPRENTICES AND MECHANICS LIBRARY.-After the unanimous approval of the institution, at a public meeting of our townsmen, at which the Mayor presided, we were not prepared for such a display of individual impertinence and absurdity as the following singular communication exhibits. Who or what Mr. Paterson is, we neither know nor shall take the trouble to inquire; but the specimen his letter affords of his literary attainments will serve to explain the jealousy he appears to entertain lest any of his own apprentices should surpass him in polite literature. The letter we give exactly from the MS. having left the spelling, the punctuation, and capital letters just as we found them. We cannot omit the opportunity of observing to this modern Vandal, that it is a pity there had not been an Apprentices' Library in the town where he served his own apprenticeship. Perhaps it may be necessary to tell Mr. P. that the committee of the Liverpool Apprentices and Mechanics' Library do not wish the young men to read their books on Sunday; but they are not so silly as to issue a prohibition which can so easily be evaded.—To raise an objection to an institution of such unquestionable utility as that under consideration is as unjust and absurd as it would be on the part of Mr. Paterson (a painter, we believe) to prevent his own apprentices learning design, perspective, geometry, or any other branch of science calculated to improve them in their own profession, and to promote their future prospects of getting forward in the world; to object to those studies we say, because the pupil might, if he chose, apply himself to them on the Sabbath, would be just as rational as it is in Mr. Paterson to condemn the principle of the Liverpool Institution because one of his apprentices had been discovered reading Shakspeare on a Sunday. Shakspeare has many blemishes, which, in our opinions, it would not be literary sacrilege to expunge altogether; but, on the other hand, there is more insight of the human character to be derived from his works than from the works of almost all other writers put together. The following is our new correspondent's letter: MR. EGERTON SMITH "SIR,-I have returned along with this note a Voloume of Shakespears works which I took from one of my Aprentices last Sunday I Beleive he has another which he will most likely bring you to day from my work at the distance of 2 Miles in the Countrey Now Sir I know Not what you and other Gentlemen who Patronize this (Benifit Institution expect to result from the disimination of Plays Novels & Romances to Aprentices & Mechanicks but if you think it will promote either Morality Industry of any other habit that is likely to make the readers of Such trash more useful in Society You are Miserably Mistaken I have to request of you Sir that you will Order the Person that Superintends the Library to deliver No More Books to my Aprentices Namely (William Phillips & Patrick Fox) they are in door Aprentices and have access to a Considerable number of Books of my own true indeed they are neither Plays or Novels Nor will I allow any such to be introduced into my Family if I know it tis doubtful sir that a great Number of Your 6 Hundred Readers devote the Sabbath to the same Purpose Insteed of attending any place of Worship "I am Sir Yours &c. Liverpool feby 21st 1824 22 Vauxhall Road." "WILLIAM PATERSON However objectionable it may be to peruse books of amusement on the Sabbath, we are sorry to say that very many of our young men and boys spend their time much worse. We have often noticed this subject, and shall now add the testimony of a brother editor. The Liverpool Courier of a late date contains a short letter on the subject, from which we make the following extract:-"The morning is generally ushered in by the collection of a rabble, to view a pugilistic combat, originating, perhaps, out of the preceding night's drunkenness and debauchery, which is succeeded by dog-fights; and the whole of the day is made up with foot-ball, bandy, pitch-and-toss, and other games."—We owe Mr. Paterson no grudge on the score of his letter. He may be a very well-meaning man; but we should belie our consciences if we were to add that we think highly of his judgment or his knowledge of the world. Under the supposition, however, that he will not turn a deaf ear to matters of fact, we shall for his edification state some proofs of the good consequences that may be expected to arise from the es tablishment of libraries similar to those from which he would exclude his own apprentices. Ten or twelve years ago, the celebrated Mr. Rockes declared, that, "during a period of twenty years, that is, since the first establishment of Sunday-schools at Gloucester, about 3,000 children have received education there; and, though he has regularly visited the