[The letter (n.) annexed to the number of a page, signifies that the reference is to the Editor's note on that page.]
Actions at law, regulated by lex fori, 152; against foreign sovereigns, 161; in case of alien enemies, 305, 418. Adair's mission to Court of Vienna, 334. Adams, C. F., Minister to Great Britain; his correspondence with Earl Russell in 1865, concerning recognition by Great Britain of belligerent rights in the rebel States of the U. States, 37, 38 (n.); correspondence with Earl Rus- sell at the close of the American civil war, 574 et seq. (n.); with the Earl of Clarendon, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of these correspondences, 579, 580 (n.). Adams, J. Q., lays down the germ of the Monroe Doctrine, 98 (n.) (see Monroe Doctrine); argument on the fisheries,
Admiralty, Court of, sentence conclusive as to title, 218; droits of, 382. Adriatic Sea, Claim of Venice to, 262, 268.
Aguesseau, Euvres de, 20.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of 1818, 94, 238, 292.
Albinagii, Jus (see Aubaine, Droit d'), 138. Alerta, Case of the, 551 (n.). Alexandra, Case of the, 567 et seq. (n.); criticisms on, 569, 570 (n.); opinions of the judges, 569, 570 (n.). Alfred, Case of the, 550 (n.). Algiers (see Barbary States, Mohammedan States).
Aliens, as to right of, to hold real estate, 138; French code, 138; how affected by treaties of U. States, 139; French treaties of 1778, 1800, and 1853, as to, 139; jurisdiction over resident, 220 (n.); children of ambassadors, born abroad, not, 300.
Allegiance, due to native country till change of nationality, 132; claim of Great Britain of indissoluble, not a doctrine of the law of nations, 172. Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussichen Staaten, 308.
Alliance, Treaties of, 355; distinction be- tween general, and treaties for subsi- dies, 356; casus fœderis of a defensive, 356; between Great Britain and Hol- land, of 1678, 1709, 1713, 1717, 357; between Great Britain and Portugal, 371; between France and the U. States, 365; Holy Alliance, 94, 105 (n.), 106 (n.); with savages, 428 (n.). Alternat, Use of, 234.
Amazon, Navigation of the, 288 (n.). Ambassadors (public ministers), exempt from local jurisdiction, 153, 156, 179, 300; right of sending, of first rank, 232; language of diplomacy, 235; resi- dent ministers, when first sent, 289; in- formal diplomatic agents, 291; their rights, 291; classification of, 292; so called, represent sovereign, 293; prece- dence of States, 294; who may send, 294; rank of, 294; distinction between, and envoys, 294; Chargés d'Affaires ac- credited to Minister of Foreign Affairs, 295; in the U. States, can communicate only with the Secretary of State, 295 (n.); can take no public notice of Presi- dential messages, or Congressional de- bates, 295 (n.); cases of Genet and Hülsemann, 295 (n.); letters of credence of, 296; commercial agents and consuls, 296 (n.); full power, 297; passports of, 297; may decline to hear despatch read, unless a copy is left with him, 297 (n.); duty of on arrival, 298; audi- ence, 299; privileges, 299; extra-terri- toriality of, 300; privileges of, extend
to suite, family, &c., 300; exempt from criminal and civil jurisdiction of the country where he resides, unless he voluntarily makes himself a party to a suit at law, 300 (n.); cannot be made a witness, 301 (n.); if subject of coun- try to which sent, 301; in case of crime, 301; authority of, in cases of crime committed by members of his own suite, 302, 303 (n.); Grotius, as to what may be done to, in self-defence; and what by way of punishment of, 302; power over servants, &c., 302; opinions of Heffter, Mr. Cass, and Dr. Woolsey, 303 (n.); proper construction of the phrase, "extra-territoriality," 303 et seq. (n.); can renounce privileges, 303; dwelling of, exempt from local jurisdiction, 304; test of immunity of, 304 (n.); jurisdic- tion over the hotel of, 304 (n.); immu- nity of the residence of, 304 (n.); in case of insurrection or emergency, 304 (n.); what persons are entitled to diplo- matic immunity, 305 (n.); meaning of "official suite of, 305 (n.); extent of personal immunity of, and suite, 306 (n.); examination of, by a magistrate, or as a witness, 306 (n.); whether may be a plaintiff in court, 306 (n.); engag- ing in trade, 307 (n.); what property exempt from arrest, 307 (n.); property engaged in trade or held in private trust, 307 (n.); liability of for hiring a house, 307; whether privilege of, is lost by trad- ing, 312; duties and taxes, 319, 319 (n.), 320 (n.) (see Consuls); right of asylum, 320; messengers, &c., 320; passing through other countries, 321; Vattel's opinion, 321 (n.); religious freedom of, 324; where a lien is claimed against property of, enforceable only by legal process, 318 (n.), 319 (n.); case of Mr. Wheaton in Prussia, 319 (n.); consuls not public ministers, but treated as such in the Barbary States, 296; modes of termination of mission, 325; by re- call, 325; by death or abdication of sov- ereign, 325; of U. States, commission not ended by change of President, 326; must be persona grata to the person or State to whom he is accredited, 326 (n.); any individual may be objected to, 326 (n.); objections to those sent by the U. States, 326 (n.); property of, in case of death, 327; works on duties and powers of, 366; despatches of in neutral countries protected, 636; sent to enemy, liable to reprisals, 403.
