against 212,689 tons the preceding season. The grain fleet of 1884-'85 consisted of 113 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 113,373 tons. In 1883-'84 the number was 90, tonnage 94,680. The wool shipments of the year were 11, 120,333 pounds (6,806,711 to San Francisco, and 4,313,621 eastward); of hops, 5,333,237

PAGE, WILLIAM, an American artist, born in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1811; died in Tottenville, S. I., Oct. 1, 1885. His father, Levi Page, a man of small education, but great natural intelligence and ability, was by turns farmer, printer, store keeper, and navigator on the Hudson. William's education began in Albany; but while he was still young his parents removed to New York, where he studied in the public schools, and in the then wellknown school of Joseph Hoxie. His art talent exhibited itself almost from babyhood, and at eleven years of age he made an India-ink portrait of Louis XIV of France, which won a prize in the American Institute Exhibition. But his father considered the career of an artist as too precarious to be encouraged, and placed the boy in the law-office of Frederick De Peyster, then Secretary of the American Academy of Fine Arts. The lawyer soon found that his pupil spent more of his time in making sketches of celebrated lawyers, whose faces adorned his legal

volumes, than in committing to memory their sage opinions. Mr. De Peyster took some of the sketches to Trumbull, painter of the "Signers of the Declaration of Independence."

pounds; oats, 240,524 centals; potatoes, 288,606 sacks; barley, 38,650 centals; flaxseed, 26.142 sacks. The shipments of salmon from April 1 to July 31 were 217,705 cases. For the calendar year 1885 the value of domestic exports, by rail and water, was $8,373,399; foreign, $5,907,271.

"Can you make a lawyer of him?" asked Trumbull. "Yes, he has brains enough for anything." "Then tell him to stick to it. He has great talent; but an artist in this country can not attain wealth or fame." Page remem

bered the praise and forgot the warning. He left the law-office at once, and became apprentice to a portrait-painter named Herring, who kept the youth painting banners, screens, and

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signs-practice which, after all, did not prove valueless. At the end of the year Page entered the studio of Samuel F. B. Morse, of telegraph fame, then the President of the new National Academy of Design. Page, then seventeen years old, received the first premium given by that institution, for the excellence of his drawings from antique models. At this time he. became so deeply interested in religion that he entered the theological seminary at Andover, Mass., to prepare for the ministry, using his profession merely to assist in his support-for he could readily obtain $25 for a miniature. By the close of his second year of study he had fallen into such a condition of doubt as to doctrine, that he gave up the idea of entering the ministry, and opened a studio in Albany, N. Y. His work was successful; but he resolved to go abroad for study. But on reaching New York, he met a young lady with whom he fell so violently in love that he married her, and opened a studio on Broadway. In 1836 he was elected a member of the National Academy, was chosen to paint a full-length portrait of Gov. Marcy for the city, and was called to Boston to paint a portrait of John Quincy Adams. He also painted a 'Holy Family," and "The Infancy of Henry IV of France." He removed to Staten Island, and later to Boston. Here he formed many delightful friendships, especially one with James Russell Lowell, whose portrait he painted. In 1847 Page returned to New York, and two years later he went to Europe, where he resided for eleven years, principally in Florence and Rome. There he became intimate with the Brownings, and there also he found, in the writings of Swedenborg, teaching that solved his religious doubts. On returning to America, he settled at Eagleswood, N. J., and afterward on Staten Island, although his work was done in the Studio Building in West Tenth Street. He was then living with his third wife, the first and second marriages having been dissolved by divorce, in both instances granted to the artist by the courts of his native State. In 1874 he visited Germany to study the Kesselstadt deathmask supposed to have been taken from Shakespeare's face after death. From photographs of this be made a plaster bust and painted several portraits of the poet. Among his best-known works are his bust and full-length portraits of Shakespeare, portraits of Robert Browning and Charlotte Cushman, his copy of Titian's "Venus," his own "Venus,' 99 66 Moses," Ruth," a head of Christ, the "Antique Timbrel-Player," "Farragut's Triumphant Entry into Mobile Bay," "Moses, Aaron, and Hur, on Mount Horeb, ‚""Belladonna," and "Flora." In May, 1871, he was elected President of the National Academy of Design.

