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may rest there while I go to the Emperor and inform him of your desire.' But Lord Amherst replied, that he was fatigued, and that he would hear nothing of an audience till his suite and baggage had arrived. In consequence, the ambassador was conducted to the hotel prepared for him. Some hours after, the Emperor sent his physician to Lord Amherst to examine the state of his health; the Chinese Æsculapius having found him very well, made his report to the Son of Heaven, who immediately ordered the English embassy to be dismissed, because the head of it had deceived him by feigning illness at the moment when he was to be presented to him.

"The Chinese government had the good sense to see in the conduct of the ambassador only a want of tact, and the blunder of an individual. It treated the English legation on its return from Pekin to Canton, with all possible attention and deference, and this incident has had no detrimental effect whatever on the trade of the company at Canton.' Vol. i. p. 134.

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We will only add an incident which is given in an anonymous account of Lord McCartney's embassy, by one who says he belonged to the expedition, and appears to be perfectly acquainted with its details:-"On departing for Tartary, the musicians and servants were to be dressed out in a suit of state liveries, which, on being unpacked, furnished evident proof that this was not their first appearance in public; from several of their dresses bearing the names of their former wearers, and from some circumstances, we discovered that they had been made up for the servants of M. de la Luzerne, late French ambassador at London. But whether they were of diplomatic origin, or derived their existence from the theatre or Monmouth street, is of little importance to the reader. With these habiliments, such as they were, every man fitted himself out in the best manner he could, at least with coats and waistcoats, for, with respect to breeches, there were only six pair in the package, and not a single hat accompanied them. Such, indeed, was the grotesque figure they made, when thus dressed out, that had the party appeared as ridiculous to the Chinese as they did to each other, they might have reasonably supposed that we rather wished to acquire money by the exhibition than add dignity to an embassy of the nature of that in which we were engaged. The ambassador and Sir George Staunton agreed to travel in an old chaise belonging to the latter, which, on being unpacked, certainly had none of that gaudy appearance which distinguishes works of art in China: and some of the Chinese did not hesitate to express their disapprobation of its external appearance, which was, indeed, contemptible."*

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* Winterbottom's View of the Chinese Empire, p. 44.

ART. VIII.—1. An Essay on Disorders of the Digestive Organs, and General Health, and on their complications. By MARSHAL HALL, M. D. F. R. S. Ed. &c. London.

2. A Treatise on Indigestion and its consequences, called nervous and bilious complaints; with observations on the organic diseases in which they sometimes terminate. By A. P. W. PHILIP, M.D. F. R. S. Ed. &c. London.

3. A Treatise on Diet, with a View to establish on practicable grounds, a system of rules for the prevention and cure of the diseases incident to a disordered state of the digestive functions. By J. A. PARIS, M. D. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, &c. Re-printed in Philadelphia.

4. An Essay on morbid sensibility of the Stomach and Bowels, as the proximate cause or characteristic condition of Indigestion, Nervous Irritability, Mental Despondency, Hypochondriasis, &c. &c.: to which are prefixed, Observations on the Diseases and Regimen of Invalids on their return from hot and unhealthy Climates. By JAMES JOHNSON, M. D. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, &c. Re-printed in Philadelphia,

5. Sure Methods of Improving Health and Prolonging Life; or a Treatise on the art of living long and comfortably, by regulating the diet and regimen, embracing all the most approved principles of health and longevity, and exhibiting the remark able power of proper food, wine, air, exercise, sleep, &c. in the cure of chronic diseases, as well as the preservation of health and prolongation of life. To which is added, the Art of Training for Health, Rules for reducing Corpulency, and Maxims of Health for the bilious and nervous, the consumptive, men of letters, and people of fashion. Illustrated by cases. By a Physician. First American edition, with additions. Philadelphia. Cary, Lea & Cary. 1828.

If the universality of a disease can render an investigation into its nature and cure proper in a journal of this kind, we know of none which is entitled to precedence over Dyspepsia. It is not the malady of the rich or the poor; the ignorant or the learned; the young or the aged; the virtuous or the vicious; of one sex or one condition; but the disease of all. In the language of Dr. James Johnson, "it knocks at the door of every gradation of

society, from the cabinet minister planning the rise and fall of empires, to the squalid inhabitant of St. Giles or Saffron Hill, whose exterior exhales the effluvia of filth, and interior those of inebriating potations. Against which wide-spreading evil, no moral attributes, no extent of power, no amount of wealth, are proof. The philosopher, the divine, the general, the judge, the merchant, the miser and the spendthrift, are all, and in no very unequal degree, a prey to the Protean enemy."

Our ancestors were so little troubled with it, that, although it doubtless existed, its name has become familiar only within twenty or thirty years past. That it always could be found when men fed high and lived indolently, cannot be doubted; but it is only of late that luxury has affected, directly and indirectly, the whole mass of society, and scattered the seeds of this pestilence over the face of the land. We mean not that the "operatives," as they are affectedly called, contract dyspepsia from too much food and ease, but from the close pursuit of such sedentary occupations as subserve the ends of the luxurious. Want of healthy exercise in the open air, let it arise from what cause it may, will produce the same effects. The pursuits of commerce, of the majority of mechanical trades, of professional advancement, of literature and science, and even of pleasure, are sedentary. Our modes of life are entirely changed from what they formerly were in this country, as well as in Europe. We are less exposed to the open air, take less exercise, are more intellectual in our pursuits, and fare more sumptuously every day than formerly, when there were few carriages, few books, plain food and little wine. Our new fashions have sapped our strength, made us effeminate, indolent, and luxurious in all things. Our improvements in gastronomy have made us excessive eaters, and our love of excitement deep drinkers. Is it any wonder that we have lost our health? "If," says Cobbett very justly, "people will not restrain themselves from those indulgences which cause sickness, sick they will be, and sick they ought to be."

