The Manhattan water front has about 7 miles of continuous water terminals, of which 74 per cent are owned by the city of New York, 18 per cent by the railroads, and one terminal is owned by the State of New York as a barge canal terminal. Most of the cityowned terminals are leased for commercial purposes; a few are open to the public and some are used by city departments. Privately owned and leased terminals are used exclusively for commercial purposes and are not open to the public. Many of the city terminals are designed to accommodate trans-Atlantic steamships up to 1,000 feet in length and 40-foot (12.2 m) draft. The city maintains four wooden pile wharves at One hundred and fifty-fifth to One hundred and fifty-eighth Streets on the east side of the river. There is sufficient water alongside these to accommodate smaller river craft.

When tied up to wharves parallel to the river, small craft should be aware of the heavy swells caused by passing steamers. If possible, small craft should tie up with the bow or stern facing out.

The New Jersey water front has a total of 216 water terminals, of which 208 are either privately or corporately owned, 1 is publicly owned, and the remaining 6 (at Hoboken) are under the control of the United States Shipping Board. These latter terminals accommodate steamships of all classes up to the largest trans-Atlantic steamships afloat. About 55 per cent of all terminals along this front are owned or controlled by railroad companies and are so used. The privately owned terminals accommodate vessels of all classes up to 30-foot (9.1 m)_draft. Of the terminals along the New Jersey shore but one in Jersey City is owned by and open to the public.

Repairs.-There are several floating docks and marine railways along the New Jersey water front, the largest having a capacity of 10,000 tons. (See descriptions on p. 5.)

Pilots. See "New York Harbor" on page 290.

Anchorage areas and the regulations relating thereto are given in the appendix.

Small yachts may anchor inside the pier line off Columbia Yacht Club at Eighty-sixth Street.

Storm warnings are displayed in New York from the Whitehall Building.

Tides.-Daily predictions for the Battery are given in the tide tables. The mean rise and fall of tides at the Battery is about 42 feet, and at the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek 334 feet; the mean range of spring tides, about 514 feet and 412 feet, respectively.

Currents. Along the axis of the channel the velocity of the current at strength of flood is approximately 12 knots and the ebb 214 knots. The period of the ebb is generally about 2 hours greater than the period of the flood, the duration of the ebb being 7.2 hours and the duration of flood 5.2 hours. The time of slack water, the duration of flood and ebb and the velocity of the current are greatly affected by freshet conditions in the river. The strength of the current at Fort Washington usually occurs about 24 hours after the corresponding strength at the Narrows (approximately 1/2 hour after high and low water at the Battery). Slack waters are of short duration. The current is strongest in the eastern half

ABOVE YONKERS

319 of the river where the water is deepest. Currents are swift and erratic around the entrance to Spuyten Duyvil.

The direction and velocity of the current throughout New York Harbor for every hour of the tidal cycle is shown in the Tidal Current Charts, New York Harbor. Copies of this publication can be obtained from the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C., its field station, New York City, or any of its agencies, price 25 cents. Freshets. See page 328.

HUDSON RIVER ABOVE YONKERS (CHARTS 748, 281, 283, AND 284)

The project for the improvement of the river provides for a channel 27 feet (8.2 m) deep and 300 feet wide up to Hudson; thence 400 feet wide through rock cuts, and 300 feet elsewhere, from Hudson to the Albany-Greenbush Bridge in Albany; thence a channel 12 feet (3.7 m) deep to Waterford, with a general width of 400 feet to the dam at Troy and 200 feet thence to Waterford, increased at bends and widened to form harbors in front of the cities of Troy and Albany. In 1932, the controlling depth to Albany was 27 feet (8.2 m), thence 12 feet (3.7 m) to Waterford.

The channel is well marked by lights and buoys. About 32 miles above Tarrytown there are some shoal spots in the channel with 21 feet (6.4 m) over them, but eastward of these spots is a clear width of channel 800 feet wide marked on the eastern side

a lighted buoy. About 6 miles north of Tarrytown and 8 mile westward of the south end of Croton Point is a shoal spot with 18 feet (5.5 m) over it, and it is marked by a horizontally striped buoy. Below Rondout, which is 79 miles above the Battery, the river is easy to navigate; above Rondout navigation is made difficult by numerous shoals and middle grounds which rise abruptly from deep water.

The most important ports on the Hudson River above New York are Yonkers, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, Rondout, Hudson, Albany and Troy. There are also the towns of Tarrytown, Nyack, Ossining, Haverstraw, Peekskill, Catskill, New Baltimore, Rensselaer, and Watervliet, and a number of villages. These ports support a considerable business in the manufacture of cement, brick, and miscellaneous merchandise and the quarrying of rock. The rural district is largely devoted to fruit raising, truck farming, and dairying.