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PANAMA CANAL. See page 177. PAPUA, or New Guinea, a large island in the Pacific, north of Australia, the chief of the islands of Melanesia, inhabited by the black Papuan race. The drainage of the island is all

southward in the central and eastern portion. A range of mountains from 2,000 to 10,000 feet high runs along the northern coast. The Charles Louis range, running through the center of the island, attains the altitude of 18,000 feet. The southern coast is low and flat. The interior, as far as it has yet been explored from the south, bears the same character. The country is covered with dense forests, beginning 200 miles from the coast. They are under water a great part of the year. During the rainy season vast plains are converted into lakes. D'Albertis ascended the principal stream, Fly river, to the head of navigation, 500 miles from the coast; the central range of mountains was 50 miles beyond. Except on the low and swampy southern coast, the climate of Papua is salubrious. Coral reefs fringe the southern shore, inclosing a broad sheltered roadstead extending along the whole coast to the Luisiad Islands.

Bêche-de-mer and mother-of-pearl are gathered among the reefs. The flora and fauna of New Guinea are so remarkable that they have attracted naturalists to expose their lives among the intractable cannibals that inhabit the island. It is the home of the birds-of-paradise and a favored habitat of the Orchidacea, and swarms with strange insects of marvelous forms and hues. The sago-palm grows in abundance and furnishes the principal article of export. Cocoanut-palms and fan palms also abound, and the eucalyptus, the India-rubber tree, and other similar trees attain a wonderful size and luxuriance. Rice, cotton, jute, coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by the natives; also the betel-plant. Sassafras-bark is exported to India and China. The nutmeg-tree grows on the north coast. Ebony, sandal-wood, and fifteen other fine cabinet-woods are found, as well as trees well adapted for masts. The natives cultivate vegetable-gardens with care, in which they grow chiefly taro, melons, yams, and bananas. The bread-fruit is eaten as a relish. The Papuans pay great attention also to the rearing of swine, of the short-legged black Chinese breed, and export smoked pork.

Papua was discovered by the Portuguese in 1526. It received the name of New Guinea from Spanish navigators, on account of the dark hue of the inhabitants, who resembled the negroes on the Guinea coast. The area of the island is about 260,000 square miles. The woolly-haired Papuans, though often with an admixture of Malay or Polynesian blood, dwell in all parts of the island. In the eastern peninsula numerous tribes of the Polynesian type alternate with the black Papuans. Since 1855 the Dutch have maintained a missionary station at Dor'eh, on Geelvink Bay, and since 1868 one on the island of Andai on the south coast. English missionaries in Port Moresby and Towton have been more successful among the docile Polynesian populations than the Dutch among the Papuans.

Dutch New Guinea.-The Netherlands Government formally annexed the western part of

Papua, as far as the 141st meridian, in 1828. Fort Dubus was established on the south shore, but was abandoned ten years later on account of the unhealthful climate. Since 1875 a steamer from Batavia has visited the western coast at various times. More recently the Government in Java has concluded a contract with the Netherlands India Steamship Company, and steamers are to call at several points four times a year. Although the direct Dutch claims to the western half of Papua might be considered to have lapsed, the Sultan of Tidore, a vassal of the Netherlands, has exercised a

press suggesting the German settlement of New Guinea prompted the Queenslanders in the early part of 1883 to petition the British Government to annex the island. On April 4, Police Magistrate Chester, of Thursday Island, under instructions from the Governor by advice of the ministers, formally annexed Papua to Queensland, but the act was annulled by Lord Derby. On Sept. 4, 1883, the English Government was notified that, in consequence of injuries committed by the crew of an English labor-ship on the property of a German firm that interfered to prevent outrages on natives,

suzerainty over the chiefs of this portion of the island for two hundred years. This suzerainty is still practically asserted to some extent by the Rajah of Mysole, the principal vassal of the Sultan of Tidore. The Dutch claim is strengthened by the fact of the constant trade between other Dutch possessions and the western coast of Papua. Trade with this part of New Guinea is carried on by the natives of Ceram and the Bugis of Celebes. Mohammedanism has been introduced to some extent, and the people, who in the extreme west are a mixture of Papuans with the Malayan trading tribes, have generally laid aside their noserings and ear and arm ornaments, and begun to adopt cotton clothing. There is considerable traffic on the shore of Kapuller Bay, where arms and powder, iron and copper utensils, linen, and rice are exchanged for nutmegs and bird-skins, articles that the coast tribes obtain from the interior in exchange for sago.

