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pacity and undue influence, were urged by contestants why said purported last will and testament and codicils, which favored the widow and her son, should not be admitted to probate. Upon the hearing, however, and upon this appeal, the objections were and are, in substance, reduced to the following: (1) That said original will contained material interlineations and alterations, which avoided it. (2) That after its execution, and in 1896, another will was executed by the testator, which operated as a revocation and annulment of the will proposed. (3) That the first proposed codicil was void and ineffectual, because of failure upon the part of the testator to properly and sufficiently observe the statute governing the execution of wills. (4) That said second purported codicil was not in any proper and sufficient way so connected with or made applicable to the original will as to be admitted as a codicil thereto. We shall consider the objections in the order stated.

The original will did contain two or more material alterations by way of interlineation. These interlineations, however, like the body of the will, are in the handwriting of the testator. An attempt was made by the contestants to demonstrate by the evidence of an expert witness that the ink of the clauses inserted was so different from the ink used in the body of the will as to indicate that the alterations were made at a different and subsequent time from that at which the will itself was written. The proponents, upon the other hand, gave evidence tending to show that the body of the will and the inserted clauses were all written at the same time. The surrogate, both by his findings and by his refusals to find, by implication, at least, adopted the theory of the proponents, and refused to accept that of the contestants that the said interlineations were made after the will had been executed. In view of his findings and refusals to find, and under all of the circumstances of this particular case, we are unwilling to hold or presume that said changes were made in said will after the same had been executed. We think, upon the other hand, that it is more reasonable to assume that the same were made by the testator in the course of the preparation of the instrument, and before its execution. In re Potter's Will (Sup.) 12 N. Y. Supp. 105; Crossman v. Crossman, 95 N. Y. 145.

In support of their claim that the proposed will had been revoked by the acts of the testator, contestants gave evidence tending to prove that he had made another and later will some time in the latter part of the year 1896. The evidence as to the date and details of the execution of this alleged later will was given by the subscribing witnesses thereto. It was not entirely clear and definite in all respects, especially as to the time of execution. It may probably be assumed with safety, however, that such will was made. The acting surrogate, while refusing to find as fully as requested by the contestants upon this subject, has still found somewhat in favor of their claim. This later will was not produced upon the hearing, and no evidence whatever was given as to its contents, except that the witnesses stated that when the testator asked them to witness the will he stated, in substance, that it revoked his other will or wills. Assuming that execution of this last will was proved, we do not think that all of the evidence bearing upon

that subject is sufficient to sustain a finding that thereby the proposed will was revoked. The statute bearing upon that subject provides:

"No will in writing except in the cases hereinafter mentioned or any part thereof shall be revoked or altered otherwise than by some other will in writing or some other writing of the testator declaring such revocation or alteration, and executed with the same formalities with which the will itself was required by law to be executed," etc.

It may also be accepted that a former will may be revoked or annulled by a subsequent one which is thoroughly and radically contradictory of or inconsistent with the provisions of the first one. Both of these rules impose upon the party seeking to establish such a revocation of a former will the burden of showing that the later instrument, either by its express terms or by necessary implication, operated as a revocation. That evidence is wanting in this case. The testimony of the witnesses Gurnee and O'Connell that the testator declared that the will of 1896 revoked his former wills, even if it had been accepted and believed by the acting surrogate, did not furnish sufficient evidence of the contents of the later will to comply with the requirements of the rules adverted to. Even if it should be held that the statement of the testator as to the contents of his will was proper proof, we should hold that the declaration in this case claimed to have been made was nothing more than the expression by the testator of his opinion as to the legal effect of his later act. 1 Jarm. Wills (5th Ed.) p. 338. In re Williams' Will, 34 Misc. Rep. 748, 70 N. Y. Supp. 1055.

We pass finally to the consideration of the two purported codicils to the foregoing will, and in the admission of which to probate the learned acting surrogate, in our judgment, committed error. These two alleged instruments, as before stated, are dated, respectively, February 20, 1898, and November 7, 1898. They are both in the handwriting of the testator. As presented to the court, they were part of a parcel of papers pasted together, and consisting, in the order named, of a communication, covering two sheets of foolscap, addressed by the testator apparently to his son Moses; the later of the purported codicils, covering one page of foolscap; the earlier purported codicil, written upon two pages of distinct sheets of foolscap; the will in question, upon which are found certain detached declarations in the handwriting of the testator, in substance that he had been free from any undue influence, etc. It is urged against the codicil of February 20th that it is invalid, because it does not comply with those provisions of the statute which require a will to be subscribed by the testator at the end thereof. This claim is substantially based upon the fact that, as the codicil was presented in the bunch of papers above described, the final sheet, containing the signature of the testator and the witnessing clause, comes first, while the alleged other and first sheet, containing material provisions, comes last. If we were to assume that the testator designedly and in some effective way executed this purported codicil in the form now presented, with his signature at the commencement instead of at the end thereof, it would be a violation of the requirements of the statute. Upon the other hand, without holding

