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tion Island, marked at Magazine Point by a flashing white light; the bend between the two is locally known as Worlds End, and has very deep water, 36 fathoms (66 m) being found in the channel.

A little above Constitution Island, on the west bank of the river, is a steep, rocky wooded hill 1,396 feet (425 m) high, known as Crow's Nest, and just above it an equally steep and prominent hill 1,340 feet (408 m) high known as Storm King. On the east shore, 11⁄2 miles above Magazine Point, at Little Stony Point, is a rock quarry, and a structure with seven hoppers is prominent. About 4 miles above West Point and on the west bank is Cornwall on the Hudson, just above which is Moodna Creek. There is a depth of about 20 feet (6.1 m) at the coal docks at Cornwall, which is a railroad shipping point for coal. Palopel Island, also called Bannermans Island, is the site of a private arsenal. It is a small island lying near the edge of the shoal on the eastern side of the river opposite Moodna Creek. The buildings on the island have the appearance of a medieval castle. There is a flashing red light just west of this island.

Newburgh, a city on the west bank of the river, 52 miles above the Battery, has large manufacturing interests and considerable river trade in farm produce. This city is said to be the northern limit to which salt water extends. There is a shipyard with good facilities for construction and repair of hulls and machinery, and a railway with a capacity of about 1,000 tons. There is a float landing at the yacht club at the north end of town, with about 4 feet (1.2 m) at low water. Gasoline, oil, and water can be obtained and there is mooring space near by. There are numerous abandoned brickyards on both

sides of the river for a distance of about 2 miles southward from Newburgh. Opposite the city is Beacon, which is connected by ferry and submarine cable. About 3 miles eastward of Beacon, on the summit of a hill, is an aviation beacon, and there is a fire lookout tower on the hill to the southward of it.

There is a large brickyard on the west bank of the river between Roseton and Danskammer Point (marked by a light). New Hamburg is a village on the east bank, 58 miles above the Battery and on the north side of the shoal bight at the entrance of Wappinger Creek. Opposite New Hamburg, on the west bank, are the villages of Hampton and Marlboro.

Wappinger Creek has been improved by dredging a channel 8 feet (2.4 m) deep and 80 feet wide for a distance of 11,000 feet from the channel of Hudson River to a point 200 feet below a bridge at the lower falls where are large bleaching works. In May, 1931, the controlling depths were 8 feet (2.4 m) for 15% miles from the entrance, thence 7 feet (2.1 m) to the head of the project. Two bridges cross the creek. The railroad bridge at the entrance is a lift bridge with a clear opening 40 feet wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) above high water; the highway bridge, 1,100 feet above the railroad bridge has openings 48 feet wide, and 11 feet (3.4 m) above high water. The mean rise and fall of tides is about 3 feet.

The entrance from Hudson River to the railroad bridge is marked by 2 black and 1 red buoy, the cut having a 59° true (ENE. 14 E. mag.) direction until in line with the draw opening, bearing south

ward of 90° true (ESE. % E. mag.). From the upper end of the fender piers the channel leads for the south end of the highway bridge, above which the south bank should be followed about 100 feet off and pass close to the old foundry bulkhead; then head across to pass about 80 feet off the next point on the west bank and follow this bank and the dike above it at a distance of about 60 feet. The channel then leads close to the coal dock, and then follows the south bank at a distance of about 70 feet (a little more in the bight) to the upper end of a bulkhead, from which a narrow channel, with a depth of about 6 feet (1.8 m) leads to what was formerly some lumber sheds on the south bank. The main channel, however, from the upper end of the bulkhead follows the north bank at a distance of about 100 feet, drawing in to about 50 feet when passing the steep part of the bank near the bend at the north end of the creek. Then keep near mid-creek.

Poughkeepsie, about 7 miles above New Hamburg and 65 miles above the mouth of the river, has about 1 mile of wharf front and is the center of an important trade in manufactured goods and lumber. At Poughkeepsie the river is crossed by two bridges, a highway suspension bridge and a fixed railway bridge. The vertical clearances are 137 feet (42 m) and 167 feet (51 m), respectively, and the horizontal clearance at the center of the railroad bridge is 490 feet. There are fog bells on the piers nearest Poughkeepsie, and the bridges are well lighted at night. There is a ferry to the post village of Highland, opposite Poughkeepsie. Submarine cables cross the river on the south sides of the bridges and a pipeline crosses on the north side of the railroad bridge. There is a yacht club with mooring space on the east side of the river, just south of the highway bridge. All kinds of supplies can be obtained at Poughkeepsie.