There are frequent wars between the people of the interior and the coast tribes, on account of the slave raids of the latter. The Dutch Government made an appropriation in the session of 1885 for the scientific exploration of the possessions in Papua.

British New Guinea.-Articles in the German

the German Government would keep a ship of war stationed at the New Britain and New Ireland groups to protect German trading interests. This note, asking the English Government to take measures against the repetition of outrages arising out of the Polynesian labor-traffic, was not answered satisfactorily. On Aug. 2, 1884, Count Münster was asked to try to come to an agreement with Earl Granville as to the respective spheres of interest of England and Germany in the South Sea. The Australian colonists were meanwhile clamoring for the annexation of New Guinea. The German Foreign Secretary complained because the field chosen by Germany for commercial and colonial expansion was declared to be the "natural domain" of Australia. On Aug. 9, Lord Granville sent the assurance that the extension of British supremacy in New Gninea would apply only to the south coast, though without prejudice to territorial questions beyond those limits. On Aug. 31 the Chancellor accepted his proposal to appoint commissioners to define the spheres of interest of the two governments. On Sept. 19 the German Government was notified that in consequence of negotiations between the British Government and its colonies, it had been

decided to proclaim and exercise British protection on all the coasts of New Guinea except those occupied by Holland and the portion of the northern coast extending from 145° east longitude to the boundary of the Dutch possessions, and also on the small islands adjacent to the part of the coast that was taken under Britishi protection. It was declared that the northern coast, as far as 145° east longitude, was included in the British protectorate at the request of the Malay coast natives. At this time the agents of the German South Sea Company were engaged in acquiring the cession from the coast tribes of the same portion of the northern coast. The German Govern

without notice, and before the meeting of the mixed commission to delimit the spheres of interests, and the German authorities replied that England had already limited her sphere of interests to the south shore, and was aware of the German plans in New Guinea. The English Government was at this time placed in a dilemma by the excitement and anger aroused in Australia by the German annexations. The Prime Minister of Victoria telegraphed: "The exasperation here is boundless. We protest in the name of the present and the future of Australia; if England does not yet save us from the danger and disgrace, as far at least as New Guinea is con

ment expressed surprise, and reserved its decision. On Oct. 9 the English diplomatic representative in Berlin declared that, in consequence of the representations of the German minister, his Government had resolved to restrict the British protectorate to the southern coast. On Nov. 18 a British protectorate was proclaimed from Port Moresby, over the southern coast from East Cape to the Dutch line, and over the adjacent islands (see AUSTRALASIA).

The eastern limit of the German annexation of the north coast, proclaimed on Dec. 19, was not definitely fixed. The English Government protested against the act, which was done

cerned, the bitterness of feeling toward her will not die out in this generation." An unofficial representative, Mr. Meade, was sent to Berlin to induce the Germans to renounce their New Guinea scheme. He proposed that New Guinea and the Luisiades should be left to Great Britain, while Germany should take New Britain, New Ireland, and the Duke of York's Islands; France should be given the New Hebrides; and Samoa and all the other South Sea islands should be neutralized. After the failure of Mr. Meade's mission, and after receiving a curt reply to its protest against the German annexation, the British Government

announced its intention to proclaim a protectorate over the eastern portion of the north coast from East Cape to the Gulf of Huon, "which may be regarded as the limit of the German annexations," and over the adjacent islands. This act the German Chancellor complained of as a distinct breach of the promise given by the English Cabinet to confine its annexations to the south coast, and an unfriendly course after Germany had declared her intentions to acquire the same territory for German colonization.

The commodore on the Australian station, who received his instructions Jan. 17, forthwith proceeded to New Guinea and took formal possession of the coast east of the Gulf of Huon, and proclaimed a protectorate also over the Louisiad and Woodlark Islands, and Long and Rook Islands, between the German possessions on New Guinea and New Britain. The D'Entrecasteaux group was included in the earlier annexation.