America, Discovery and conquest of, 241; Russian claims, 243. Amedie, Case of the, 203; criticised and construed, 208 (n.), 210 (n.); as bearing on questions of right of search, 209, 210 (n.).
Amistad de las Rues, La, Case of, 552 (n.).
Amy Warwick, Case of the, 375, 376 (n.); decision of the Supreme Court, 376 (n.). Anderson's' case (extradition of a slave charged with murder of his master), 186 (n.). Angaria,
Angarie, Droit d', 373 (n.); Phillimore 373 (n.); what it is, on, 373 (n.); compensation, 373 (n.). Annales Maritimes et Coloniales, 261. Antelope, Case of the, 211 (n.); general doctrines of, as applied to a slave-trader, 211 (n.).
Antwerp, Cases arising out of the bom- bardment of, 145 (n.).
Arbitration and mediation, 120 (n.), 366. Arendt, Essai sur la neutralité de la Bel- gique, 516.
Arguelles, Case of, 183 (n.). Armistice, 329, 497; power to conclude, 497; period of operation, 498; inter- preting, 498; recommencement of hos- tilities, 499; Closter-Seven, 500. Army in transit exempt from local law, 153, 157.
Arrogante Barcelones, Case of the, 555 (n.). Ashburton Treaty, The, 714 (n.). Assassination not allowed in war, 428 (n.). Asylum, Right of, in neutral ports, depend-
ent on assent, 531; must be preserved by nations who are bound by extradi- tion treaties, 184 (n.). Atalanta, Case of the, 64 (n.). Aubaine, Droit d', treaties for abolition of, 138; treaty of U. States with France, 139 (n.).
Austin, Province of Jurisprudence defined, 20; definition of international law, 23 (n.).
Austria, annexes Cracow, 53; union of the different States composing, 61 (n.); her relations with Hungary since the re- bellion of 1848, 61 (n.), 62 (n.); presides in Germanic Diet, 66. Aves Rock (see Guano Islands).
Balance of power, claim to interfere for, 91; cases of interference, 92; question of Turkey, 117, 118 (n.). Baltic Sea, whether mare clausum, 264–66. Bankruptcy, effect of discharge, in another country, 147, 148, 225 (n.); title of as- signees in, in another country, 147, 148 (n.); extra-territorial effect of bank- ruptcy laws, 225 (n.); British acts con- cerning, 226 (n.); laws of in the U. States, 226 (n.); effect of a discharge in the U. States, 227 (n.). Barbary States, relations to Turkey, 57; treaties of U. States with, 22 (n.). Barbeygrac, Histoire des Anciens Traités, 333, 367.
Bates, Joshua, case of the Creole referred to, 166 (n.); his decision, 166, 167 (n.). Bathurst, Earl, correspondence with J. Q. Adams, 343.
Bays, maritime territory extends to, 255; meaning of term in convention of 1818 as construed in the case of the Wash ington, 351 (n.); extent of neutral juris- diction within, 529.
Belgium, revolution of 1830–39; interven- tion of great powers in separation from Holland, 119; river Scheldt, 275; neu- trality of, 514.
Bell, Commentaries on Law of Scotland, 148.
Belligerency, recognition of, 34 (n.). Belligerent rights in civil war, when ac- cordance of is justifiable, 34 (n.), 41 (n.); to justify, there must be actual war, 35 (n.); tests thereof, 35 (n.); the ac- cordance of, releases the parent State from responsibility for acts of the in- surgents, 35 (n.); where the insurgents and the parent State are maritime, 35 (n.); whether the recognition of, is un- called for and premature, 36 (n.); re- sults to the insurgents of a recognition of, 37 (n.); to the parent government, 37 (n.); correspondence between Mr. Adams and Earl Russell, April 7 to Sept. 18, 1865, on recognition by Great Britain of, in the rebel States in America, 37 et seq. (n.); recognition of, by France and Holland in the American Revolu- tion, 38 (n.); American claims on Den- mark for recognition of, in the American Revolution, 38 (n.); accorded by the U. States in the war between Spain and her South American colonies, 38 (n.); case of the Greek war with Tur- key, 38 (n.) (see Civil war; Civil War in the U. States).
