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necessary to add a few more officers to the present force of that province as soon as they are available and also to establish a section of the information division there before conditions be satisfactory.

Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor deserves great credit for the generally satisfactory conditions obtaining in his district. The following is from his report dated December 15, 1903:

The past six months have been by far the most peaceful of any like period in the twenty months of my service in the third constabulary district. The period of lawlessness which always follows a state of war is at an end. Crime is no longer attributable to seditious or treasonable motives, but to the inborn characteristic of the native to prey upon his neighbor for gain, revenge, or love of adventure. As the higher crimes become less and the natives living under the influence of civilization seek to once more follow peaceful pursuits the savages appear again, as before the war, to prey upon the property and lives of the lowland people.

The trials, convictions, and hangings of the past few months for crimes committed during the year have been a great factor in hastening peaceful conditions and bringing doubtful people to the side of the Government. The element for peace, encouraged by beneficent laws and their impartial execution, is wonderfully strengthened, as shown by the increased assistance given the peace officers in ferreting out criminals and the interest taken in public schools established by the Government.

Twenty months ago armed insurrection or brigandage was flourishing in Samar, Leyte, Negros and Panay. Outbreaks occurred in Surigao and Cebu within a year. At this writing all insurrection with its aftermath of lawlessness has ceased and the brigandage which terrorized Negros and Panay is now confined to a very small section of the province of Iloilo. These thieves are now forced to live entirely in the mountains and have recently threatened towns across the mountains in Antique Province.

Other events worthy of note are Major Borseth's (Philippines constabulary) discovery of a new Pulajan movement in Leyte and the capture of the leaders; the murder of a number of people in western Capiz by savages from the mountains; the partial burning of the town of Córdoba, Iloilo Province, by a band of carabao thieves. The latter was caused by the refusal of one native to give up his carabao and his vigorous defense of his home. The thieves set fire to his house and others burned with it. The ordinary native house is worth about one-sixth the price of a carabao, and as this man saved his carabao in the confusion he is the gainer.

With the decadence of lawlessness, the constabulary can give more attention to the theoretical instruction of its members and the municipal police. The administration of the organization has improved wonderfully in the past six months but we yet have to complain of a lack of a sufficient number of qualified officers.

FOURTH DISTRICT (ILOCANO).

Headquarters, Vigan, I. S., Maj. J. S. GARWOOD, Commanding.

This district includes the three coast Ilocano provinces, the Cagayan River provinces, and the mountain provinces (Abra, Lepanto-Bontoc and Benguet) of north Luzon. While the dominant dialect is Ilocano, there are scores of others, including Tunguiane, Igorote, Calinga, Ibanag, Ifugoo, etc. One of the chief duties of the constabulary in this district is of an educational nature. An effort is being made to establish posts in the most remote important rancherías and gradually to enlist men, some of whom have rarely seen a white man, with a view to making them maintain order among themselves and by associating individuals of hostile headhunters in the constabulary ranks bring about peace between warring rancherías. The field is large and may require, depending upon the degree to which the measure is carried, considerable numbers of constabulary.

The renegade and bandit Vister, who led the disturbances in the Ilocano Provinces nearly a year ago, was recently run down and killed by the constabulary of Bataan.

The following is from Major Garwood's report, dated September 30, 1903:

Conditions in the district as to peace and tranquility are excellent. There is no band of armed ladrones at large in the district. Cattle thieving, however, is very common in some of the provinces, but it is being rapidly eradicated. State of the constabulary as to drill and efficiency good. Efficiency of officers also good.

The province of Cagayan is absolutely free from bands of armed ladrones, and indications would also denote it to be free from any plotting against the present established government, in spite of frequent long reports received from different sources to the contrary. There are, however, not a few people numbered among the "principale" class (even including, in some instances, municipal officials) who seem to have an organization perfected for the stealing and making away with horses, carabaos, and stock of all sort, which forms the principal possession of the masses all have the interior ranches and settlements. These high-toned ladrones, who residing in humble servants to do their bidding under cover of the night, have been making way with cattle, carabaos, and horses to an alarming extent during the past

year.

