Bridges.-The following are the bridges crossing the Passaic River. They are all drawbridges, except as noted.

NOTE. The vertical clearances are given at mean high water and when the drawbridges are closed. 3 high-tension lines cross the river, and the minimum clearance is 135 feet (41.1 m) above mean high water. The bridge signal is 3 blasts of the whistle. See Regulations, p. 315.

See Bridge regulations following the description of Hackensack River.

The city of Newark extends along the Passaic River for a distance of nearly 5 miles above its mouth. The towns of Belleville, Rutherford, Nutley, Garfield and several villages are located on the river between Newark and Passaic. The latter is a manufacturing city at the head of navigation.

Tides. The mean rise and fall of tides is about 434 feet at the mouth of the river, 5 feet at Newark and 314 feet at Passaic. High and low water at these points occur about 3/4 hour, 1 hour, and 134 hours, respectively, later than at the Battery. Ordinarily the flood current extends above Second Street bridge, Passaic.

Freshets overcome the flood current down as far as Newark, and sometimes to the mouth of the river. Ordinary freshets cause a rise

of about 2 feet and a current velocity of about 3 knots at Newark and are of a few hours' duration. Destructive freshets occasionally occur at intervals of years, generally in the spring and fall.

HACKENSACK RIVER (CHART 287)

empties at the northeast end of Newark Bay and is navigable a distance of about 17.6 miles to dams at New Milford. The principal navigable tributaries are Berry Creek Canal (entrance to Berry Creek) and Overpeck Creek, 6.8 and 11.1 miles, respectively, above the entrance, which are crossed by drawbridges and are navigable for distances of about 3 miles from Hackensack River. Berry Creek Canal, which is 1 mile long, 150 feet wide, has a least channel depth of about 11 feet (3.4 m) and leads to Berry Creek above the Erie Railroad.

The project for the improvement of the river is to obtain a channel 30 feet (9.1 m) deep and 400 feet wide from the upper end of Newark Bay Channel for about 1 mile to the Central Railroad bridge; thence 30 feet (9.1 m) deep and 300 feet wide for about 2 miles to the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad bridge at Marion; thence 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and 200 feet wide for about 9 miles to Little Ferry; and thence the same depth and 150 feet wide for about 2 miles to the New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad bridge at Hackensack. In June, 1932, the controlling depths were 30 feet (9.1 m) to a point 2,000 feet above the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad bridge; thence 12 feet (3.7 m) to the highway bridge at Little Ferry from 9 to 10 feet (2.7 to 3 m) through this bridge; thence 12 feet (3.7 m) to 1,500 feet above Gas Works Creek, and thence 1012 feet (3.2 m) to the head of the project.

Bridges.-The following are the bridges crossing the Hackensack River. They are all drawbridges, except as noted.

NOTE. The vertical clearances are given at mean high water and when the drawbridges are closed. 2 high-tension lines cross the river and the minimum clearance is 139 feet (42 4 m) above mean high water. The bridge signal is 3 blasts of the whistle. See Regulations, below.

Tides. The mean rise and fall of the tides is about 434 feet at the mouth of the river and 54 feet at Little Ferry and Hackensack. High and low water at these points occur about 34 hour, 11⁄2 hours and 134 hours, respectively, later than at the Battery. The river has little freshet flow, and the tidal currents are rarely affected by

it.

Bridge regulations have been prescribed as follows:

1. All drawbridges spanning Newark Bay and the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers and their navigable tributaries shall be opened promptly, upon signal, for the passage of vessels during the day or night, except as prescribed in paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5.

2. During the hours between 7.30 and 10 a. m. and between 5 and 7.30 p. m. drawbridges shall not be required to remain open longer than 10 minutes nor be permitted to remain closed longer than 10 minutes to the exclusion of vessels approaching for passage.

3. The draw of any bridge used solely for the United States mail, passenger and express trains need not be opened for a vessel reaching said draw less than five minutes before the schedule arrival of any such train until such train passes, unless the bridge tender has notice that the train is delayed more than five minutes. The owners of bridges acting under this rule shall maintain a tug at the drawbridge to control and aid in the passage of vessels. 4. When a vessel approaches within signaling distance of a bridge for passage, the master thereof shall signify his intention by three blasts of a whistle or horn. For those bascule bridges that have two separate and distinct draw spans the approaching vessel shall signal for an opening of the bridge in the customary manner by three blasts of a whistle or horn, and this shall be followed after a short interval with one blast, if it is desired that the draw span on the starboard hand as the vessel approaches be opened, or by two

161875°-33-21

blasts if it is desired that the one on the port hand be opened. The signal of the craft shall be immediately answered by the tender or operator of the bridge. If the draw is ready to be immediately opened, the answer shall be three blasts of a whistle or horn from the bridge. In case of delay in opening the draw, as is provided for in these regulations, or as may be necessary by accident to the machinery or other contingency, the signal from the vessel shall be answered by two long blasts of a whistle or horn from the bridge. In all cases when delay signals have been given, a signal of three blasts of a whistle or horn shall be given as soon as it is possible to open the draw.