county and city goals, he has only met, during that period, with one instance of criminality in any of the lowest classes of society) has been charged in à court of justice with any offence." To adduce some more modera evidence, we shall transcribe some parts of the testimony recently given by the master engineers of London to the Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery: "What are your opinions of the characters of those men whom you now employ, properly called mechanies, within the last twenty years; has their character improved or deteriorated? "Mr. Taylor: Materially improved, I think. "Mr. Donkin: Much improved; they are a very respect, able class of persons. "Mr. Bramah: As a proof of it, I think about twenty years ago, we had a dozen men given to drinking, and do not think now, out of a hundred men, we have one man given to that vice habituaily. "Mr. Taylor: I should make precisely the same state ment. "Mr. Donkin: That is certainly fact. "Mr. Taylor: I should say that the mechanies of the present day are averse to associate with those who addicted either to drunkenness or swearing. "Can you té any reason for that improved state u that branch of artizans? "Mr. Donkin: I attribute it to a better advertion. "Mr. Donkin: I believe it has that effect; they bee better informed upon the subject of moral obligation an social duties. "Mr. Galloway: I have found invariably, that the m who are best educated have always been the men wh have behaved themselves the best, and who have mj completely conformed to the regulations of the factory that the ignorant have been invariably refractory, mula obstinate, and difficult to manage." MARRIAGE-AS the Spectator is a work to which any made may obtain easy access, Bob's object will be answered merely recommending to the attention of married pe the perusal of No. 246, dated Wednesday, December 1 MODERN EDUCATION.-The letter of Anonymous (st 2. W. which he will) is acceptable, and shall appear in our next ST. PATRICK'S DAY.-We have to the full as much revere for St. Patrick as for any of the other saints in the calend and perhaps more, on account of the partial mirark effected, by extirpating all sorts of noxious animal Ireland. We mean no offence to the most orthodes we say partial miracle: all we maintain is, that noxious reptiles have some how or other reapperala dern times, and in such abundance too, that the island is over-run by plagues as numerous as those once scourged Egypt. Great as our esteem for the saint is, we cannot find room for the hundred lines in praise with which we have been favoured by L 0oC, what song is, however, too good to be lost. If the author other copy, he may therefore have the M.S. restored. L'HERMITE DE LA CHAUSSER D'ANTIN.-The favour of esteemed correspondent L. Z. is reserved for the next leidoscope. THE REV. MR. COLLYER'S LECTURE ON ETHICS.-We pr giving rather a larger portion of this interesting lectur next week, which we shall be enabled to do, sa we inter then to present our readers with another half-sheet gr tous supplement. We shall also take the same op nity to introduce the beautiful song with the music, whi we have before promised. BATHOS-The specimen commencing, "As then in ing," &c. shall appear next week. Is it original? We accompany it with some other specimens. Tyro's translation of the Greek Epigram shall appe must decline giving the original in the Greek ch which are very troublesome in the arrangement, and be interesting to very few. We have no objection ta occasional introduction of a line or sentence necess the illustration of the context, as in the Rev. Mr. Cell lecture on Ethics, in a preceding page. Letters or parcels not received, unless free of charge. Printed, published, and sold, EVERY TUESDAY, SMITH and Co. 75, Lord-street, Liverpool old also by J. Bywater and Co. Pool-lane; Evans, Ch and Hall, Castle-st.; T.Smith, Paradise-st.; T. War Public Library, Lime-st.; E. Willan, Bold-street Smith, Tea-dealer and Stationer, Richmond-row Gamage, 11, Clarence-street; and J. Lowthian. ry, 3, Great George-place; for ready money why those 3,000 persons. In like manner, Mr. Lancaster ex. For the list of Country Agents, see the top of the pressed his bellef that none of the 4,000 children, whom he has educated at the Borough school (though taken from page of the Kaleidoscope, inserted the first Te each month. OR, Literary and Scientific Mirror. “UTILE DUI CI.” amiliar Miscellany, from which religious and political matters are excluded, contains a variety of original and selected Articles; comprehending Literature, Criticism, Men and Manners, sement, Elegant Extracts, Poetry, Anecdotes, Biography, Meteorology, the Drama, Arts and Sciences, Wit and Satire, Fashions, Natural History, &c. &c. forming a handsome Annual lume, with an Index and Title-page.