the volume in hand undertakes to set forth the principles that have guided German statesmanship from the time of the Great Elector down to the present day. Special stress is laid upon the statecraft of Frederick the Great, and numerous quotations are made from his writings to illustrate the political and moral principles of the ruler who bestowed upon Prussia the ideal of a military state. Chapters IX-XIII contain the French text of important state papers in which Frederick's ideas are embodied. In addition to the chapters dealing with the past there is a chapter dealing with the policy of Bismarck and William II, perhaps the most valuable in the book, and chapters dealing with the causes of the war, Germany and Turkey, and the German Colonial Empire. The chapters are for the most part a reprint of articles previously published in English magazines, with the result that they are loosely strung together, they leave many gaps in the narrative, and neither in form nor in substance can they be said to bear out the pretentious claims made for the volume in the preface.

C. G. F.

DAVIS, GEORGE B. The Elements of International Law. (4th ed., rev.) Pp. xxiv, 668. Price, $3.00, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1916.

In this edition, there has been no attempt to carry out a thorough-going revision. Few changes have been made in the text, although the first chapter has been rewritten to include a rather extensive list of early writers on international law. The most valuable additions are those in the appendix. There the Declaration of London, which is not mentioned at all in the text, is printed in full, with an introduction and very interesting notes indicating how far its provisions were observed, modified, or disregarded by the belligerents during the first year of the European War. There is also a table showing the signatures, ratifications, adhesions, and reservations to the conventions and declarations of the first and second Hague Conferences. Other new features of the appendix are the text of the United States-Santo Domingo extradition treaty of 1910, and very brief notes regarding the transfer of enemy merchant vessels to a neutral flag, the arming of merchant vessels for defense, the use of aircraft in war, and wireless telegraphy. A list of the most recent collections of treaties and documents and of other important recent works on international law has been added to the original bibliography.

D. G. M.

GIBBONS, HERBERT ADAMS. The New Map of Africa. Pp. xiv, 503. Price, $2.00. New York: The Century Company, 1916.

Those who knew Mr. Gibbons' The New Map of Europe will welcome this companion volume, which gives a sketch of European colonial expansion and colonial diplomacy for the period 1900-1916. The text is made more easily understandable for the general reader by a well-chosen series of maps.

Several of the chapters have already appeared as articles in magazines. The book makes no pretensions to being documented and does not enter deeply into the many controversial subjects in the field. It is intended to give a popular, understandable first sketch of social and economic conditions in Africa and an

outline picture of the international rivalries in the continent during the first decade and a half of the present century. The author has traveled widely in the lands he describes and has had personal acquaintance with many of the men who have been prominent in their development.

The chapters are to a large extent independent of each other. No attempt is made to treat the subject historically or by a grouping of the various international interests. For him who looks for a well-organized exposition of the cause of developments in Africa, therefore, the volume leaves much to be desired, but for him who seeks a vivid picture of present developments, Mr. Gibbons' description will prove both entertaining and instructive. For those who are already familiar with the chief features of the scramble for Africa, the most valuable portions of the book are those which discuss conditions in the less important and often neglected regions such as the east coast and the Portuguese colonies.

C. L. J.

HOLDICH, SIR THOMAS H. Political Frontiers and Boundary Making. Pp. xi, 307. Price, $3.25. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916.

The most striking feature of this survey of the problems involved in boundary making is the author's comprehensive grasp of geographic and population questions from Patagonia to the Afghan highlands and from ancient Greece to the present day. Covering so wide a field the study cannot be detailed, but what the picture loses in detail it gains in boldness of outline.

Most writers have placed too much emphasis, it is pointed out, upon the ethnographic factors which are to be taken into consideration in marking out national limits. Though race should be considered, more important are the preferences of the inhabitants; and often more important than either is the geographical suitability of a frontier, for after all that frontier is best which holds out the promise that the lands it includes will be easily defensible and hence likely to enjoy freedom from successful attack.

The various sorts of frontiers are then reviewed and criticised. In ancient times the frontier was a strip of neutral or no man's land. The establishment of spheres of interest ripened into spheres of influence. These have always tended to become buffer states or protectorates and finally annexed territories.