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it, we may grant for the purposes of this case that, if a will were presented which beyond question had been executed in a valid manner, and in which, by inadvertence, the final sheet, containing the testator's signature, had been transposed to some other place in the order of pages, the court would find it possible to avoid the results of this accident. The objection to this proposed codicil involves more than a mere inadvertent displacement of pages. The question, in our opinion, presented is whether, upon the facts appearing, we should say that the two sheets of paper were legally executed as one codicil, and then, by transposing their position, bring them within the provisions of the statute, and give them the indorsement of regularity and validity. It will be well to consider briefly some of the facts which bear most potently upon the answer to be given to this question. In favor of an affirmative answer thereto, we have the evidence-somewhat indefinite, to be surethat a codicil or will was executed by the testator at the date of this alleged one, that both pages are in the handwriting of the testator, and that there is nothing in the substance of the provisions thereof which prevents them from being read together with intelligible, consistent results; also that the pages are numbered in such order as conforms with proponent's theory, and that by or in behalf of the parties interested in proving the same it is testified that they were found in the order presented to the court in a private box of the testator after his death. As against these considerations it is settled that the mere numbering of pages will not necessarily overcome the other objections. In re Andrews, 162 N. Y. 1, 56 N. E. 529, 48 L. R. A. 662, 76 Am. St. Rep. 294. There is nothing in the handwriting or physical appearance of the two sheets which indicates with any degree of certainty whatever that they were written at the same time, or that they belong together, or that, taken together, they constitute an entire instrument. All of the documents presented to us, although composed at different dates, are in the handwriting of the testator, and therefore the fact that these two sheets are in his handwriting does not tend to prove that they were prepared at the same time. There is nothing in the condition of the paper or the ink which throws any light upon this subject. An inspection readily discloses that either sheet, in the respects specified, bears as close a resemblance to the main will, executed years before, as it does to its alleged companion sheet. While, as stated, there is nothing repugnant in the provisions upon the two sheets, there is, upon the other hand, no such connection in the contents thereof as binds the two together. There is no express reference or statement in either sheet which indicates that it belongs to the other. Upon the contrary, the only statement upon this subject is repellant of such idea or conclusion. In the attestation clause found upon the first sheet in order of physical arrangement is the expression, "the above instrument containing one sheet at the date thereof signed and sealed," etc. In addition there is a lack of connection between the final words upon what we are asked to regard as the first part and the first words upon the alleged second page, which might be readily

cured by an intervening sheet which has now been dropped out. Outside of the present attachment by mucilage, it appears by inspection that the two sheets are entirely distinct, separate, and disconnected. It may be conceded, as strenuously argued by the respondents, that there is no law which fixes the number of sheets upon which a will may be written, or which requires that at the time of execution they be fastened together in any particular way, or in any manner. It must, however, be regarded as well settled that, if a testator desires to execute as a will or codicil several sheets of paper, they must be all present at the time of execution. He cannot have a valid execution based upon the presence of one or two sheets which are thereafter taken elsewhere and attached to others. Neither, if he legally executes several sheets as a complete and single. instrument, can he fail to destroy the validity of the whole, if some of the sheets are subsequently dropped out, and the remaining ones attached together in a purported entire instrument. We have looked in vain through the testimony of the subscribing witnesses to this purported codicil and elsewhere for any evidence which should adequately support the burden imposed upon proponents of establishing by a fair preponderance of reliable evidence that these two sheets of paper were executed together as the entire component parts of one and the same instrument. As against a lack of desirable evidence upon this point, and as against a lack of connection and consistency between the two sheets, we are compelled, if at all, to base a decision that they were executed together as a complete and entire codicil very largely upon the mere fact that they are produced in court years after the date of the alleged execution, pasted together in an unnatural order, and as part of a bundle of miscellaneous documents. We are unwilling to do this. It is possible that they were executed as claimed, and that the will of the testator is being defeated. We think it better, however, that the purpose should fail of one who carelessly or ignorantly has omitted to comply with the very simple provisions covering the execution of wills, than that the door should be opened through which may enter conjecture. and speculation and uncertainty and fraud in other cases to thwart the care and pervert the intentions of those who have with intelligence and pains observed the law upon this subject. There is no difficulty in executing a will in such physical form and shape as will leave no doubt where it begins and ends and what constitutes it. The court should not be required to select from a medley of paper sheets which may or may not be related to each other, transpose and rearrange them, and finally construct for the testator a valid instrument. If a testator chooses to execute his will upon loose, detached sheets, before probate is allowed either the sheets themselves, by their contents or other manifest relationship, or some other competent proof, should adequately establish that they were executed as and constitute a single, entire will. It is urged against the validity of the purported codicil of November 7, 1898, that there is nothing in the codicil itself or in the evidence outside of its mere physical attachment to the will in question, to show that it had rela78 N.Y.S.-3

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tion to such will. This is true. So far as the codicil discloses upon its face, it might have had relation to the will probated, or to any one of the several others which the testator is said to have executed; at least one of them coming in point of time between this codicil and the will now proposed. There is nothing in the evidence of the subscribing witnesses which establishes this connection, and therefore, in the case of this instrument, the question is presented whether a sheet of paper executed as a codicil, in the absence of all other evidence, is to be held to relate to and change a prior will simply because, when presented to the court, it is one of the same bundle of papers as said will. We do not think we should so hold. We think it is not going too far to hold that a purported codicil to a will, either by reference in the body thereof to such will or by other convincing evidence, must be shown to relate to the will as against which it is offered in probate.

The conclusions reached by us as heretofore expressed render it unnecessary to consider the various objections to evidence urged by appellants.

These views lead us to the conclusion that the decree appealed from should be affirmed in so far as it admits to probate the will of February 6, 1894, and should be reversed in so far as it admits to probate the two codicils of February 20, 1898, and November 7, 1898, respectively. It is possible that upon a new hearing as to said codicils further evidence may be produced bearing upon the objections. now urged to their probate.

Decree of surrogate's court affirmed in so far as it admits to probate the last will and testament, dated February 5, 1894, and reversed in so far as it admits to probate the two purported codicils thereto, dated, respectively, February 20, 1898, and November 7, 1898, and proceedings remitted to surrogate's court of Livingston county for a new hearing and such further proceedings as to said codicils as may be proper. All concur, except ADAMS, P. J., not voting, and SPRING, J., who dissents as to that part which reverses the surrogate's decree as to codicil.