As to the report of secret Katipunan and secret societies in the Cagayan Valley, I believe the only secret organization at present is a lodge of "entered apprentice masons," working under a charter from the "Grand Orient of France." They meet at regular intervals in Tuguegarao, but there are only a few members. This is simply the revival of an old lodge which existed during Spanish times, but which was suppressed by the Spanish Government in 1896. The "Grand Orient of France," as a grand lodge, is not recognized by the Masons of the world. The rites, however, are undoubtedly very nearly the same, and nearly all the Masonic lodges in the Philippines prior to American occupation originated from this grand lodge. It is not thought by the district chief that this small lodge of "entered apprentices" has any Katipunan adjunct or auxiliary. All societies of this sort are watched very closely by the constabulary.

The attitude of the "Calinga" tribes in the Cagayan Valley is very peculiar. They are a wild people, and desert their ranches at the approach of strangers. They are in open enmity with the Ilocanos and the inhabitants of the Cagayan Valley called "Ibanags.' There is one ranch, Tubug, distant about 25 miles from Tuguegarao, which is the only "Calinga" settlement besides that of Baua which can be visited. The most serious disturbance in Ilocos Norte during the quarter was the attempted organization of a new Katipunan association in and around the town of Paoay by a native of Tarlac named Valentin Butardo. The existence of the society was disclosed by Gavino Omayang, lieutenant of the barrio of Piaz, of the pueblo of Paoay, who, on the 6th of July, informed Corporal Quintos, in charge of the constabulary detachment at Badoc, that such a society was organizing in Paoay. Corporal Quintos left for Paoay at once with 8 men, arriving there about 2 o'clock p. m., and he and his followers, together with the municipal police of the town, arrested in all about 60 members of the new association that afternoon. The senior inspector arrived at Paoay early the next morning, and from the 6th to the 25th of July, 161 members of this society were arrested by the constabulary and the police. Butardo, with a few of his most devoted followers, succeeded in escaping to the mountains where they were pursued by a force of constabulary, while other detachments, with the municipal police, watched the different adjoining towns. Butardo, however, and his 5 companions, tired of living without food, and being constantly pursued in the mountains, came in and surrendered at Paoay on the 15th. At that time only two other important men remained to be captured, and the capture of these two men was effected on the 25th. Among the papers captured were lists of the members of the society, bearing 176 names signed in blood. All members of the society had a scar on the right arm just below the elbow, being a slight incision made half an inch long, probably with a knife, dagger, or other sharp instrument, from which blood was taken from each man with which to sign his name. In the investigations made by Judge Wislezenus, who was at Laoag at that time, it was clearly shown that most of these men had been forced into the organization through threats of death, most of them being of the lowest workingman class. Of the 161, 107 were released by the judge and the remaining 54 were held for trial by the court of first instance. These men were tried by a special session of the court, which began August 20, 1903, with the result that 17 were convicted, receiving from one to seven years' sentences.

Conditions in Isabela are very good. There is no organized band of ladrones in the province. There is an American deserter, however, in hiding in the mountains. He was a trumpeter in the Sixteenth Infantry and was persuaded to desert by insurgent sympathizers in Echague. He is reported as being very young, little more

than a boy, and comrades of his who knew him in the regiment describe him as being of a very quiet and harmless nature. Efforts have been made in the past to capture him, but he is undoubtedly screened by one or two ex-insurgent officers. It is only a matter of time, however, when he will be captured, as renewed efforts to that end have been instituted.

FIFTH DISTRICT (MORO).

[Headquarters, Zamboanga; Col. J. G. HARBORD, commanding.]

This district includes, besides the Moro Province with its five districts of Zamboanga, Lanao, Cottabato, Davao, and Sulu, the two regularly organized provinces of Misamis and Surigao. The four scout companies of these two provinces have since last report been turned back to the division commander, leaving the maintenance of order therein to the constabulary.