—Its circulation renders it a most eligible medium for Literary and Fashionable Advertisements.—Regular supplies are forwarded weekly to the Agents. 196.-VOL. IV. Men and Manners. NO. VII. LA SUPERGA. I now attempt to give my readers some idea of the ance of Turin. This town, considered as a whole, king and beautiful, but, upon a nearer examination we discover many imperfections and inconveniences. eets are disgusting from their want of cleanliness, small sharp stones with which they are paved are Insive to the delicacy of Parisian feet; it is, perconsequence of the roughness of the pavement, women here have seldom pretty feet. Before the of the French, there was only one establishment baths. The town is very gloomy in the even TUESDAY, MARCH 30, 1824. I PRICE 34d, After supper, the dancing was renewed with fresh gaiety, and continued till five o'clock, when the prince retired. hastened to the hotel of la Bonne Femme, to change my dress, and went to knock at the door of my hump-backed friend, resisting, not without difficulty, the inclination I felt to sleep, at the sight of my bed. I found my friend dressed. Well," said he, "how much struck by the richness of the furniture, and the steward led his partner to him. Then followed country beauty of the floors, some of which were incased with dances, waltzes, montferrines, and English country dances; ivory; most of them were inlaid with precious carved even the ancient perigourdine was danced. Nothing could wood, of the most exquisite workmanship. I admired the be more animated and gay than this ball. At two o'clock vast galleries decorated with pictures, particularly the in- supper was served. Eight round tables were laid out, ia S'UERMITE EN ITALIN, THE LATEST WORK OF MR JOUT. terior gallery of the king's apartments, adorned with some two large square drawing rooms, splendidly lighted with of the best works of Rembrandt, fixed in highly orna- wax. It would be difficult to describe the richness of the [Translated expressly for the Kaleidoscope.] mented pannels between the windows, and a small draw-epergnes, the crystals, the silver and plate with which they ing-room, in which was a collection of valuable miniatures. were adorned. I now hoped that I might be permitted to But, I must not forget to mention the closet and prie- sit down, but was disappointed. None but ladies were dieu of the queen. Upon the desk, where she leaned, seated, and I was obliged to sup standing, with my hat when kneeling to ask a blessing from the King of kings, under my arm, and my sword by my side. Notwithstandthe happy invention of the artist had suggested to him the ing the splendour of the entertainment, I could not help idea of representing, by an incrustation of ivory and mo- cursing the etiquette which was to be observed there. ther of pearl, a view of the gate of the Po: near it was a group of wretched cripples and poor children, asking alms from a great lady, and pointing to Heaven, as the abode where the recompense of her virtue awaited her; so that the queen could not forget, at her devotions, that onsequence of the shops being closed at an early prayers without charity would avail her nothing. The nd, as there are no watchmen to interrupt thieves guard-room is remarkable for its size; it is even larger arsuit of their avocations, they are at full liberty than the salon d'Hercule, at Versailles. There is at have you passed the night?" "Oh! very agreeably, I d the purses of all such nocturnal passengers as Turin, besides several private palaces, the palace of Aoste, assure you, but I am a little tired." "Sleep for an hour be alone. However, the use of stilettos had situated in the middle of the principal square. The stair-in this large arm-chair, and I will wake you at day-break." afrequent, in consequence of the severity of the case attracts the admiration of all travellers, and is a mo- I willingly consented to this proposal. I was just falling ws. There was, among many others, one in-del for architects. This palace was used as a court of jus- asleep, humming the tunes which I had heard at the ball, assassination committed upon a Frenchman, tice, and the law was administered here as equitably as it and which I could not get out of my head, when he woke serves particular attention, because the motive is in other countries of christendom. People seldom lose me abruptly, saying, "Let us go: we will take a boat as uced it proves how much respect a murderer may their cause in this world, if they have right on their side, far as the Madonna of the Pilon, and walk the rest of the he rules of punctilio. It is well known that, in provided they be rich and powerful, have a good counsel, way. We were now on the road to la Superga. Having arItalian, people of rank are always addressed in and keep a good