Belligerent occupation, of Castine by the British, and of ports in Mexico by U. States, 421 (n.); revenue duties under U. States laws claimed in nei- ther of these cases, 421 (n.); fully treated of by Pfeiffer, 432 (n.); essen- tials of, 436 (n.); allegiance and obedi- ence of non-combatants during, 436 (n.); political laws of, 437 (n.); where the U. States is occupant, 437 (n.); extent of, 457 (n.); municipal and pri- vate laws not suspended by, 437 (n.); occupant's rights to confiscate immova- ble property, &c., 437, 438 (n.); title to public movable property, 438 (n.); no title to private movables without an act of transfer or capture, 439 (n.); incor- poreal rights, 439 (n.); slaves, 439, 440 (n.); emancipation of, 440 (n.); in the civil war in the U. States, 440 (n.); na- ture of this act, 441 (n.) (see Conquest, Postliminy).
Bello Corrunes, Case of the, 553 (n.).
Belts, Sovereignty of Denmark over, 264. Bentham, Principles of International Law, 7; morals and legislation, 19; criticises phrase, "law of nations," 19; proposed the term, "international law," 20. Black Sea, treaty of March 30, 1856, 91 (n.); treaty with regard to armament in, 119 (n.); claims of Turkey to, 263; neutralized by treaty of Paris, 263; whether mare clausum, 263; navigation of, 264 (n.).
Betsey, Case of the, 543 (n.). Betsey, Case of the sloop, 543 (n.). Betsey Cathcart, Case of the, 543 (n.). Blockade, may be, of ports of insurgents, after, but not before, the recognition of actual war, 36 (n.); in the civil war in the U. States, 375 (n.); decisions of American courts on question arising under, 375 et seq. (n.) (see Civil war in the U. States); the question of a continuous voyage, its importance, bear- ing, &c., 667 et seq. (n.); under the rule of 1756, 668 (n.); breach of, 668; the question is, the destination of the cargo, 669 (n.); commercial, 671 (n.); difference between these and military or strategic, 671 (n.); efforts to abol- ish them, 671, 672 (n.); of Charleston in 1861-65, 671 (n.); Cass and others on abolition of commercial, 671–73 (n.); what is a violation of, 672; definition of, 673; must be actual and effective, 674 (n.); rights of neutral vessels of war in cases of, 675 (n.); occasional interruptions of, 675 (n.); must be com- plete as to both ingress and egress (case of the Franciska), 675, 676 (n.); ac- cidental absence of fleet, 675; knowl- edge of, necessary, 676; general notifi- cation of, not sufficient, 676; paper, 677; time allowed to leave, 678; notifi- cation of, 680 et seq. (n.); in the U. States civil war, 680, 681 (n.); recog- nized by the prize courts, 681-83 (n.); in the Crimean war, 683 (n.); coming out of port with cargo, whether laden before or after, 684; vessel must be taken for breach of, during voyage, 686; Hautefeuille's views of the right of capture, 686 (n.); liability of owners of cargo (case of the Panaghia Rhom- ba), 686 (n.); closing of domestic ports by municipal surveillance, 402, 687 (n.); cases of, 687, 688 (n.).
Bohier, Observations sur la Coutume de Bourgogne, 135.
Bonaparte, Jerome, his marriage to Miss Patterson held invalid by the Cour Im- périale, 151 (n.).
Bosphorus, Navigation of the, 263, 264 (n.), 272 (n.).
Braganza, Recognition of dynasty of, 42 (n.). Brothers, Case of the, 543 (n.).
Buenos Ayres (see South American re- publics).
Bundesstaat distinguished from Staaten- bund, 73.
Burke on international prescription, 239 (n.).
Burlamaqui, Droit Naturel, 30, 181.
Cagliari, Case of the, 688 (n.); critical analysis of, 688, 689 (n.).