The river also forms a waterway for the traffic of the Erie Canal (New York State Barge Canal), which extends to the Great Lakes at the foot of Lake Erie, and of the Champlain Canal, which extends to the head of Lake Champlain. The latter is connected with the St. Lawrence River by the Richelieu River.

The New York Central Railroad, with its main line on the east bank and its west shore division on the west bank, follows the Hudson from New York to Albany and on the east bank to Troy. Albany and Troy are important railroad centers. Several lines of large steamers, carrying passengers and freight, operate on the river between New York and Albany.

Yonkers, on the east bank of the river, 15 miles above the Battery, has a number of wharves and considerable trade. Opposite, on the

west bank, are two landings-the lower, Englewood; the upper, Alpine. These landings are quite prominent and are the western terminals of ferry lines from Dyckman Street and Yonkers respectively. Yacht basins, sheltering numerous small craft, have been built at these basins.

Above Yonkers, two good wharves, Twombly Landing and Forest View Landing, serve picnic grounds, excursion boats making regular trips during the summer months. About 4 miles above Yonkers, on the same side of the river, is Hastings upon Hudson, about 1 mile farther up is Dobbs Ferry.

Piermont is on the west bank, 22 miles above the Battery. Here is a long, grassy, earthen embankment, formerly a pier of the New York & Erie Railroad and marked near the outer end by a flashing red light on an unpainted wooden post. The end of the submerged pier is marked by a black buoy. Irvington is a village opposite Piermont, and there is a good pier along the river here. A ferry runs to Piermont Pier across the river. Tappan Sea is the name given to the stretch of the river, about 2 miles wide, extending from abreast Piermont to Croton Point, a distance of 72 miles.

Tarrytown is on the east bank of the river, 24 miles above the Battery. A channel dredged about 100 feet wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and marked by buoys, leads to the steamboat wharf, at the south end of the water front, and then leads in a northerly direction and 150 feet wide to the coal pier, passing about 75 feet off the wharf northward of the ferry landing. A city dump, enclosed by piling bulkhead has been set up south of the steamboat wharf, a protected slip being formed for a distance of about 200 feet. Fresh water may be obtained in this slip. From northward a depth of about 5 feet (1.5 m) can be taken through the dredged channel to the wharves, on a 123° true (SE. mag.) course, passing close to northward of the red buoy at the entrance, and about 175 yards southwestward of Tarrytown Lighthouse. There is little depth at most of the wharves, and local knowledge is needed for the best water. Fresh water can be had at the east end of the town wharf. A ferry operates between Tarrytown and Nyack unless prevented by ice.

Tarrytown Lighthouse lies southwestward of Kingsland Point, just above Tarrytown, and 400 yards eastward of the main channel of Hudson River. A red buoy marks the edge of the main channel abreast the lighthouse.

Nyack, opposite Tarrytown, has a depth of about 8 feet (2.4 m) at the principal wharves. There is a shipyard with several railways and good facilities for repairing wooden hulls, and a launch building and storing yard. Ferries run to Tarrytown. Fresh water and launch supplies can be obtained. The largest marine railway is 110 feet long, and can take out a vessel 115 feet long, 150 tons and draft about 6 feet (1.8 m).

For a distance of 3/4 mile in the vicinity of Rockland Lake Landing the shore is occupied by quarry wharves, which were not being used in 1932. Rockland Lake Lighthouse is in a depth of about 12 feet (3.7 m) on the shoal off the landing, and is on the west edge of the main channel of Hudson River. Verdrietege Hook, extending about 13⁄44 miles southward from Rockland Lake Landing, is

600 to 730 feet (183 to 223 m) high and wooded with scrub, but in places shows bare, precipitous cliffs. Near the southern part of the Hook it has a height of 730 feet (223 m), and is called Hook Mountain. The west bank of the river between Rockland Lake Landing and Haverstraw rises precipitously to heights varying from 400 to 820 feet (122 to 250 m), the highest part, High Tor, lying about 1/2 mile southward of Haverstraw. An aviation beacon, flashing white every 10 seconds, is located on the summit of High Tor.

About 1/4 mile southward of High Tor is a row of seven hoppers, at a stone quarry, which is very prominent.

Ossining is on the east bank, 28 miles above the Battery. The controlling depth is 7 feet (2.1 m) on the flats off Ossining and 5 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) at the wharves, except that a bar with little depth extends a short distance off the mouth of Sing Sing Creek, at the foot of Quimby Street. Sing Sing prison, the State penitentiary, is located on the flat shore at the south end of Ossining.

