FIG. 7.-Ground plan of the Laboratory of Physiology of the University of Leipzig.

Explanation: A A A A are laboratories for vivisection and experiments in physical and biological chemistry; B, room for experiments requiring the use of mercury; C. spectroscope room; E E, large laboratory for physiological chemistry; F, library; G G, microscope laboratories; G1 room of the professor of microscopy; II, auditorium; I, place for keeping rabbits; K, stable; L, room for operating upon horses. The aviary and the aquarium are upon the right and left of the stables I K L. ED 97-77

laboratory of physiology, if fitted up for the purpose of instruction, must offer the most varied resources in instruments, apparatus, reagents, and specimens (products), as well as places for experimentation upon animals, micrographic research, and the operations of biologic physics and chemistry. At St. Petersburg, Utrecht, Florence, and at Amsterdam such establishments exist, also at Heidelberg, Berlin, Vienna, Leipzig, Tübingen, Munich, and Göttengen.

LABORATORIES OF ANATOMY.

What was, and perhaps in many cases still is, the dissecting room of the American college is shown on a somewhat extended scale in the following sketch and plan.

On the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the University of Berlin (1860) this building was resolved on, and was completed in a short time.

LABORATORIES OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY,

The pathological anatomy that Laennec, Cruveilhier, Rokitanski, and others hac elevated to the rank of a science, has taken a considerable development since the microscope has been applied to the study of organic alterations. This new way ba been opened and entered upon with great éclat by the celebrated author of Cellula. Pathology, Professor Virchow, and by many other eminent workers. Their dis coveries bring to medicine unceasingly a rich harvest of useful material. The micro scopic examination of the organs is indispensable as a complement to chemical study In the French hospitals it is the physician who has attended the defunct patient tha, performs the autopsy. The autopsy is differently made in Germany. It is neithe the professor of the clinic nor his assistants that makes the autopsy; it is made by the professor of pathological anatomy, and he performs his duty in the presence o the students with the confidence and the authority of an expert and of one filling: high position. The organs affected by disease are placed aside for examination by the students, who note their exterior appearance. Subsequently, in another place, micro scopic examinations are made. But it is necessary not to confound these demonstra tions with the methodic course of pathological anatomy, which is independent and during which the professor exhibits matters furnished by the daily autopsies. Th Pathological Institute of Vienna will serve to illustrate the fourth form of the insti tute of the German University, which had no like in America until long after the idea had become commonplace in Europe. Perhaps in America even to-day sucl an institute would be called a college, if not a "university.”

But Professor Virchow himself has spoken upon the topic of pathological anatomy for the World's Fair exhibit of the German universities at Chicago. The history o pathological anatomy, he says, was until a very recent date, closely connected with that of anatomy. Indeed the pathological anatomy of the domestic animals served as a model upon which to build that of man. But it was long before the retarding grip of tradition could be loosened so the worth of the autopsy might be recognized. "I had the especial good fortune," he says, "to be the first to teach officially this science. In 1819 I occupied the first professorial chair in pathological anatomy in Germany. From Würzburg I was called to Berlin, and there it happened that pathological anatomy was first separated from the chair of anatomy proper and became an independent branch of investigation, and then throughout Germany. But let us briefly examine," he continues, "the character and extent of the practical principles that must guide us in this science."

1. The autopsy must become a regular part of the law of the land (Krankendienst). The law of every country must not permit, as far as possible, the body of a person dying in a hospital to be taken away from science. To make a beginning in this line will be very difficult, but with patience and perseverance it will be eventually recognized by the people that the autopsy is necessary to enable the physician to conquer disease. It must become a prejudice (Sitte) that a corpse shall be dissected like the Egyptians had the custom of disemboweling their dead and draining the brain out through the nose to preserve it as a mummy. When again it shall become customary, as of old, to cremate the body, then the custom (sitte) to have the body dissected will easily become general.

2. The pathological dissection must be done according to exact rules. It is selfevident that the dissection must make clear its peculiarities as far as they are recognizable, and that it should be adopted to show the purpose (Gang) of the section and the relations to other parts of the body, as more particularly set forth in The Technique of the Section as Conducted in the Morgue of the Charity Hospital, Virchow, 1893, fourth edition.

3. Just as the technique of pathological anatomy is different from the technique of the "anatomical theater," so are different instruments required, especially to the end of quicker completion of the section. For instance, larger knives are required.

4. The next consideration is the making of good accounts (Protokolle) of the trans

FIG. II.--Plans of the basement and first and second stories of the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy of the University of Vienna.

Explanation: Basement (sous-sol): III, room for the cadavers; IV, ico vaults; VI VI, vaults for anatomy: VII, vaults for animals under experiments; IX IX, laboratories for the secondary physi ciana; X. laboratory for the assistants; XI, hearse room. First story: L, hall of autopsies for chem leal instruction; M. for medical jurisprudential autopsies; O, reception room for cadavers; P, morgue for coroner cases; P, cabinet of the coroner; P2 hall for the witnesses; Q, hall for exhibiting the bodies, and R. for cleaning them for the autopsy; T, hall for exhibiting bodies to be viewed furidically; U. hall for the primary physicians; I'I II', laboratories for the use of the clinical professors; V. hall for the course of pathological chemistry; W, laboratories for large chemical operations; I, room of the profes or of chemistry; Z, laboratory for work in pathological anatomy.