From Poughkeepsie to Rondout, 131⁄2 miles farther up, the river has a deep and unobstructed channel, and on its banks between these two places are a number of villages and landings. Greer Point, on the east side of the river, is marked by a light.

Esopus Island, small and narrow, with a light at its south end, is 721⁄2 miles above the Battery and 7 miles above Poughkeepsie. A ledge, partly bare at low water and marked by a horizontally striped buoy, extends 300 yards northward in prolongation of the island. The better channel is westward of the island. Esopus is a village on the west bank of the river abreast Esopus Island. About 211⁄2 miles above Esopus Island, on the west bank, is Dinsmore Point, on the eastern extremity of which is Esopus Meadows Lighthouse.

Rondout Creek enters the western side of Hudson River 79 miles above the Battery. It is the harbor for Rondout and Kingston. The entrance is between two long dikes, marked by lights, and a channel 100 feet wide and 14 feet (4.3 m) deep has been dredged. In 1932, the controlling depth was 1312 feet (4.1 m) in a channel of navigable width. The channel leads close to the north dike and the bulkhead at Rondout. Above Rondout there is a depth of about 9 feet (2.7 m) at high water to Wilbur, thence 5 feet (1.5 m) can be carried to Eddyville. The head of navigation is at the lock of the abandoned Delaware and Hudson Canal above Eddyville landing, 34 miles from the entrance. Two fixed bridges, with clear

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heights of 86 and 148 feet, respectively, above mean low water, cross Rondout Creek about 12 and 2 miles above the entrance. The mean rise and fall of tides is 312 feet.

Rondout and Kingston, 79 miles above the Battery, have considerable trade, and are the home ports of the principal fleet of towboats operating on Hudson River. At Rondout and South Rondout there are facilities for building and repairing wooden hulls and ordinary repairs to machinery. The capacity of the floating dock at Rondout is 1,200 tons, length 240 feet, width 42 feet, and can handle a draft up to 12 feet (3.7 m) at high water; at South Rondout the capacity is 300 tons, length 125 feet and draft 9 feet (2.7 m) at high water. There is also a marine railway for small boats at Rondout. Coal, water, gasoline and other supplies are obtainable. A ferry runs to Rhinecliff, opposite the mouth of Rondout Creek. Kingston Point is an amusement resort and stopping place for some of the river steamers.

Barrytown is a village on the east bank of the river, 5 miles above the mouth of Rondout Creek. From Kingston to East Kingston, on the west bank, there are many brickyards. Magdalen Island is a small island lying in the eastern part of the river 234 miles above Barrytown. Nearly 1 mile above the island, on the east bank, is the village of Tivoli.

Esopus Creek enters the western side of Hudson River 88 miles above its mouth. The village of Saugerties is on the creek about 34 mile from its mouth. The creek has been improved by dredging a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) deep for a distance of 4,000 feet above the lights at the entrance between the dikes to the steamboat landing, which is on the south bank of the creek. At the latest examination (1931) this channel had a controlling depth of 12 feet (3.7 m). For a distance of about 1,000 feet below the steamboat landing a shoal extends 20 to 35 yards from the north bank. A landing for Saugerties, used by some of the steamers, is on the west bank % mile southward of Esopus Creek. A ferry runs from here to Tivoli.

Malden is a village on the west bank about 114 miles above the mouth of Esopus Creek. About 2 miles above Malden is the village of West Camp; and on the opposite bank of the river is Cheviot, which is 92 miles above the Battery. The landing for North Germantown is 2 miles above the wharf at Cheviot.

Catskill Creek enters the western side of Hudson River 97 miles above the Battery. Catskill is a village, with a number of factories, on the creek. A long wharf extends from the village to the channel of Hudson River and forms the north side at the entrance of the creek. The Hudson River Day and Night Lines boats stop here. Gasoline and motor boat supplies can be obtained. A ferry runs to Greendale, opposite Catskill Creek.

