The plan of 1895, say the Parisian faculty of law, is, from a scientific stand point, good, but from a practical standpoint it has disadvantages. The candidato will devote themselves to the study of one of the sections and will become narro specialists, so as not to be of use when they become professors and are called upo to take a university view of affairs. To obviate this the candidate must take tw doctors' degrees-one the degree juridique, the other politique-so as to assure th indispensable all around legal culture.

III. THE HOUSING OF THE INSTRUCTION.

Before passing to the relation of the professions of medicine and law to the Sta it is necessary to speak of the laboratory, the hospital, and the library. The ho pital may be sufficient to make the practitioner, but the laboratory and the library a indispensable to make the savant. It has been femarked before that the America and English schools are in charge of practitioners, while those of Germany-ar now of France-are directed by a pedagogical class of professors. Of nothing co nected with their higher instruction in 1870 were the French more ashamed the their laboratories. Two reports upon improvements to be made in that respect we presented by Professor Wurtz, and they are both used freely here to illustrate tl necessary accessories to medical instruction.

In the physical and natural sciences, says M. Wurtz in his report to the minister of public instruction in France, the demonstration of the facts is the basis of all solid progress. Observe how science is cultivated in a modern laboratory. It is no more an isolated effort-it is work in common. When knowledge was a mystery and the art of experimentation a secret, an operator might be seen bending over his furnaces attended by one or two adepts. But now that the importance of the sciences is increasing as they are being called in to aid civilization, it has become necessary to diffuse scientific truths. In fact, it is a company of workers who group themselves about a master. Each profits by his maker's teaching and example, and by the work of his colleagues. In such an environment the noblest emulation existsthat is to say, energy and inspiration are born as the inclination develops, and are perpetuated in the great centers where flourish the arts. Thus a laboratory is not only a refuge for science, it is a center of propaganda; it is a school.

This panegyric on the value of the laboratory is conclusive evidence of its indispensableness, coming from so high an authority as M. Wurtz, who rises to the dignity of his mission which is to remodel the methods of teaching the physical and natural sciences in the faculties of sciences and of medicine in France. But there is another side to the question, which has been expressed by Dr. Le Fort in these terms: "The place to study medicine is in the hospital, and only in the hospital. Some medical savants devote themselves to laboratory study. Nothing can be better. But for the physician, who should above all things learn to care for and, if he can, cure his patients, the only school is the hospital. There may be courses in hygiene and medical jurisprudence, but there can be no theoretical course in medicine, none in surgery; there is only a course of clinics, and the professor at the same monent teaches the students the theory (of which they have obtained the principal notions from the books) and the practice."

Let us now inquire what M. Wurtz found in Germany in the way of "Practical high studies." He found four kinds of institutions: Chemical laboratories, physiological laboratories, anatomical laboratories, and laboratories of pathological research in anatomy and "experimental medicine."

THE LABORATORIES OF CHEMISTRY.

The chemical laboratory, according to M. Wurtz, is the result of the work of Liebig under who:n M. Wurtz studied at Giessen). Liebig's example was not lost. During the next twenty years many laboratories were constructed, and brought together a

FIG. 1.-Front view of Chemical Laboratory of the University of Bonn.

great number of practical students. It will suffice to mention the names of only the more important: Carlsruhe, Heidelberg, Göttingen, Greifswald, Munich, and Zurich, which in some sort mark the transition from the old establishments of this nature to the pretentions structures which subsequently appeared at Bonn, Berlin, and

Leipzig. It will be observed that these laboratories are special colleges attached to the university, not outhouses or pretty little architectural studies by talented artists. It must also be observed that the establishments about to be described were built twenty-five years ago. It is nothing that still smells of varnish that is being here pictured, but the installation of science, which has caused so many Americans to study in Germany.

Explanation to figure 5, page 1215.

Explanation: A, entrance; E, F, and G, rooms for operations upon a large scale; HH, colonnade fo work in open air; I, auditorium; K, room for making preparations; L. waiting room; M, storeroom f apparatus; N, museum; 0 0, rooms for the First Preparator; P P, same for Second Preparato Q, same for Third Preparator; R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z, private rooms of the Director. Up the second floor above a is the preparation room for the first and second laboratories, which are abo the spaces marked E and F and D and C. Above the rooms, one of which is marked N, is the lar laboratory for research, and to the left a room for organic analysis. Above P and Q is the laborator for the analysis of gas, and above O and O are the private laboratory of the Director and a priva room for organic analysis for his use, and across the corridor is a chamber for measurements, also f the private use of the Director. Above X, Y, and Z are the Director's "cabinet" and his librar Above L is the private open-air room for experiments by the Director, and above M is a similar roo for one of the laboratorics on the second floor. Above R, S, T, U, V, and W are the private apartmen of the professor. In the basement are the apartments of the janitor and storerooms for chemicals an apparatus, a laboratory for conducting research connected with medical jurisprudence, another f physiological chemistry, a hospital for animals under experiment, a room for large operations, etc.

LABORATORIES OF PHYSIOLOGY.

Physiology is the daughter of anatomy, says M. Wurtz, and there was a time when the knowledge of the organs of the human body and the ideas which dissections gave were the points of departure and the only methods for research, or rather inductions in physiology. We forced ourselves to divine a function by studying its look and form and its place in the system, and we tried to catch in some way its living action by experiments on living animals. This method has led to great discoveries. By it Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood, and Haller during the eighteenth century gave such an impetus to physiology. But it was only good because it was fruitful, not because it was sufficient, for it went little beyond external appearances of the facts, and for the most part left the investigator in ignorance of the true nature of the connection of the facts. Thus, what uncertainty as to the facts! How many hypotheses in interpreting them! What an uncertain basis for medicine is a physiology full of conjectures! A new era opened at the end of the eighteenth century. Respiration is a slow combustion, and as such is the

source of animal heat. The part played by physics in the progress of physiology is not less great since the discovery of the source of animal heat. Galvani's discovery gave birth to the thought that the nervous agency of the body had been found. Undoubtedly the hope was premature, but if the nervous agency is unknown, we can measure its rate of propagation along the nerves. But questions of this kind are only to be attacked by the aid of the most advanced methods and the most delicate instruments of modern physics. To these methods and instruments experimental physiology appeals. Formerly the scalpel and the bistoŭry were the principal instruments employed in experimental physiology; to-day it claims all the resources of a combined laboratory of chemistry and physics. But this is not all. The very science itself is pushing ahead with immense strides. It not only describes the exterior form and the relations of the human organs, but it also penetrates into the intimate structure. The anatomy of the tissues inaugurated by our Bichat, enlarged and transformed by microscopical research, has become, under the name of histology, an important branch of human knowledge. The microscope has made known the framework of the tissues, the morphological constitution of the humors, and the structure and evolution of the organs. But is this all, merely to give minute description of the form and structure of anatomic destructions in aid of classification? By no means. The conquests of histology have acquired great repute in furnishing light to normal and pathological physiology. Ought not the study of the secretions of the glands be based upon the previous study of their texture? It is evident that a