German New Guinea.-The establishment of German power in New Guinea was proposed to the Government in 1880, when the chairman of the administrative board of the South Sea Company, Herr von Hansemann, suggested to the Chancellor a plan for the establishment of trading settlements on the north coast from East Cape to 141° east longitude. Bismarck, whose Samoan scheme had been defeated in the Parliament, would only promise consular and naval protection to the enterprise. In June, 1884, Bismarck, who had just enunciated the principles of his colonial policy, was petitioned anew by Herr Hansemann and Herr Bleichröder to assist the plans of the South Sea Company to colonize northern Papua and the southern portion of New Britain from the German naval station of Mioko, in the Duke of York's Island. Dr. Finsch and a sea-captain named Dallmann were intrusted with the execution of these secret plans. Southern New Guinea was expressly excluded from the field of their operations.

There were no German commercial interests in Papua previous to the establishment of the protectorate on the north coast. Dr. Finsch sailed from Sydney with $10,000 worth of "trade" for Papua, and purchased the territorial privileges on which the German protectorate of northern Papua was founded. The steamer was owned by the German Trading Association. Dr. Finsch, who is a naturalist, continued on his voyage from Makou on Sept. 28, 1884, and returned three weeks later at the conclusion of his secret expedition to the northern coast of Papua. The German commissioner visited the island also. About the same time the German gunboat "Hyæna" and the corvette "Elisabeth" visited New Britain and hoisted the German flag at various points, and subsequently on New Ireland, New Hanover, and the Admiralty Islands. The limits of the German and English possessions were agreed upon by the South Sea joint

commission. The later British annexation of Huon Bay and the small islands opposite King William's Land was regarded as an offensive proceeding by Germany, if not irregular and invalid by reason of prior German claims. When the "Elisabeth " returned in November, 1884, from her expedition to Astrolabe Bay, where the German flag was raised, it was said that the "Hyæna" had gone to Huon Bay for the same purpose. Before this was accomplished the British Government announced the annexation of the northern coast from East Cape to Huon Bay, as well as of the islands north and east of Papua that were not German possessions, including Rook and Long Islands off the shore of King William's Land. The British claims over the coast of Huon Bay and over Long Island, Rook Island, and the other islands adjacent to New Guinea and north of the 8th parallel of south latitude, over which British sovereignty had been proclaimed, were abandoned in the delimitation agreement arrived_at. The line between the German and the English possessions in Papua starts from the east coast at Mitre Rock on the 8th parallel, and runs due west to the 147th degree of east longitude, then in a straight line in a northwesterly direction to where the 144th meridian and the 6th parallel cross, and continues from there in a west-northwesterly direction to the intersection of the 5th parallel with the 141st degree of east longitude, which is the eastern limit of Dutch New Guinea.

The charter granted by the Emperor to the New Guinea Company of Berlin on May 21, 1885, contained the first official statement of the limits of the new German possessions. German sovereignty was declared to extend over the part of Papua not under British or Dutch protection, the islands near the coast of that portion of the island, the New Britain group, to be called in future Bismarck Archipelago, and all other islands northeast of New Guinea lying between the equator and 8° south latitude, and between 140° and 154° east longitude. The formal annexation of the north coast and of New Britain took place Dec. 17, 1884.

PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. Area, 91,650 square miles: population, 350,000, besides about 150,000 Indians. The most populous city (next to the capital, Asuncion, with a population of 25,000) is Villa Rica, with 12,000; Concepcion, a center of traffic on the left bank of the Paraguay, has 11,000; San Pedro, 10,000. Before the war the population of Paraguay was 800,000. The casualties of the strife and the great loss of territory reduced it to what it is at present. There are 10,000 foreign settlers in the country. The most numerous settlers are Spaniards, and next to them Italians, then Frenchmen and Brazilians The Government does all it can to attract settlers, the land-grants being as liberal as in the Argentine Republic and the United States. In the Chaco Paraguayo land is given settlers gratuitously. The best Government lands can be