Now, we cannot doubt but a knowledge of the true nature of this complaint and of its cure, involving an explanation of the process of digestion, will be generally regarded as a subject of interest, as well as of rational curiosity. It may enable the valetudinarian not merely to shun the dangers to which he is hourly exposed, but to remove his ills;-it may confirm the young and inexperienced in their resolution to avoid the calamities which have overwhelmed so many thousands: and by turning the public attention more intently on the subject, it may VOL IV.-No. 7.

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́tend to throw discredit on the disorder, as one usually arising from criminal excess, and thereby lessen its frequency.

We have looked into a great number of books on this subject, and having had no little sad, personal experience in the inflictions of this cruel disorder, brought on by light excess and aggravated by ignorance, we shall proceed to place it in, what we regard, its true light. We shall adopt as much of the respective theories and statements of these writers as we think conformable to fact, and discard the rest. And as we are all curious to discover the true reason upon which every recommendation is made, we shall endeavour to furnish it. Novelty in a subject of this kind, whose basis is human nature, is not to be expected or desired. Truth alone is our object. But a word of this host of dietetical writers. They are, to our utter dismay, frequently at points: sometimes on the mode by which digestion is performed, and often on the means of cure. Now, to understand scientifically what will cure a disorder, it is necessary first to understand its seat, and then its cause.— Without knowing these, advice and prescription are mere quackery; but when they are discovered, reason dictates that the cause must be removed, and such applications made to the seat of the disorder, as will enable nature to recover her lost powers. Both these processes require accurate knowledge of the parts and their operations. Dyspepsia is a disordered state of the whole or some part of the alimentary apparatus; and an accurate knowledge of every part of this apparatus is essential to the practitioner. The difficulty of attaining this knowledge will appear from the statements of one or two distinguished writers on the subject. The last we have seen, is the second American from the third London edition, with additions, &c. of Elements of the Theory, and Practice of Physic, by G. Gregorie, M.D. with notes, &c. by Drs. Potter and Colhoun of Maryland, published in 1829. Dr. Gregorie, speaking of the process of digestion, says, "that food remains in the stomach on an average of from three to four hours. At the end of this period, the pyloric orifice, which had previously been closed, gradually dilates, so as to allow the mass of food to pass into the duodenum; the stomach remaining perfectly empty until the next meal."* Dr. Wilson Philip, who is often quoted by these and other writers as authority, and whose experiments on digestion have thrown great light on the subject, says, over and over again, that the food next to the inner surface of the stomach is first digested, and rising, passes through the pylorus, whereby

* Vol. ii. p. 266.

another portion of food takes its place, and being in turn digested, passes on, till the whole be consumed. This fact is very important, and we are surprised it should be unknown to Dr. Gregorie and his annotators. Again-Dr. Paris observes that the food is churned in the stomach, and that if it be not sufficiently churned, it cannot become perfect chyle. (p. 151.) Dr. Philip on the contrary, has shewn from actual experiment and dissection, that the food first taken, arranges itself round the stomach and the successive supplies within that, so that the last taken goes into the centre; and that if it becomes churned or mixed, as it sometimes is by violent exercise, digestion is impeded. So in the method of cure, all agree in the importance of a strict regimen, but differ toto calo when they descend to particulars. One respectable class who are not deficient in sagacity, recommend a course of life agreeable to nature. They say, "your disease springs from your disregard of the simple banquet prepared by the all-bounteous Creator-you have made yourself a sophisticated being-civilization and her excesses have destroyed you. You must, forsooth, ransack the ends of the earth for that which lies in a better state at your door, and you must heighten its flavour by stimulating spices and spirits! Change your plan or you die! the golden rule of health is live naturally!"

Dr. Paris, backed by the authority of Dr. Fordyce, exclaims, on hearing this—" Live naturally! live on fiddlesticks! no man can live naturally, for he has no natural food. He must discover his food by his acuteness and industry, and cultivate and alter it from its natural state. He can scarcely find any thing from the potatoe to the cabbage, growing naturally-cultivation has changed all, and what he gets he must convert into food by the spit, pan or pot! Besides, adds he, the gratification which attends a favourite meal, is in itself a specific stimulus to the organs of digestion." Now we shall not attempt to reconcile these and other differences which might be designated, but leave the task to them. The obscurity in which the theory of digestion has been for so many ages involved, which is one cause of these discrepancies, begins to clear away. Dissection and experiment have spread much light on it, and professional opinions will, it is to be hoped, ere long coalesce. But it is a fearful dilemma in which the poor patient finds himself between the disease and the disputant doctors. It may well remind him of the appalling inscription said to be prepared by Hadrian for his own tomb. "It was the multitude of physicians that killed the Emperor."

Few words are necessary to explain the general causes of dyspepsia, and to indicate its cure. We cannot shut our eyes

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