Cairns, definition of international law. Calhoun, doctrine of nullification, 82 (n.); speech on the Monroe Doctrine, 103 (n.). Callières, La Manière de négocier, 366. Canton (or Pampero), Case of the, 572 (n.). Canning, on neutrality laws, 535, 565 (n.). Capitulations, who may make, 329, 500; Closter-Seven, 500; of the Caudine Forks, disavowed by Romans, 500; when, need ratification, 500. Capture, Distinction between enemy's property at sea and on land, 450; by non-commissioned vessels, belongs to government, 452; by privateers, 452; title to movables in general, vested after twenty-four hours, 455, 461, 717; as to, at sea, and recaptured, the jus post- liminii varies in different countries, 466 (see Recaptures); validity of, decided by courts of captor's country, 477; ad- judication in case of joint, in the Cri- mean war, 478 (n.); how far jurisdic- tion of courts of captors is exclusive, 479; cannot be condemned by consular court in neutral State, 481; duty of cap- tors of prizes, 484, 485 (n.); excuse for neglect of, 485 (n.); result of their neg- lect of their duties, 484, 485 (n.); case of the Trent, 485 (n.); responsibility of captor's government for, by its commis- sioned cruisers, 479, 483 (n.); claim of U. States against Denmark for, 494; Prus- sian commission in 1753 to re-examine the British decisions, 492; decisions of British courts reviewed under treaty of 1794, 493; ransom of, 505; suits on, 507; vessels chased into neutral terri- tory and there captured, 522; claim on account of violation of neutrality, to be sanctioned by neutral State, 525; in case of attempted breach of blockade, 667 et seq. (n.) (see Blockade), case of the Cagliari, 688, 689 (n.); after treaty, 718 (n.); indemnity treaty for, 495 (n.). Carolina, Case of the, 639 (n.). Caroline, Case of the, 526, 527 (n.), 642 (n.).
Cartel in war, 320, 329, 430.
Casaregis, Discursus Legalis de Commer- cio, 523.
Cass on abolition of commercial block- ades, 671, 672 (n.).
Cassius, Le (previously Les Jumeaux), history of the case of, 544 et seq. (n.). Castlereagh, circular despatch, 95 (n.); minutes on the Affairs of Spain, 96. Ceremonial, Maritime, 237.
Cession, of Louisiana, 279; right to make, 712.
Chargé d'Affaires, Official relations of to the government where accredited, 295.
Charles et George, Case of the, 154 (n.). Charleston, Blockade of, 671 (n.); obstruc- tion of the harbor of, 429 (n.); cor- respondence concerning, between "Mr. Seward, Earl Russell, and Lord Lyons, 429 (n.).
Charlotte, Judgment in the case of the, 621 (n.).
Chesapeake, Sketch of the case of the, 521 et seq. (n.); questions and principles of, 523, 524 (n.).
China, Diplomatic relations with, 22; ju- dicial powers of commissioners and consuls of U. States in, 178. Chitty, Law of Nations, 382, 502. Cicero, De Republica, 18, 30; definition of enemy, 58; offices, 452. Citizens, Stockbridge Indians made, of the U. States, 59; rights of, of one German State in others, 69.
Civil war, conduct of outside nations in, 34, 40; recognition of belligerent rights in, distinguished from acknowledgment of independence, 34, 40; declaration of independence in, 33, 39; belligerent rights of parties in, 35, 40 (see Belli- gerent rights in civil war); question of actual existence of, 35 (n.); if it be recognized, the ports of insurgents may be blockaded, 36 (n.); acknowledgment of independence, or appointment of con- suls, in, not cause of war, 40; courts follow the executive in, 41; conduct of foreign nations with reference to the de facto revenue laws and commercial reg- ulations of the insurgents, 41 (n.); rules and tests for such conduct, 41, 42 (n.) (see Independence, recognition of); re cognition of the Netherlands, 42 (n.); of the English Commonwealth, 42 (n.); of the Orange dynasty, 42 (n.); of the North American provinces, 42 (n.); of Louis Philippe in 1830, the Republic in 1848, and the Empire in 1852, 43 (n.); of the South American Republics, 43 (n.); of Texas, 44 (n.); conduct of the U. States with reference to Hungary in 1849, 45 et seq. (n.); of the dynasty of Braganza, 42 (n.); intervention in Greek treaty, 113; mediation of foreign nations, 120; parliamentary debate, in 1835, on intervention in Spain, 124; recognizing revolutionary government in, 291; distinction between popular commotion, sedition, insurrection, and,
374; both parties in, entitled to rights of war, 374 (n.). Civil war in the U. States, correspond-