The governor of the Moro Province does not yet wish constabulary organized in the Lake Lanao region, the Cottabato country, or the island of Jolo of the Sulu district. Constabulary is being organized as rapidly as expedient for part of the Sulu district and for the districts of Zamboanga and Davao. The recent field work around Lanao and in Jolo under orders of General Wood, involving considerable losses to the Moros, have been duly reported by the proper authorities. The use of Moros, Manobos, and other semicivilized elements of Mindanao and neighboring islands as constabulary will largely follow the policy outlined for the Igorotes, Calingas, etc., of north central The least tractable and likewise the least amenable to law will be the Moros, who, though they may be ethnographically of the same stock as some of the other tribes mentioned, are possessed of a creed intolerant of any other. The officers sent to Colonel Harbord to effect the important work required in that district are as a rule men of considerable experience and judgment, and I do not doubt that results will be satisfactory. Patience will be a valuable asset in the solution of problem. Progress so far is very satisfactory. Colonel Harbord reports as follows:

On my arrival here I reported to the governor of the Moro province, and was informed by him that he did not desire a constabulary organized for the present in the Lanao and Cottabato districts nor on the island of Sulu. As under Act 787 of the Philippine Commission the governor controls the use and directs the movements of the constabulary of the Moro province, this statement was considered sufficient authority for deferring, as far as those districts are concerned, the organization of the constabulary directed to be made by section 21 of the act referred to. Officers were assigned as fast as they arrived to the districts of Zamboanga, Davao, and Sulu (Siassi). They were instructed to take sufficient time to obtain the best men in their respective districts; to familiarize themselves with the people, topography, and principal dialect of their territory; to avoid giving offense in the matter of the Moslem religion, and to establish harmonious relations with all officials, civil and military, in their districts. After consultation with the governor of the Moro province it was decided that the constabulary of Zamboanga should be mixed Christian and Mohammedan; that of Sulu purely Mohammedan; that of Davao principally of the pagan tribes, there being few Moros in Davao, and the Visayans there not being desirable recruits. This is being carried out. The Moslem will not mess with the Filipino and dislikes being associated with him, and the feeling is reciprocated. This race prejudice, however, is not unconquerable, as Mohammedan, Buddhist, Confucian, and Christian Filipino amalgamate in the constabulary of Borneo. For the present this is not being attempted here, and the different stations are to be garrisoned, respectively, by one race or the other. This facilitates messing, and will be for the interest of the service until discipline and loyalty to his new corps and officers takes the place with the Moro of the allegiance heretofore rendered to his hereditary chiefs. The objection of the Moslem to wearing a hat with a brim was met by authority of the chief of constabulary for the use in the constabulary of the Moro Province of a

red fez with black tassel. The Moro is proud to wear that, and the result is a very distinctive and attractive uniform. The Filipino soldier masters his drill more quickly than the Moro, having seen more of Spanish and United States soldiers, but in the opinion of the undersigned has not the force or physique of the latter-an opinion dissented from by some experienced constabulary officers on duty here. The Moro has thus far been quiet, contented with his fare and surroundings, evidently anxious to learn and please his officers. Any race drilled and disciplined and properly led by white officers will make good soldiers, and the Moro is no exception. It may be doubted if he will make as good an individual policeman as the more sprightly Filipino, but for a long time the constabulary of the Moro province will be soldiers acting in bodies rather than as individual policemen effecting arrests in a civilized land. Their absolute illiteracy will be the greatest drawback to their usefulness as policemen. Less than half a dozen Moros now in service can read and write. Schools to teach them have been established at each station.

The constabulary of Misamis is demoralized from the dishonest administration of the two officers who deserted on September 27. An officer of character and experience has been assigned there and the force is regaining its lost efficiency and reputation. There is very little outlawry there, and the same quiet prevails in Surigao. The natives of these two provinces are very poor material for the constabulary, being lazy, unclean, and without ambition.

Messes have been established at each station in this district. By authority of the chief of constabulary a deduction of 6 pesos is made from the monthly pay of each soldier to pay for his mess. Any balance constitutes a mess fund for the constabulary of the province, accounted for by the senior inspector, subject to inspection and expendable for the good of the men on authority of this office. All enlisted constabulary are required to eat at this mess. The results have thus far been satisfactory. Four companies of Philippine Scouts on duty with the civil government in Mindanao when the district was established were returned to the military authorities early in October, the constabulary being equal to the situation.