Sea, mountain and desert frontiers are declared to be best when they can be used. Less desirable are rivers and still less to be sought those irregular boundaries which depend on “war maps, or on a too scrupulous regard for ethnographic characteristics of the population and the lines established by latitude and longitude.

From these points of view, the boundaries of the various sections of the world are then criticised. The lessons of the present war are constantly in the author's mind. The standards he sets would fail to be satisfactory to both sides in the present war in a number of cases, as rules on which peace should be established. Obviously, as the author points out, there are some regions in which no standard is likely to be productive of international quiet. Most strikingly is that the case in the region which is discussed in the concluding chapter-the Balkans. CHESTER LLOYD JONES.

University of Wisconsin,

MATHEWS, JOHN M. Principles of American State Administration. Pp. xiii, 533. Price, $2.50. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1917.

This admirable description of the machinery and activity of State administration is the first separate treatment of the subject which has appeared. It sets a high standard for later works in this field. The book is made up of two main parts which describe The Organization of the Administration and the Functions of the Administration respectively. Under Organization there are chapters on the Governor, his powers, the officials of general administration, such as Secretary of State, Attorney-General, etc., the State boards, the civil service. Under Functions the author discusses taxation and finance, education, charities, health, the enforcement of State law, the administration of justice and newer functions.

One of the chief problems in a book dealing with the States is how to avoid a confusing recital of the varying practices of different States. The reader's mind is usually bewildered by the recitation of conflicting details. Dr. Mathews has made a strong and largely successful effort to solve this by selecting a few types of organization and describing these somewhat fully, and by subordinating the variations to footnotes or discarding them altogether. He has used good judgment in his choice of typical systems, usually presenting those which most deserve attention. The author's conclusions as to the modern tendencies in administration are sound and well reasoned. He offers also a goodly number of references for collateral reading and chooses these from works representing different standpoints. The reader is in this way given a broad view of State problems. There is a good concluding chapter on Reorganization.

Dr. Mathews has performed such a distinct service in the preparation of his book, that the reviewer is disposed to offer suggestions only as to a possible change in emphasis or proportion. A single chapter is devoted to Newer Functions of State Administration. These include such important subjects as the supervision of corporations, the administration of labor laws, the promotion of agriculture, etc. To most readers these subjects will be of much greater importance than has been assigned them. In most of the Commonwealths fully 60 per cent of the legislation and administrative activity deals with these subjects. In a later edition of the book, it may be hoped that the author will find room to expand the treatment of these topics, perhaps at the expense of the historical part of his chapters on Taxation and Finance. The book deserves and should find a wide field of usefulness among the colleges and universities.

University of Pennsylvania.

JAMES T. YOUNG.

PHILLIPSON, COLEMAN. Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. Pp. xix, 486. Price, $7.00. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1916.

The author of this book is a London barrister and a well-known writer on international law. The outbreak of the present war appears to have greatly stimulated his productivity for he has lately brought out in rapid succession a treatise entitled International Law and the Great War, a new edition of Wheaton's International Law and the work here reviewed. It is not known to the reviewer whether the present work was intended to serve those who, it is to be hoped, will

soon be engaged actively in the consideration of the problems with which it deals, but it is evident from a perusal of the book that it contains much juridical and historical information that can be utilized by the peace conference whenever it assembles and even by those whose task it may be to take the preliminary steps to bring about peace negotiations. It is impossible within the compass of a brief review to analyze a work of the scope of this one or to signalize in detail its merits and defects. Briefly stated, the author has undertaken to describe the various methods by which wars may be terminated; to state the legal effects of conquest, subjugation and annexation; to discuss the use of good offices and mediation; to expound the modus operandi by which peace negotiations are initiated, armistices concluded, peace conferences assembled, treaties concluded, etc.; and to describe their form, nature, contents, the methods by which the fulfillment of treaty speculations is insured, the effect of cession, etc. The whole procedure by which the transition from a state of war to a state of peace is accomplished is described in the minutest detail even to the proper arrangement of the clauses in the treaty and the order in which the signatures shall be attached. The study is historical, comparative and descriptive.

