eration thereof he "doth assign, transfer, grant, and set over and deliver, at the time of the delivery hereof, unto the said party of the second part, two thousand (2,000) shares of the preferred capital stock of the Phoenix Horseshoe Company of Illinois, and the certificate thereof, numbered thirteen (13)." On April 8th, Miller and Miss Tefft entered into another agreement, stated to be in duplicate, wherein, "in consideration of the intended intermarriage of the parties," Miss Tefft "doth assign, transfer, grant, and set over unto" Miller "two thousand (2,000) shares of the preferred capital stock of the Phoenix Horseshoe Company of Illinois, and the certificate thereof, numbered (13)," upon the trust

"To invest and reinvest the same in the purchase of real or personal property, and to change the investments as he may, in his discretion, subject to the approval of the said party of the first part [Miss Tefft], think most advantageous, free from any limitations or restrictions prescribed by law relative to the kind of investments allowed for trust funds, and to receive, appropriate, and apply to the mutual use of the parties to these presents the Interest and income arising therefrom during the joint lives of said parties. Upon the death of either of the parties hereto, the trust hereby created shall terminate and come to an end; and in case the party of the first part should first die, leaving the party of the second part [Miller] surviving her, the said property hereinabove granted and assigned, and the investments representing the same, shall thereupon become and be the absolute property of the party of the second part, freed from all trusts and conditions whatsoever; and in case the party of the second part should first die, leaving the party of the first part surviving him, then and in that case the said property, and the said investments representing the same, shall revert to the said party of the first part, and she hereby reserves the same in that event to herself, in absolute ownership, free from all trusts and conditions whatsoever. Said party of the second part, in consideration of the premises, and of the sum of one dollar to him in hand paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, does hereby acknowledge the delivery to him of the preferred stock and the certificate therefor within described, and does accept the same upon and subject to the trusts hereinbefore specified, and hereby agrees to hold, use, manage, and account for the said property, and the investments representing the same, subject to the terms, conditions, and provisions hereinbefore recited."

The parties have stipulated in the record that Mr. Miller and Miss Tefft were married on April 8th, subsequently to the execution of said instruments; that Miller died on January 19, 1901, leaving a will dated January 17, 1900, which has been admitted to probate by the surrogate of the county of Dutchess. The will contained the following provision:

"Second. Whereas, I have heretofore set apart and transferred to my wife, Gertrude Benchley Miller, two thousand (2,000) shares of the capital stock of the Phenix Horseshoe Company of Illinois, of the par value of two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000), which stock I now hold under a certain deed of trust executed by my said wife to use [sic], bearing date the 7th day of April, 1893, I do hereby reaffirm the said transfer, and do give and bequeath all the right, title, and interest I may have, if any, in and to the said two thousand (2,000) shares of stock, and in and to all the property in which the same may stand invested under the said trust deed at the time of my death, to my said wife, absolutely."

There is in the record, also, an affidavit by Elisha H. Miller, one of the sons of the testator, and one of the executors of his will, and apparently considered a part of the evidence, in which he says:

and 112 New York State Reporter

"The two thousand shares of the stock of the Phoenix Horseshoe Com

pany, mentioned in the second clause of the will, were transferred by my father to Gertrude B. Tefft by a deed of absolute assignment dated April 7, 1893, in contemplation of his marriage with her. On the following day Gertrude B. Tefft conveyed the said shares to my father by a deed of trust dated April 8, 1893."

This comprises the entire evidence upon which the learned surrogate based the following findings:

"(1) That the transfer by Charles Miller to Gertrude B. Tefft, made on or about April 8, 1893, of two thousand (2,000) shares of the preferred stock of the Phoenix Horseshoe Company, of the par value of $100 per share. was made in contemplation of the death of the said Charles Miller, and was not intended to take effect, in possession or enjoyment, until at and after his death. (2) That the said 2,000 shares of stock referred to, valued at $180,000, or its equivalent, is subject to a transfer tax of one per cent, amounting to $1,800."

As there was no oral, but only documentary, evidence, we are in just as good a position to form an opinion as to the main point on which the decision of the appeal must rest as was the surrogate. He rested his decision absolutely and necessarily upon his finding that the agreements of April 7th and April 8th were contemporaneous, and were made in contemplation of the death of Miller. If the instruments were not parts of the same transaction, and if the transfer of the stock to Miss Tefft on April 7th was a completed transaction, the reasons of the surrogate do not control the situation. In order to an intelligent discussion of the subject, I quote a portion of his opinion:

"No evidence as to the intent of the parties is presented. except such as is contained in the agreements and in the will of Charles Miller. It is evident to me that the agreements were drawn with a view to the situation that has since arisen. The evidence of the second agreement being contemplated when the first was executed, so far as the instruments themselves furnish, is their proximity of execution; the transfer of precisely the same property for the same consideration. It may be reasonably inferred from the character of the property that Mr. Miller would be disinclined to devest himself of all authority over it, and not only lose the value of its influence to him as a stockholder, but make it possible for it to pass into the hands of those who might antagonize his interests. Irrespective of this evidence and inference, I am unable to supply any reason for the execution of the second agree ment before the consideration for the first had become operative, if the second was not in contemplation when the first was executed. Certainly the lapse of a few hours between their execution, if such is the fact, will not suffice to defeat the legislative intent to apply a tax to transfers of personal property made in contemplation of death, or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after such death. The provision in the will Indicates that the testator did not intend to devest himself of the rights of ownership, possession, and enjoyment, which must pass by a transfer to take it without the scope of the act."