The following tabulation shows the strength of the district and the stations occupied, excluding attached men from other places, of which there are 39:

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It is believed that the proportion of officers to the Moro constabulary should be greater than in other parts of the Archipelago; that officers should be transferred between provinces as seldom as may be compatible with other interests, in order that knowledge of the country and of the dialect may be utilized. A thorough acquaintance with the vernacular should be a requisite for the promotion of American officers.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SUPPLY OFFICER.

[Headquarters Manila; Col. David J. Baker, jr., in charge.]

I know of no position in any military organization to which falls greater responsibility and work in connection with its successful operation than to this office. It not only involves the purchase, accounta

bility, transportation, and distribution of all supplies-quartermaster, commissary, ordnance, funds, medicines, and telegraph property-but it deals largely with estimates and policies connected with constabulary material. Colonel Baker has responded most efficiently to the important demands of a rapidly developing office on which the success and rational economy of the constabulary will in a great measure be founded. Great progress has been made in this work since my last report.

A further step in the direction of efficiency will be effected January 1, when the new regulations authorizing a ration for the constabulary become effective and operative. The pay of enlisted men will be diminished by $7 insular currency per month and a ration-in kind, in money, or both-will be furnished. The estimated first cost of the ration is 21 cents insular currency per diem, or $6.30 per month. The apparent saving of 70 cents per month herein will pay the transportation. The following order shows the operation of this new system:

GENERAL ORDERS,
No. 94.

}

HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINES CONSTABULARY,
Manila, P. I., January 1, 1904.

I. Except in the headquarters troop, the exposition battalion, the band, and the medical and telegraph divisions, the number of first-class privates in the constabulary of any province or unit will not exceed 20 per cent of the total number of privates authorized for that province or unit.

II. The monthly pay of every enlisted man of whatever grade, length of service, province, or unit is reduced by 7 pesos Philippine currency, except he be a bandsman or a telegraph operator.

III. (a) Every enlisted man, except he be a bandsman or a telegraph operator, will be given a daily allowance for subsistence of 21 centavos Philippine currency. This allowance may be given in cash, food, or part in each, depending on how the soldier is circumstanced-whether traveling under orders, on campaign, or in garrison.

(b) Senior inspectors are charged with requisitioning, disbursing, and accounting for subsistence funds.

(c) They may obtain these funds on the 1st, or on the 1st and 15th, or on the 1st, 10th, and 20th of each. month for the thirty, or fifteen, or ten succeeding days from their supply officers, giving to the latter receipts in triplicate properly accomplished on the form "Receipt of subsistence funds."

(d) The supply officer will inclose the original receipt to the auditor as a voucher to his disbursing account current, file the duplicate, and mail the triplicate at once to his district headquarters.

(e) The senior inspector will disburse these funds only on receipt-ration checks. Those paid are the vouchers to the "return of subsistence funds," which each senior inspector will mail before the 10th of the month following that which it covers direct to his district headquarters.

(f) Books of ration checks will be furnished by the district supply officers through the senior inspectors to all station and detachment commanders, and such other officers as senior inspectors may elect. The district supply officer will exact memorandum receipts of the senior inspectors, and they in turn will require them of the officers to whom they issue the books. When all checks have been used, or the officer no longer requires a book, it will be returned to the senior inspector, who may reissue those that still contain checks. From the stubs each officer who has issued checks during the month will, on the last day thereof, fill out and mail to his senior inspector the form "Report of purchases." The latter will note in red ink those entries that have been paid by him, make record of those still outstanding, and inclose all the reports with his "return of subsistence funds" to his district headquarters.

(g) Unit commanders will perform the duties imposed on senior inspectors; the commanding officers of the Exposition Battalion and of the Headquarters Troop forward their "returns of subsistence funds" to constabulary headquarters; the medical inspectors in charge of hospitals forward theirs to the superintendent of the medical division; station and detachment commanders prevented by distance or uncertain transportation from dealing with their senior inspectors forward their returns direct to district headquarters, when directed from district headquarters.

WAR 1903-VOL 7--10

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