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dom of Bronte in Sicily, and high honours conferred by the Turkish Sultan. On his return to England he was received with enthusiastic joy, and was created Viscount.

In 1803, hostilities again recommencing with France, he sailed for the Mediterranean, and took the command of that station on board the "Victory." Notwithstanding all his vigilance, the French fleet escaped from Toulon, and was joined by that of Cadiz; of which being apprised, he pursued them to the West Indies with a far inferior force. The combined squadrons, struck with terror, returned without effecting anything; and Admiral Nelson, after visiting England, again joined his fleet off Cadiz. The French under Admiral Villeneuve, and the Spaniards under Gravina, ventured out with a number of troops on board, Oct. 19, 1805, and on the 21st, about noon, the action began off Cape Trafalgar. Lord Nelson ordered his ship, the "Victory," to be carried alongside his old antagonist, the "Santissima Trinidada," where he was exposed to a severe fire of musketry; and not taking the precaution to cover his coat, which was decorated with his star and other badges of distinction, he became an object for the riflemen placed purposely in the tops of the "Bucentaur," which lay on his quarter. In the middle of the engagement, a musket-ball struck him on the left shoulder, and passing through the spine, lodged in the muscles of his back. He lived just long enough to be acquainted with the number of ships that had been captured, and his last words were, "I have done my duty; I praise God for it."

The mighty spirit of Nelson was epitomised in the signal which he hoisted on commencing this action-" England expects that every man will do his duty!”—a sentence that not only testified the pure Spartan love of country which animated his own breast, but proved the philosophical tact which inspired him to strike upon the strongest chord that could vibrate in every surrounding bosom. His remains were brought to this country, and buried with unprecedented honours in St. Paul's cathedral, where a suitable monument has been erected to his memory.

DEATH OF NELSON.

51

DEATH OF NELSON.

THE death of Nelson' was felt in England! as something more than a public calamity; mén started at the intelligence, and turned pàle, as if they had heard of the loss of a dear friend. An object of our admirátion and affèction, of our pride and of our hópes, was suddenly taken from us; and it seemed' as if we had never till thèn known' how deeply we loved and rèverenced him. What the country had lost in its great naval héro—the greatest of our own and of all fórmer times-was scarcely taken into the account of grief. So pèrfectly, indeed, had he performed his párt, that the màritime war, after the battle of Trafalgar, was considered at an end. The fleets of the enemy were not merely deféated, but destroyed; new návies must be built, and a new race of seàmen réared for them, before the possibility of their invading our shores could again be contemplated. It was not, therefore, from any sèlfish reflection upon the magnitude of our lóss that we mourned for him the géneral sorrow was of a higher character. The people of England grieved that funeral cèremonies, and public mònuments, and posthumous rewards, were all that they could now bestow upon hím' whom the king, the legislature, and the nation' would have alike delighted to honour; whom every tongue would have blèssed; whose prèsence, in every village through which he might have passed, would have wakened the church-bells, have given school-boys a hòliday, have drawn children from their spòrts to gaze upon him, and old men from the chimney-córner' to look upon Nélson ere they died. There was reason to suppòse, from the appearances upon opening his bódy, that, in the course of náture, he might have attained, like his father, to a good old age. Yet he cannot be said to have fallen prematurely, whose work was done; nor ought hè to be lamented, who died so full of honours, and at the height of human fàme. The most triumphant death' is that of the màrtyr; the most áwful, that of the martyred patriot; the most spléndid, that of the hero in the hour of victory;-and if the chariot and

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the horses of firèl had been vouchsafed for Nelson's translátion, he could scarcely have departed in a brighter blaze of glòry. He has left us, not indeed his mantle of inspiration, but a name and an exámple' which are at this hóur' inspiring thousands of the youth of England-a name which is our príde, and an example! which will continue to be our shield and our strength.

SOUTHEY.

THE MARINERS OF ENGLAND.

Ye mariners of England!

That guard our native seas;

Whose flag has braved, a thousand years,
The battle and the breeze!
Your glorious standard launch again,

To match another foe!

And sweep through the deep,

While the stormy winds do blow;
While the battle rages loud and long,
And the stormy winds do blow.

The spirits of your fathers

Shall start from every wave !—
For the deck it was their field of fame,
And ocean was their grave:
Where Blake and mighty Nelson fell,
Your manly hearts shall glow,

As ye sweep through the deep,

While the stormy winds do blow,
While the battle rages loud and long,
And the stormy winds do blow.

Britannia needs no bulwarks,
No towers along the steep,
Her march is o'er the mountain-waves,
Her home is on the deep.

With thunders from her native oak,

She quells the floods below,

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

As they roar on the shore,

When the stormy winds do blow;
When the battle rages loud and long,
And the stormy winds do blow.

The meteor-flag of England
Shall yet terrific burn;

Till danger's troubled night depart,
And the star of peace return.
Then, then, ye ocean-warriors!
Our song and feast shall flow
To the fame of your name,

When the storm has ceased to blow;
When the fiery fight is heard no more,

And the storm has ceased to blow.

CAMPBELL.

53

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

IN barbarous countries we find men scattered in small numbers over a wide extent of territory, living by hunting or fishing, or both combined; every man supplies his own wants directly; he makes his own bow and arrows; he kills a buffalo for himself; with hides stripped and dressed by himself, he constructs his own robe or tent; he lives from hand to mouth, feasting voraciously to-day, then starving till another supply of food can be obtained; ever on the verge of famine, and eking out a precarious subsistence by robbery and murder, which he calls war. All but the strong perish in early years, and the average duration of life is low. If we contemplate the pastoral life instead of that of hunting and fishing, still we find that large tracts of country are needed for the maintenance of few people. If the earth is at all cultivated, it is with the rudest implements, and the produce is proportionally scanty. So long as each man is entirely occupied in providing for his own wants, progress is impossible. So soon, however, as by the gradual and slow introduction of better implements, and the acquirement

of greater skill, agriculture becomes more productive, and the labour of one man becomes sufficient for the support of more than one, the first condition of progress is realised, and the labour of some is now set free for other occupations. Food and clothing, fuel and shelter, are the first necessaries of life. But instead of every man preparing all these for himself directly-instead of every man making for himself all that he requires, gradually one man begins to construct one article or set of articles only, while another devotes himself to another, with a consequent great increase of productiveness in each case, from increased skill and economy of time; in other words, the division of labour is begun. But so soon as the industry of the community is thus divided, and that of each thus restricted, as each still requires all the articles which before he constructed for himself, he can obtain them only from those who employ themselves in their production, and this he can do only by giving some of his own product as an equivalent-in other words, by exchange. Division of labour and exchange are thus simultaneous in their origin. From the introduction of exchange, industrial progress gains a fresh life. Industry having been thus rendered more productive than before, subsistence is now provided for a larger number of persons. The reward of industry increasing with its productiveness, ingenuity is stimulated to the invention of improved methods, and of improved instruments called tools, or machines.

Population, having meantime increased, the land available for production becomes more and more fully appropriated; and as one portion is more fertile, or more advantageously situated than another, it becomes more advantageous to pay a portion of the produce for the right to cultivate a more productive soil, than to cultivate an inferior one even for nothing; for instance, to pay ten measures of grain for a soil which produces fifty measures, than nothing for a soil which produces, say, thirty or thirty-five; and hence arises what we call rent. But, meantime also, the productiveness of industry having become greater in proportion to the con

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