these places had resumed their normal aspect. The second night's operation, so far as the navy was concerned, differed in no wise from the first, precisely the same routine being adhered to. The last troops left the front trenches at 1:30 A. M., and the signal that the evacuation was complete was received at 4:15 A. M. at Anzac and 5:39 A. M. at Suvla. A large mine was exploded at about 3:15 A. M. by the Australians, and at Suvla all perishable stores which had not been taken off and which were heaped up in large mounds with petrol poured over them were fired at 4 A. M., making a vast bonfire, which lighted everything round for a very long distance. In spite of all this, the enemy seemed perfectly unaware of what had taken place. As day dawned, soon after 6:30, the anchorages of both places were clear of all craft, except the covering squadrons, which had been ordered up during the night, and when the sun had sufficiently risen for objects to be made out, the bombardment of the beaches commenced with the object of destroying everything that remained. At Suvla this consisted only of some water tanks and four motor lighters, which had been washed ashore in the gale of Nov. 28 and never recovered, owing principally to lack of time. At Anzac it had been deemed inadvisable to set a light to the stores which it had been found impossible to embark, so that here the bombardment was more severe, and large fires were started by the bursting shell. Admiral Wemyss continues:

A curious spectacle now presented itself, certain areas absolutely clear of troops being subjected to a heavy shell fire from our own and the enemy's guns. It seems incredible that all this work had taken place without the enemy becoming aware of our object, for, although the utmost care was taken to preserve the beaches and offing as near as possible normal, yet it proved quite impracticable to get up boats and troop carriers in sufficient time to carry out the night's work, and yet for them not to have been visible from some parts of the peninsula. At 7:25 A. M. I ordered the squadron to return to Kephalo, leaving two specially protected cruisers to watch the area. These subsequently reported that they had caused a good deal of damage among the enemy when they eventually swarmed down to take possession of the loot, the realization of which, I trust,

was a great disappointment to them. All the arrangements were most admirably carried out, and the time table previously laid down was adhered to exactly.

Before closing this dispatch I would like to emphasize the fact that what made this operation so successful, apart from the kindness of the weather and of the enemy, was the hearty co-operation of both services. The evacuation forms an excellent example of the cordial manner in which the navy and army have worked together during these last eight months. Nothing could have exceeded the courtesy of Generals Sir William Birdwood, Sir Julian Byng, and Sir Alexander Godley, and their respective staffs, and this attitude was typical of the whole army. The traditions of the navy were fully maintained, the seamanship and resource displayed reaching a very high standard. From the commanding officers of men-of-war, transports, and large supply ships to the midshipmen in charge of steamboats and pulling boats off the beaches, all did well.

Admiral de Robeck's Report

In the final operations, described by Vice Admiral de Robeck, the weather was not so uniformly favorable. Moreover, the difficulties were increased by the attentions of the enemy, who, however, thanks to the care and skill of our commanders, remained in entire ignorance of what was afoot.

Forty-eight hours before the evacuation was completed the number of men remaining on the peninsula was to be cut down to 22,000. Of these 7,000 were to embark on the last night but one, leaving 15,000 for the final night. At the request of the military the latter number was increased to 17,000. As few guns as possible were to be left to the final night, and arrangements were made to destroy any of these which it might be found impossible to remove, or which, by reason of their condition, were considered not worth removing.

The preliminary stage commenced on the night of Dec. 30-31, and terminated on the night of Jan. 7-8. During this stage all personnel except 17,000 were removed, as well as the majority of the guns and a great quantity of animals, stores, &c. The amount of stores remaining on shore after the preliminary stage was greater than was anticipated or intended; this was almost entirely due to the unfavorable weather conditions, and, as men were evacuated, to a shortage in working parties.

On Jan. 2 and 3 strong northeasterly winds blew all day; the morning of the 4th was calm, but the weather broke at 7 P. M., and by 11 P. M. it was blowing a gale. The transfer of guns, animals, and stores, &c., from motor lighters to transports and supply ships lying off the beaches was a matter of great difficulty under such conditions of weather.

Working Under Heavy Fire

All

During the whole of this period "V" and "W" beaches were subjected to a heavy and accurate shell fire from the enemy's batteries mounted on the Asiatic shore, and also from guns firing from positions to north of Achi Baba. these guns were accurately registered on to the beaches, and the shelling continued day and night at frequent and uncertain intervals; that the actual loss of life from this fire was very small borders on the miraculous; the beach parties were completely exposed, and piers and foreshore constantly hit by shells while officers and men were working on them; even when resting in the dugouts security from enemy's fire could not be assured, and several casualties occurred under these conditions. The work on the beaches was practically continuous; during the daytime motor lighters, &c., were loaded up with stores, &c., to be transferred to storeships at night; by night the work was most strenuous.