The channel in Catskill Creek has a least width of about 100 feet and least depth about 10 feet (3 m) to the head of navigation, about 6,500 feet above the entrance, and 1,200 feet above the highway bridge. The north edge of the channel leads close to the end of the wharf at the entrance, then passes 75 feet off the first small pier, lying 200 yards inside the end of the wharf, and then passes close to

the next small pier on the north side. The best water is then in mid-creek until near the first sharp bend, taking care to avoid a rock with 4 feet (1.2 m) over it, lying about 50 feet off the western end of the wharf on the north side, where the shore curves to the northward to a bight, where a small boat yard is located. The rock is about 100 yards southeastward of the float at the boat yard and abreast the rocky point locally known as The Hopper Nose. The channel then follows the south bank nearly to the highway bridge, then through the north draw opening, and then follows the north bank. The highway bridge is about 10 feet above high water, and has two openings 65 feet wide; the south opening is shoal. Gasoline, oil and supplies can be obtained in Catskill Creek. There is a marine railway that can handle boats up to 50 feet in length and 6 feet (1.8 m) draft, aft. Repairs can also be made.

About 22 miles southeastward of the entrance of Catskill Creek, there is an aviation beacon on the summit of a hill.

Hudson, on the east bank, 101 miles above the Battery, is a large shipping point for cement and manufactures. The deepest draft of vessels loaded at Hudson is about 22 feet (6.7 m). Athens, a village opposite Hudson, has a marine railway with a capacity of about 1,000 tons and several smaller ones for motor boats. Some of the river boats tie up here for the winter. Two sets of highvoltage transmission lines cross the Hudson River between Hudson and Athens. The lowest set of wires is about 155 feet (47 m) above the water at the center of the river. A ferry runs from Hudson to Athens and passes on the north side of the lighthouse at the south end of Middle Ground Flats, through a dredged channel 200 feet wide and about 15 feet (4.6 m) deep. The channel is marked on the north side by two private lights and on the south side by a bush stake. Gasoline, oil, water and supplies can be obtained, and there is from 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m) along the wharves at Hudson. The following are the principal villages between Hudson and Albany and their distances in nautical miles above the Battery: Coxsackie, 107 miles, which is connected to Nutten Hook by ferry; Stuyvesant, 109 miles; New Baltimore, 113 miles; Coeyman, 115 miles; and Castleton, 118 miles. At New Baltimore there is a railway with a capacity of about 400 tons. About 14 miles northeastward of new Baltimore there is an aviation beacon, about 350 yards eastward from the shore, on the east side of Hotaling Island.

A railroad bridge crosses the Hudson River 1.7 miles southward of Castleton. It has two fixed spans over the river with a vertical clearance of 139 feet (42.4 m) at mean high water over the main channel.

Albany is on the west bank of the river, 24 miles above Hudson and 125 miles above the Battery. It is the terminus of the Hudson River Day and Night Lines steamers, which make trips regularly, during the summer, from New York and stop at several towns along the way. These steamers also run during the winter when river is open. The chief items of commerce consist of refined oils, building material, petroleum products, fuel oil, general cargo, and pulpwood, carried in vessels loaded to drafts of 6 to 30 feet (1.8 to 9.1 m). Good mooring facilities for yachts can be obtained inside

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the T-shaped pier, one end of which is occupied by the Albany Yacht Club. Gasoline, oil, and water can be obtained at the yacht club float, where there is about 4 feet (1.2 m) at low water.

Rensselaer is a town opposite Albany, and Troy is a manufacturing city on the east bank of the river, 6 miles above Albany and 131 miles above the Battery. Watervliet, opposite Troy, is the site of the United States Arsenal. Passenger and freight steamers run from New York to Albany and Troy during the summer.

Bridges. The following are the drawbridges crossing the Hudson River at Albany and Troy:

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NOTE.-The vertical clearances are given at mean high water and when the bridges are closed. Above the Troy-Cohoes Bridge the bridges are all fixed, and have a least vertical clearance of 14.3 feet (4.4 m) above mean high water. 3 high-tension lines cross the river between Albany and Troy, and the minimum clearance is 141 feet (43 m) above mean high water.

For signals, see regulations, p. 329.

Canals. The Federal dam at Troy, 132 miles above the Battery, is the head of tidewater on the Hudson River. A lock with available length of 492.5 feet, 44.4 feet wide and a depth of 14 feet (4.3 m) on sills, enables vessels to go above the dam to the canal entrances. A channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) deep has been dredged from the lock to the canal entrances at Waterford. Descriptions of these canals are given following "Directions, Hudson River."

Waterford, 211⁄2 miles above the Federal dam, is the terminal of the new Erie (New York State Barge) Canal and Champlain Canal. There is a marine railway here capable of hauling out vessels up to 9-foot draft.

Tides.-Daily predictions for the Battery and Albany are given in the tide tables. High and low water at the points named along the Hudson occur later than at the Battery. The difference in the times and mean rise and fall of tides for low stages in the upper river are as follows:

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