Croton Point is the long peninsula just above Ossining. Haverstraw Bay is the wide stretch of the river extending from Croton Point to Stony Point, a distance of 5 miles. The extensive flats on the east side of Haverstraw Bay have ruling depths of 7 to 9 feet (2.1 to 2.7 m), as shown on the chart. Croton is on the east bank, northward of Croton Point. There is a depth of about 6 feet (1.8 m) at the principal wharves. About 4 mile southeastward of Croton is the repair shop of the New York Central Railroad at Harmon. A tall chimney here is prominent.

A pinnacle rock with 17 feet (5.2 m) over it, and marked by a black and red striped buoy, lies in mid-channel west of the south end of Croton Point.

Haverstraw is on the west bank of the river, 32 miles above the Battery, and is remarkable for the number of its brickyards extending along the waterfront. They were not in operation in 1932.

Minisceongo Creek has its entrance at the head of the shoal bight westward of Grassy Point. A channel, with a least depth of about 5 feet (1.5 m) and marked on its south side by stakes, follows the shore through the flat westward of Grassy Point and through the west opening (clear width 45 feet, height above high water 9 feet) in the drawbridge at the entrance of the creek. The drawbridge will be opened during daylight; the signal for it is three blasts. The bridge is seldom opened. There is very little traffic in the creek, the brickyard, formerly located there is no more in use. Stony Point is on the west bank 3 miles above Haverstraw. A light with fog bell is located on this point. Opposite Stony Point is a shoal bight called Greens Cove, on the north side of which is Verplanck Point and the village of Verplanck. There are also stone works at Verplanck and Tompkins Cove. Gasoline and oil can be obtained at Verplanck.

Peekskill is a village in the shoal bight on the east bank of the river 38 miles above the Battery. A dredged channel 100 feet wide and 10 feet (3 m) deep leads to and along the wharves from northward and southward, as shown on the chart. The outer sections of the northern and southern channels are marked by buoys. A chimney on the west gable of the house on the end of the wharf in line with a white church spire on the crest of the first hill is a range

for the southern channel. The coal hoist at the north end of the wharves in line with the north end of a large white school building forms a range for the north edge of the inner section of the northern channel, and vessels must keep southward of the range to follow the channel.

Peeks Kill (Annsville Creek), just northward of Peekskill, has been improved by dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 7 to 8 feet (2.1 to 2.4 m) deep to the sand plant about % mile above the drawbridge at the entrance. This channel had shoaled to about 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1932, and tugs did not go in the creek. The sand company used a shallow draft boat to haul the lighters between the bridge and the plant. A second bridge (highway), with a fixed span 50 feet wide and 23.8 feet (7.3 m) vertical clearance at mean high water, crosses the waterway about 1/4 mile above the railroad bridge. It is reported that the railroad draw is no longer opened. Opposite Peekskill is Donderberg, a high, densely wooded hill terminating eastward in a low, flat point called Kidds Humbug (Jones Point). An aviation beacon, flashing red every 112 seconds, is located on the summit of Donderberg. About 1/2 miles above Kidds Humbug is Iona Island, a Government naval depot. Government vessels only are permitted to land here.

Just above Peekskill the river becomes much narrower, and for a distance of 8 miles has a width of about 1/4 mile. The river here flows along the base of very high hills (some over 1,000 feet (305 m) in height) known as the Highlands. The river scenery between Peekskill and Newburgh, about 14 miles above, is scarcely excelled anywhere in the world. Anthonys Nose is the high, steep, thickly wooded hill on the eastern bank about 2 miles above Kidds Humbug, and there is an aviation beacon, flashing white every 10 seconds, on its summit.

Bear Mountain Bridge is a suspension bridge with a vertical clearance of 155 feet (47 m) at mean high water under the center of the span, and crosses the river between Anthonys Nose and Bear Mountain. A light is located on the end of the point at Anthonys Nose. Popolopen Creek, on the west side of the river above the bridge, is crossed by two bridges, the first having a draw opening 34 feet wide, and the second a fixed span 118 feet (36 m) above mean high water. On the west bank, 2 miles above Anthonys Nose, is Con Hook (marked by a light), and 11⁄2 miles farther up the river is Highland Falls.

West Point, 45 miles above the Battery, is the site of the United States Military Academy, and can be easily recognized from the prominence of the buildings and the road leading up the hillside from the ferry wharf and station of the West Shore Railroad. Opposite this station is the village of Garrisons and a station of the Hudson River Railroad. There is a landing here with 14 feet (4.3 m) alongside, where gasoline can be obtained. The bight between the landing and the old ferry slip has some sunken piling, which are covered at high water, and the bight should be avoided. The northeastern extremity of West Point descends to a rocky point (Gees Point), upon the extremity of which is West Point Lighthouse. On the opposite side of the river and north of West Point is Constitu