During the whole time there remained

the paramount necessity of preventing the enemy gaining intelligence of what was in progress; this added greatly to the difficulties of work during daylight. Enemy aircraft paid frequent visits to the peninsula; on these occasions, while the "Taube" was in evidence, animals and transports approaching the beaches were turned and marched in the opposite direction, and stores and horses already in lighters were even unloaded on to the beaches to give the appearance of a disembarkation.

On the afternoon of the 7th the enemy delivered a very heavy artillery attack against certain portions of our advanced position, probably the most intense bombardment our trenches in the Helles area have ever been subjected to. Attempts were made by the enemy to follow up

this bombardment by an infantry attack, but the few Turks who could be persuaded to quit their trenches were instantly shot down, and the infantry advance was a complete failure. This bombardment and attack most fortunately took place at a time when our forward position was fully manned, and when there were still about sixty guns in position on the peninsula, with a very large supply of ammunition.

Embarkation Difficulties

The enemy was certainly deceived as to the date of our final departure from his shores, and his artillery fore on the final night of the evacuation was negligible.

The decision arrived at on Jan. 6 to evacuate practically all the personnel of the final night from "W" and "V" beaches necessitated some rearrangement of plans, as some 5,000 additional troops had to be embarked from these beaches. To use motor lighters from the already crowded piers would have lengthened the operation very considerably, and it was therefore decided to employ destroyers to embark 5,200 men from the blockships, which were fitted with stagings and connected to the shore; thus existing arrangements would be interfered with as little as possible. The result was excellent. The destroyers, which were laid alongside the blockships, in spite of a nasty sea, being handled with great skill by their commanding officers, once more showing their powers of adaptability.

The necessary amendments to orders were issued on the morning of the 7th, and, in spite of the short notice given, the naval operations on the night of Jan. 8-9 were carried out without confusion or delay, a fact which reflects great credit on all concerned, especially on the beach personnel, who were chiefly affected by the change of plan. On the 8th the weather was favorable, except that the wind was from the south; this showed no signs of freshening at 5 P. M., and orders were given to carry out the final stage. The actual embarkation on the 8th commenced at 8 P. M., and the last section were to commence embarking at 6:30 A. M. By 9 P. M. the wind had fresh

ened considerably, still blowing from the south; a slight sea got up, and caused much inconvenience on the beaches.

A floating bridge at "W" beach commenced to break up, necessitating arrangements being made to ferry the last section of the personnel to the waiting destroyers. At Gully beach matters were worse, and, after a portion of the 700 troops had been embarked in motor lighters and sent off to his Majesty's ship Talbot, it was found impossible to continue using this beach, (one motor lighter was already badly on shore-she was subsequently destroyed by gunfire,) and orders were given for the remainder of the Gully beach party to embark from "W" beach; this was done without confusion, special steps having been taken by the beachmaster to cope with such an eventuality. After a temporary lull the wind again increased, and by 3 A. M. a very nasty sea was running into "W" beach.

It was only by the great skill and determination displayed by the beach personnel that the embarkation was brought to a successful conclusion and all the small craft except one steamboat (damaged in collision) got away in safety. The last troops were leaving at 3:45 A. M., after which the beach personnel embarked. Great difficulty was experienced in getting the last motor lighters away, owing to the heavy seas running into the harbor.

This was unfortunate, as the piles of stores which it had been found impossible to take off, and which were prepared for burning, were lit perhaps rather sooner than was necessary, as were also the fuses leading to the magazine. The latter blew up before all the boats were clear, and I regret to report caused the death of one of the crew of the hospital barge, which was among the last boats to leave. It was fortunate that more casualties were not caused by the explosion, débris from which fell over and around a great many boats.

Operations a Complete Success

Admiral de Robeck attributes the success of the operations principally to: (a) Excellent staff work.

(b) The untiring energy and skill displayed

by officers and men, both army and navy, comprising the beach parties.

(c) The good seamanship and zeal of the officers and crews of the various craft employed in the evacuation of the troops.

(d) The excellent punctuality of the army in the arrival of the troops for embarkation at the different beaches.