table. serson. A Frenchman, being asked some trivial I expected the evening of the ball with some impatience, rived at the old bridge, near which was begun the maga passenger in the street, anxious to display knowing that the company I should meet would be com.nificent one raised by the French, my companion said to dge of the Italian, answered in that language, posed of people of the most distinguished rank. I hired me, "Do you see that small church, which some people "Yes." About three months ago, rtunately, in the second person. He immedi-a carriage for the evening, which may be done at Turin at are pulling down?" burself wounded by a stiletto, and received this small expense; and, as I had been told that I should be all the good women in Turin declared it would be imI will teach thee that I am to be addressed in there before nine o'clock, because as that was the hour at possible to pull it down. "Why so?"-"Because it was erson.” Instructions, so enforced, could not which the prince made his appearance no one was ad-supposed that the statue of the Virgin would oppose it." -We took a boat, in which we sailed down the river as tre a rapid progress. As it is usual, in summer, mitted later, I began to dress at eight, and put on a fullmades, people generally remain in the streets to dress coat and sword. I arrived at a quarter before nine, far as the Madonna of the Pilon, a pretty church, whose Anelli, a celebrated performer on the guitar, and, after having crossed the guard-room, and a long suite walls are bathed by the waters of the Pô. There we auch in fashion. The favourite place of resort of apartments, I entered an immense drawing-room, de- landed, leaving on our right the road leading to Chieri, evenings was the palace gardens, which are of corated with richness and elegance, two qualities which a small republic, for a long time independent under the The plan of them was laid by Le Nôtre. are seldom combined. It was lighted by three lustres and dominion of the Romans, and which was yet dreaming of displayed there were not inferior in elegance eight magnificent chandeliers, containing wax-lights. I was independence at the time of the revolution in Piedmont. n in the Thuilleries, in l'allée du printems. In enchanted, or rather dazzled, by the first glance. At the Five of the most ancient families in Turin are natives of it was customary to ride either in the beautiful top of the drawing-room was a single arm chair; around this little town, and, as all their names begin with the' alentin, an uninhabited castle, or in the road to it were several ladies seated upon chairs, while the gen-letter B, they are usually called the five B's of Chieri. z, one of the country houses of the kings of tlemen stood up behind them. The gentlemen never sat After having walked for some time along the banks of Atuated at a league's distance from Turin, and down, except in the card-rooms, neither did they lay down the Pô, we ascended a steep hill, the Superga being e converted into a military hospital. The beau- their hats and swords, except while they were dancing. situated at the height of three hundred and fifty fathoms house of Veneriehad been almost demolished; Before midnight, I could not help acknowledging the above the bed of the Pô. An image of the Virgin,, remarkable only for its stables, which far sur- wisdom of the advice given to courtiers, by Marshal Riche-placed on this height, had been, during several ages, an eauty those of Rambouillet. I had an oppor- lieu, when he said: "Never speak ill of any one; always object of veneration to the inhabitants of the country. xamining all these places, which are at no great ask for vacant places, and be sure to sit down as often as when, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, Turin > the town. The secretary of the Prince of you have an opportunity of doing so." All the women was besieged by the French. The reigning King, Charles. hose acquaintance I owed to the introduction were elegantly dressed, and most of them very pretty. the Third, made a vow to erect there a magnificent 1 hump-backed friend, showed me every part of At nine o'clock exactly the gentleman usher announced church, dedicated to the Mother of the Saviour, if the the prince, who was always punctual in his attendance, French should raise the siege. They did raise it, in con resided at the palace of Chablais, which is and, after he had gone round the circle, and addressed sequence, no doubt, of the prayers of Charles as well as the grand palace of the king. The latter himself to most of the ladies, according to his custom, he of the skilful operations of Prince Eugene. Formerly, only on days of grand entertainment. I was opened the ball with a party selected by himself. The the Superga was celebrated for its seminary, where were 4 |