5. Upon hearing or perceiving the signals prescribed, the tenders or operators of a drawbridge, except as provided in paragraphs 2 and 3 shall at once open the draw signaled for so as to allow the prompt passage of any vessel or craft: Provided, That the bridge may not be opened when there is a train, wagon, or vehicle at the time passing over said draw span, or a train approaching so closely that it can not be safely stopped before reaching the bridge, but it shall be opened as soon as the draw span can be cleared. In case the opening of the draw will be delayed under the provisions of paragraph 3, the tug stationed at the draw shall immediately go to the assistance of the vessel. 6. Wagons, vehicles, and trains shall not be stopped on a drawbridge or on a draw span for the purpose of delaying the operation of the drawbridge, nor shall water craft or vessels be so manipulated as to hinder or delay the operation of a draw span, but all passage upon, through, or under a drawbridge shall be prompt, to prevent delay to either land or water communication.

7. The foregoing regulations apply only to commercial or pleasure vessels. Steamers or vessels employed or controlled by the United States Government or by municipal departments shall be passed without delay through the draws of said bridges at any hour of the day or night upon giving four blasts of the whistle.

HUDSON RIVER

sometimes called North River in the vicinity of New York, takes its rise in one of the lakes in Essex County, in the northeastern part of the State of New York, and flows in a southerly direction for about 260 miles to its junction with East River at the southern end of Manhattan Island, where both enter New York Upper Bay. For a distance of 125 miles above the Battery (or as far up as Albany) it has a deep and unobstructed channel navigable for large vessels, the least depth in the channel being 27 feet (8.2 m). Above Albany, there is a channel 12 feet (3.7 m) deep to the Federal Dam at Troy, a distance of about 7 miles.

HUDSON RIVER BELOW YONKERS (CHARTS 745, 746, AND 747) includes that portion of the river extending from the Upper New York Bay to the northern limits of New York City, a distance of about 141⁄2 miles. The deepest portion of the river in this section is sometimes called Hudson River Channel and is a continuation of Ambrose and Anchorage Channels. The project provides for a channel 40 feet (12.2 m) deep and a general width of 2,800 feet from Ellis Island to West Twentieth Street; along the Manhattan water front from West Nineteenth Street to West Sixty-first Street for a depth of 40 feet (12.2 m), along the Jersey City and the WeehawkenEdgewater water fronts depth of 30 feet (9.1 m), in widths of from

300 to 800 feet.

In 1932, the controlling depth in the main channel from Ellis Island to West Twentieth Street was 40 feet (12.2 m) in a width of 1,500 to 2,400 feet. There was a depth of 40 feet (12.2 m) along the Manhattan water front, except as follows: along the pierhead

HUDSON RIVER CHANNEL

317

line from West Twentieth to West Fortieth Streets there was a depth of 29 feet (8.8 m), in a width of 25 to 100 feet, and from West Forty-eighth to West Sixty-first Streets there was a depth of 34 feet (10.4 m) in a width of 25 to 200 feet. In 1931, the project depth of 30 feet (9.1 m) prevailed along the Jersey City water front, except at the northern end where it was 29 feet (8.8 m); the Weehawken-Edgewater water front had a controlling depth of 25 feet (7.6 m) to opposite West One hundred twenty-second Street, thence to the northern entrance 22 feet (6.7 m), in a width of about 500 feet. The shoal, north of the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek was removed to the depth of the surrounding bottom.

Navigation regulations, prescribed by the Secretary of War, provide that vessels drawing 25 feet (7.6 m) or more shall have the right of way in the 40-foot channel between Piers 31 and 39, Manhattan (in the vicinity of the Canal Street vehicular tubes).

The western bank of the river opposite Manhattan Borough (New York City) is occupied by Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, Guttenberg, Shady Side, and Edgewater.

On the eastern bank, nearly opposite Edgewater, is Grant's Tomb. Just above the tomb is Fort Washington Point (marked by Jeffreys Hook Light), and a little more than 14 miles above it is Tubby Hook, about 11⁄2 mile below the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. The latter is marked by the drawbridge at the entrance; the creek is described with Harlem River.

Near Grant's Tomb on Riverside Drive at One hundred and twenty-first Street is the Riverside Drive Church. This is a prominent stone structure, the tower of which rises 400 feet (122 m) above the river.

Measured mile.-Markers for a measured statute mile (5,280 feet) course, established by the New York Sun, are located on the New York side of the river at West One hundred and forty-fourth Street and West One hundred and sixty-fourth Street. The course, northward, is 29° true (NE. 12 N. mag.).

Gas, oil, water, and boat supplies are obtainable in this locality at the float landings. There is also anchorage and mooring place for small boats and a place to haul out and store small boats.

At Fort Washington Point, the new suspension bridge (George Washington Bridge) is a dominating landmark for miles around. The towers rise 600 feet (183 m) above the river. The bridge has a clearance of 248 feet (76 m) at the center of the river.

Jeffreys Hook Lighthouse stands a few feet from the southeast corner of the east abutment of this bridge.

Fort Lee is on the west bank of the river opposite Fort Washington Point. From Fort Lee to Piermont, 122 miles farther up the river, on the same side, the western bank is rocky cliffs (in places thickly wooded with scrub), 300 to 500 feet (91 to 152 m) high, known as The Palisades.

Terminal facilities.-Along the lower Hudson water front there are about 17 miles of continuous water terminals, consisting of piers, bulkheads, warehouses equipped with modern appliances for handling freight, modern coal piers, bridges for the transfer of cars to and from floats, marine railways, dry docks, and ferry racks.