ence between Mr. Adams and Earl Rus- sell, in 1865, on the recognition by Great Britain of belligerent rights in the rebel States, 37, 38 (n.); theory of the seces- sion party, 83 (n.); slavery formed in the main the test of disloyalty in, 83 (n.); ground taken by the government in, 83 (n.); organization of the Con- federate States, 83 (n.); Constitution, 83, 84 (n.); course of the U. States Government, 84 (n.), at the surrender of the last armies of the rebels, 84 (n.), towards individuals, 84 (n.); suspension of habeas corpus, 84 (n.); status of the rebellious portions of the country, after the close of the rebellion, 85 (n.); re- sult of the rebellion as affecting the construction of the Constitution of the U. States, and the supremacy of the gov- ernment, 85, 86 (n.); Russian offer of mediation in, 121 (n.); French ditto, 121 (n.); trial of the crew of the Sa- vannah, 196 (n.); trial of Smith, 197 (n.) (see Rebels as Pirates, 196 et seq.); (the proclamations of the Queens of England and Spain and of the French Emperor in 1861, 198, 199 (n.); the case of the Golden Rocket, burned by the rebel cruiser Florida, 199 (n.); de- cisions of the U. States Courts, 199 (n.); belligerent powers exercised in, 374 et seq. (n.); what it in fact was, 874 (n.); initiatory acts of the rebels in, 374 (n.); proclamations of foreign powers recognizing the existence of war, 375 (n.); blockade maintained by the U. States, 375 (n.); action of the prize courts, 375 (n.); in the case of the Amy Warwick, 375, 376 (n.); case of the Hiawatha, 376 (n.); decision of the Supreme Court that no special Act of Congress was necessary to enable the President to declare the blockade, 376 (n.); exercise of belligerent rights by U. States cruisers, 377 (n.); principles followed by the prize courts, 377 (n.); | a corresponding system adopted on land, 377 (n.); case of Walter W. Smith, 377 (n.); of the crew of the Savannah, 377 (n.); Earl Russell's letter on confisca- tion in, 389 (n.); confiscation by the rebels of all property of alien enemies, 393 (n.), by the U. States of rebel prop- erty on the ground of domicil only, 417 (n.); orders concerning abuse of flags of truce, 430 (n.); orders respect- ing non-combatants, 481 (n.); emanci- pation of slaves in, 440 (n.); nature of this act, 441 (n.); slaves emancipated, serving in the army and captured, re- quired to be treated as prisoners of war, 442 (n.); privateers fitted out by the
rebels but not by the U. States, 456 (n.); questions as to rights of rebel captors of prizes, arising in, 487 (n.); case of the Chesapeake, 521 et seq. (n.); discussed, 523, 524 (n.); British rules for belli- gerent vessels in her waters during, 525 (n.); capture of the Florida in neutral waters, 528 (n.); questions of neutrality arising in, between England and the U. States, 567 et seq. (n.); case of the Alexandra, 567 et seq. (n.); criticisms on this case, 569 (n.); opinions of the judges therein, 569, 570 (n.); the fitting out of rebel privateers in English ports, 571 (n.); the Oreto or Florida, 571 (n.); the Georgia or Japan, the Rappahan- nock, the Shenandoah or Sea King, the Pampero or Canton, 572 (n.); the rams of the Messrs. Laird, 573 (n.) (see also mention of all these cases in the follow- ing correspondences); correspondence between Mr. Adams and Earl Russell at the close of the war, 574 et seq. (n.), between Mr. Adams and the Earl of Clarendon, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of these correspondences, 579, 580 (n.); questions arising under the doctrine of "free ships, free goods," and the Dec- laration of Paris of 1856, 612, 613 (n.); case of the Trent, 637 et seq. (n.) (see the Trent); Mr. Seward's instructions concerning mails, &c., 660, 661 (n.); blockade of Charleston, 671 (n.); noti- fication of blockade in, 681-83 (n.). Clarendon, Earl of, correspondence with Mr. Adams, at close of civil war in U. States, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of this, 579, 580 (n.).
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, Debates in U. States on construction of, 104, 105 (n.). Closter-Seven, Capitulation of, 500. Coast, definition of, extent of the terms, "coast" or "shore," 256; as construed in the case of the Washington, 351 (n.); extent of neutral jurisdiction along, 529. Cocceius, De Jure Belli inter Amicos, 404; what persons should be considered domi- ciled in an enemy's country, 404. Cochrane, Admiral, letter announcing re- taliatory measures by wasting towns and districts on coast of U. States, 441. Collegium Fecialium among the Romans, 499.
Colonial trade, rule of 1756, 663; revived in French Revolution, 666. Colony, asserting its independence, how considered by other States, 39; recog- nition of its independence by foreign States, 41.
Comity, principles of as to foreign laws, 134-36; as to remedies, 136 (n.) (see Conflict of Laws).
Commercen, Case of the, 664 (n.). Compositive States, what, 65. Concepcion, La, Case of, 553 (n.).
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