His first proposition (and this seems to me to be the crucial point of the whole matter) is that the agreements and transactions of April 7th and April 8th were contemporaneous and parts of one transaction, and were so intended by Miller. Of this he correctly says there is no evidence, except the agreements themselves and the will. This being true, I think the learned surrogate has given reins to his imagination, and has permitted surmise and suspicion to take the place of presumption and legal deduction. As the instruments were executed on different days, the presumption is that they were separate and distinct. See Dechert v. Light Co., 9 App. Div. 573, 41 N. Y. Supp. 692. The instrument of April 8th does not even refer to the transfer of April 7th, and in no sense is conditioned upon it. It must be assumed, in the absence of oral testimony, that the agreement of April 7th was executed and the stock delivered to Miss Tefft on the day of its date; and it appears by the affidavit of the executor that the agreement of April 8th was not executed until the next day after the agreement of April 7th. If this is so, the transaction was a completed transaction of the day of its date, April 7th, and Miss Tefft became the absolute owner of the stock by assignment and delivery. It would not even have been defeated by the death of Miller before the marriage had occurred. Smith v. Allen, 5 Allen, 454, 81 Am. Dec. 758.

It is true that it has been held that, where two instruments are intended to embody a contract between the parties, they must be read and construed together, and the fact that they bear different dates is not material if the contract is not carried into effect until both are executed. Respondent cites Knowles v. Toone, 96 N. Y. 534. In that case a note indorsed by a married woman was presented to the plaintiff for purchase. He refused to purchase until she had answered certain questions. Her written answer was dated three days after the date of the note, and thereupon the plaintiff purchased the note. The court held that the note had no inception until the time of the purchase, and, as this occurred after her written answer, the note and the answer were part of one transaction. But in the present case the transaction of April 7th was a completed sale and transfer of the stock, accompanied by delivery of the certificate on that day.

The state has the burden of proving the facts under which the transfer tax may be imposed. In Re Enston, 113 N. Y. 174, 177, 178, 21 N. E. 87, 3 L. R. A. 464, it was said (Chief Judge Andrews writing):

"The tax imposed by this act is not a common burden upon all the property or upon the people within the state. It is not a general, but a special, tax, reaching only to special cases, and affecting only a special class of persons. The executors in this case do not, therefore, in any proper sense, claim exemption from a general tax or common burden. Their claim is that there is no law which imposes such a tax upon the property in their hands as executors. If they were seeking to escape from general taxation, or to be exempted from a common burden imposed upon the people of the state, generally, then the authorities cited by the learned counsel for the people, to the effect that an exemption thus claimed must be clearly made out, would be applicable. But the executors come into court claiming that the special taxation provided for in the law of 1885 is not applicable to them, or the property which they represent. In such a case they have the right, both in reason and in justice, to claim that they shall be clearly brought within the terms of the law before they shall be subjected to its burdens. It is a well-established rule that a citizen cannot be subjected to special burdens without the clear warrant of the law. The following authorities furnish the true rule applicable to such a case: Cooley, Tax'n (2d Ed.) 275; U. S. v. Wiggleworth, 2 Story, 373, Fed. Cas. No. 16,690; Powers v. Barney, 5 Blatchf. 203, Fed. Cas. No. 11,361; U. S. v. Watts, 1 Bond. 583, Fed. Cas. No. 16,653; Scruton v. Snaith, 8 Bing. 152; Green v. Holloway, 101 Mass. 248, 3 Am. Rep. 339."

This decision was cited and reannounced in Re Vassar's Will, 127 N. Y. 1, 12, 27 N. E. 394, where it was said:

and 112 New York State Reporter

"And the rule is that special tax laws are to be construed strictly against the government, and favorable to the taxpayer; that a citizen cannot be subjected to special burdens without clear warrant of law."

So, also, in Re Thorne, 44 App. Div. 8, 60 N. Y. Supp. 419, this court (Mr. Justice Hatch writing) said (page 10, 44 App. Div., and page 421, 60 N. Y. Supp.):

"The right to impose the tax must rest upon evidence sufficient in probative force to bring it within the statute, and must establish a case from which the law clearly authorized its imposition."