The navy [he continues] has especially to thank Generals Sir William Birdwood and Sir Francis Davies for their forethought and hearty co-operation in all matters. The staff work was above reproach and I hope I may be permitted to mention some of those military officers who rendered special assistance to the navy. They are: Major Gen. the Hon. H. A. Lawrence, Brig. Gen. H. E. Street, and Colonel A. B. Carey, R. E., the latter of whom performed work of inestimable value in the last few days by improving piers and preparing means of rapid embarkation from the blockships.

The program and plans as regards the naval portion of the operations were due to the work of my chief of staff, Commodore Roger J. B. Keyes, to whom too great credit cannot be given; to Captain Francis H. Mitchell, R. N., attached to General Headquarters; Major William W. Godfrey, R. M. L. I., of my staff; Captain Cecil M. Staveley, (principal beach master at Cape Helles ;) Captain F. G. Talbot, in charge of the vessels taking part, and Acting Commander George F. A. Mulock, chief assistant to Captain Staveley.) The organization of the communications, on which so much depended, was very ably carried out by my fleet wireless officer (Commander James F. Somerville) and my signal officer, (Lieutenant Hugh S. Bowlby.) The naval covering squadron was under the command of Rear Admiral Sydney R. Fremantle in his Majesty's ship Hibernia, who had a most able colleague in Captain Douglas L. Dent of his Majesty's ship Edgar, whose ability had done so much to improve the nava gun support to the Helles army. The work of this squadron was conducted with great energy and was in every way satisfactory. controlled to a great extent the enemy's guns firing on to the beaches. Whenever the enemy opened fire, whether by day or night, there were always ships in position to reply, a result which reflects much credit on the officer named. The Army Headquarters gave us again the invaluable assistance and experience of Lieut. Col. C. F. Aspinall in arranging details, and I cannot help laying special stress on this officer's excellent cooperation with my staff on all occasions.

It

M

CONUMENTS destiny.

also have their The Val-de-Grâce, founded or developed by Anne of Austria as a thank offering

to God for the tardy birth of the young Prince who was to become one of the most bellicose Kings of Europe, has long been the structure in Paris devoted especially to curing the ills caused by war. A hospital for soldiers, an advanced school for doctors and military surgeons, the Val-de-Grâce is now the museum where all the most wonderful achievements of science against the murderous weapons of war are exhibited.

Go to the Val-de-Grâce Museum of the Military Health Service, which Justin Godart, Under Secretary of State, took the lead in founding for the instruction of future generations. It will be a visit both stirring and sad, and yet comforting withal. You will be able there to follow the whole history of the war by the sufferings it inflicts and by the remedies, daily growing more efficient, which men of heart and of genius are creating to cure them. Science is fighting desperately to diminish the wickedness of men, and science is often victorious-especially French science. By its extraordinary activity and generosity it has done marvels.

Professor Fernand Widal, speaking of the vast strides of preventive medicine, the results of vaccination against smallpox, typhoid, cholera, which have abolished in this war those terrible epidemics of other wars, said: "Jenner's vaccination: English! Pasteur's vaccination: French!" The great life protecting discoveries have been made on this side of the trench line. Others have tried to dishonor science. Our learned men have

saved its good name. They have persuaded us that, despite all this methodical carnage, one could and should still have faith in a truly humanitarian science. And it is here, in these grave and somewhat melancholy rooms, that the elements of the story have been assembled.

Let it no longer be said that history is only for the entertainment of curious men. These archives gathered here, these reports of Health Service Directors, which intrepid seekers for truth will some day read; these memoirs of army surgeons imprisoned in Germany, these scientific announcements, these photographic documents, in short, this history of the war as seen from within, of war as it really is—in all these we have the materials for volumes yet to be written, and for many future discoveries. Scientists and students, standing before the varied wealth of this anatomicalpathological museum, which exhibits the infinite diversity of lesions produced in the human body by modern engines of war, will hold fruitful discussions.

Marvels of Surgery

But the great masses of the people themselves will be overwhelmed with admiration in the presence of the results already achieved, whether by surgical operations of prodigious daring, or by other still bolder operations through which the surgeons not only repair the broken body, but seem to rebuild it entirely, making of a ruined man a new being, sound, solid, a man with the desire and possibility of action, filled afresh with the love of life. For these savants recreate youth, force, almost happiness. They accomplish resurrections-physical and moral resurrections.