The steps by which the great European Congresses beginning with that of Westphalia were called into existence and the manner in which their procedure was conducted are reviewed in turn. The negotiations by which the principal wars of the nineteenth century were terminated, the terms of the treaties which followed, when and where they were ratified and other similar matters are all described in an interesting manner. The book is unique in that it represents the first attempt to assemble and analyze a large body of historical information which is most timely now that we are soon, it is hoped, to be the witnesses of the most imposing and far-reaching example of peace negotiations which the world has yet seen. Other books have been written on the treaty-making power and on the making and enforcement of treaties, but Mr. Phillipson's is the first to describe in a comprehensive manner the actual procedure that has been employed in the past in negotiating treaties of peace. As such it throws a flood of light on a problem that must soon confront the diplomats and statesmen of Europe.

In addition to the textual matter the book contains some 120 pages of documents consisting in the main of the texts of the great treaties beginning with that of Paris of 1815 and ending with the Turco-Bulgarian treaty of 1913. There is also a fairly good bibliography, an adequate index and a table of the cases cited throughout the text.

JAMES W. GARNER.

University of Illinois.

VALDÉS C., SALUSTIO. Pan América y el Problema de la Defensa Naval de Chile. Pp. 56. Valparaiso: Imprenta de la Armada, 1916.

This is an interesting sketch of the military problems which confront Chile and her neighbors. The author discusses the maintenance of the balance of power between the great States of South America, and urges their coöperation for mutual defense.

D. G. M.

SOCIOLOGY

KELSEY, CARL. The Physical Basis of Society. Pp. xvi, 406. Price, $2.00. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1916.

In this book Professor Kelsey has not attempted to say anything new but to bring together a mass of knowledge which has never before been assembled between two covers. To lay a proper foundation for the study of society he sets forth what we know as to the relation between man and his physical environment, the control of nature, the evolution of man, heredity, eugenics, race differences, sex differences, the influence of society upon population, social institutions and the nature of progress. From the writings of the specialists on geography, natural history, biology, ethnography and criminal anthropology, he has gleaned, arranged and intelligently interpreted experiments and observations not easily accessible to the student. The style is clear and interesting, the treatment concrete and summary, the attitude objective and the spirit impartial. The author shows open-mindedness and sound judgment, and, in dealing with controverted matters, takes pains to give the evidence on both sides. He proves himself skilful in guiding the reader through a great body of data often ambiguous or conflicting. The book will be welcomed by teachers of sociology who have felt the need of an introductory text leading up to sociology proper. I can imagine no better use of Professor Kelsey's book than putting the class through it during the first part of a course in general sociology.

E. A. R.

LE BON, GUSTAVE. The Psychology of the Great War. (Trans. by E. Andrews.) Pp. 480. Price, $3.00. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916.

To those who are familiar with the previous writings of the author, the present volume will be something of a disappointment. The keen psychological analysis is present, as in The Psychology of Revolutions, but one misses the poise and balanced judgment. It is a splendid example of the influence of war upon even the scholarly mind. The writer is too near the events and too much concerned in the outcome to judge without prejudice. In Books I, V and VII devoted respectively to Psychological Principles Necessary for the Interpretation of the Present War, Psychological Forces Involved in Battles, and Unknown Quantities in Warfare, we find the unbiased analysis of the psychologist, while in Books II, III, IV and VI containing the description of Germany's Evolution in Modern Times, Remote Causes of the War, The Immediate Causes of the War, and Psychological Elements in German Methods of Warfare we find the perfectly natural but partisan reactions of the French nationalist. However much one may sympathize with the feelings of the author, nevertheless in a scientific psychological treatise on the war an analysis of the methods of all the nations involved should certainly be included. In other words, it should not be left to each nation to describe the psychology of the antagonist. It is unfortunate that such a volume as this purports to be, as judged by its title, should not have been deferred until the passions aroused by war had subsided so that a calm and balanced psychological