It is hardly necessary to repeat that, with the exception of the two instruments and the will, there is no evidence upon which to base a finding that the two agreements were contemporaneous or one transaction.

Another principle is well established. Where any document bearing a date has been proved, the presumption is that it was made on the day on which it bears date (Chase's Steph. Dig. art. 85; I Greenl Ev. [15th Ed.] § 38, note "b"). This presumption not having been overcome by any evidence on the part of the state, it becomes conclusive that the two agreements were executed on the days of their date, respectively. Then there is no evidence to justify a finding that they were contemporaneous, and intended to be part and parcel of one transaction. It follows that the transaction of April 7th, which included the delivery of the certificate of stock to Miss Tefft, was complete in itself, and that she became the absolute owner of the stock on that day. For an agreement of marriage is a valid consideration for such an agreement and transaction. The rule is well stated in 6 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) p. 724:

"Marriage, in contemplation of law, is not only a valuable consideration for a contract or conveyance between the parties to it, but is a consideration of the highest value, and, from motives of the soundest public policy, is upheld with a strong resolution. The husband and wife, parties to such a conveyance, are therefore deemed, in the highest sense, purchasers for a valuable consideration. It is upon this principle that antenuptial settlements are upheld."

See, also, Johnston v. Spicer, 107 N. Y. 185, 13 N. E. 753; Magniac v. Thompson, 7 Pet. 348, 8 L. Ed. 709.

I do not consider that the statute has reference to transfers made upon a valuable consideration, but that it relates merely to voluntary transfers without consideration, for the tax is not one upon property, but upon the right of succession. In re Dows, 167 N. Y. 227, 60 N. E. 439. A payment of an obligation dependent upon a valuable consideration is not a succession, in any sense. In this case the transfer was made eight years before the death of Miller. There is no evidence that Miller was in ill health, or that there was any condition of affairs to suggest or invite the contemplation of death. It was rather made in contemplation of life, and for a definite purpose, that of providing a means of mutual support for himself and his intended wife. There is not a suggestion of any intent to evade the provisions of the transfer tax act, unless it shall be decided that the two instruments were contemporaneous, and that I have already discussed. The income was to be devoted to the mutual support of husband and wife. Miss Tefft had an immediate and undivided interest in joinder with Miller to every dollar of income of the trust fund, and was the absolute owner of the principal, subject to the trust. In other words, being absolute owner by the agreement of April 7th, by the agreement of April 8th she continued vested with the present, although not with the conclusive, right of enjoyment of the stock and its income. This is not within the purview of the transfer tax act.

But the state contends and the surrogate holds that the instrument of April 7th is illuminated and is to be interpreted by the second clause in the will of the testator, above cited. To give the will any such effect would be to violate the settled canon of law that no act or declaration of a grantor subsequent to his transfer of property can affect the rights of the grantee. A declaration of a grantor, to be effective, must be made while he is owner and in possession of the property, and the act must precede or be contemporaneous with the principal act. I Greenl. Ev. § 11O; Chase's Steph. Dig. art. 3.

Neither can it be said that the trust agreement of April 8th is contemporaneous with the agreement of April 7th. The title of Miss Tefft to the stock was complete and absolute on April 7th. The instrument was accompanied by a delivery of the certificate of stock. The affidavit of Elisha H. Miller shows that the agreement of April 8th was not executed till the next day. We must not lose sight of the fact that we are searching for the intention, not of Miss Tefft, but of Miller, in the transaction. If there was nothing more than the transfer of April 7th to interpret, could it be even suggested that the transfer was made in contemplation of the death of Miller, or that it was not founded upon a valuable consideration, and was absolute and completed? Probably death is the last thing in the mind of an expectant bridegroom. There is only the instrument of April 8th which casts a shadow of a doubt upon the completeness of the transaction of April 7th, and that, in my opinion, was not contemporaneous with the agreement of April 7th, and was not intended to be. There is no evidence from which any such intent can be inferred. Miss Tefft, being then the absolute owner of the stock, could make such pledge, division, or disposition of it and its income as she saw fit, without regard to the transfer tax act. It is immaterial what was her intention, unless there is evidence sufficient to support a finding that the two agreements were parts of one transaction, and were made in contemplation of Miller's death, and to defeat the operation of the statute. The death of Miller was but an incident in the matter contained in the agreement of April 8th. It was not of its substance. It merely fixed a date when any interest of Miller in the income was to cease. He had no interest in the principal unless he survived Miss Tefft. There was no transfer to him of the absolute title of the stock in the agreement of April 8th. True, the legal title of the stock was transferred to Miller, but it was on a specified trust, and no disposition of it could be made by him except "subject to the approval" of Miss Tefft. By the agreement of April 8th, Miss Tefft devoted the income to the "mutual use" of herself and her intended husband. Being absolute owner, she had the right to do so. But this is not to say that the agreement affords any evidence that Miller transferred the stock to her on April 7th in contemplation of his