becomes an organ for swimming. G. generally creep by means of this disc adhering to surfaces, and contracting in transverse wrinkles or undulations, which begin from behind. The G. generally secrete a peculiar kind of slime. Some of them produce other peculiar secretions, of which the Tyrian purple is an example. G. have a great power of renewing lost parts; tentacles are thus restored, and even the eyes which they bear at their tips, the mouth with all its apparatus, or the head itself.

GASTON, găs'ton, WILLIAM, LL.D.: lawyer: b. s. Killingly, Conn., 1820, Oct. 3. He graduated at Brown Univ. 1840, studied law, was admitted to the bar 1846, and practiced in Roxbury, Mass. till 1866, when he removed to Boston. He was a member of the Mass. assembly 1853–4 and 56, mayor of Roxbury 1861-2, state senator 1868, mayor of Boston 1871-3, several times unsuccessful candi date for member of congress and gov.; and elected gov. 1874-76. He has since applied himself to his law practice. He is a democrat in politics.

GASTON DE FOIX: see Foix.

GASTORNIS, n. găs-tawr'nis [named after Gaston M. Plante, its discoverer; Gr. ornis, a bird]: a huge fossil bird from the Eocene; one either of the Natatores or of the Cursores. The only known species is the Gastornis parisiensis of the Paris basin.

GASTREA, n. găs-tre'ă [Gr. gaster, the stomach]: a minute animal of the simplest description supposed to have once existed, being a form of the Gastrula. GASTREA

THEORY, the theory which endeavors to establish that all animals above the Protozoa, with the exception of the sponges, take their origin from a form of Gastrula, which proceed upward to the more perfect forms by the mere enlargement and differentiation of the primitive layers of cells representing the persistent ectoderm and endoderm.

GASTRÆUM, n. găs-trè'um [Gr. gaster, the belly]: the whole of the under surface of an animal's body.

GASTRALGIA, n. găs-trăl'ji-ă [Gr. gaster, the belly; algos, pain]: pain in the region of the stomach, a symptom of indigestion: also called GASTRODYNIA: see GASTRIC: also CARDIALGIA.

GASTRIC, a. găs'trik [L. gastricus, gastric-from Gr. gaster, the belly or stomach: F. gastrique]: relating to the belly or stomach in man; applied to certain forms of fever. GASTRIC JUICE, the fluid in the stomach which acts as the principal agent in digestion (see DIGESTION, ORGANS AND PROCESS OF). GASTRITIS, n. -tri'tis [itis, denoting inflammation]: inflammation of the stomach (see STOMACH, DISEASES OF). GASTRO, gus'tro, in anat. and med., a prefix in compound words signifying related to, or connected with, the stomach. GASTRODYN'IA, n. -din'i-ă [Gr. ŏdůně, pain]: a painful affection of the stomach (see CARDIALGIA). GASTRO-ENTERITIS (see STOMACH, DISEASES OF: also ENTERITIS). GASTRONOMY, n. gis tròn ă-mi [Gr. nămis, a law]: the art or science of good eating; epicurism. Gas'

TRONOM'IC, a. -tro-nomik, or GASTRONOM'ICAL, a. -i-kil, pertaining to the stomach or good living. GASTRON OMIST, n. -o-mist, one who likes good living; also GASTRONOMER. GASTRONOME, n. gastro-nom [F.]: an adept in gastronomy. GASTROSTOMY, surgical operation which has been two or three times performed for relief of stricture of the gullet, to relieve the patient from the imminent risk of starvation, by introducing food directly into the stomach through an external opening. The well-known case of Alexis St. Martin, and numerous experiments on the lower animals, have led to this attempt, not unreasonably, to save life; it has not yet, however, been successful. GASTROT OMY, n. -trot ō-mi [Gr. tome, a cutting]: the operation of making an incision into the stomach or into the cavity of the abdomen (q.v.); for removing some diseased texture or foreign body. For a cognate operation, sometimes loosely called by this name gee ČESARIAN OPERATION.

GASTRITIS-GASTRODYNIA-GASTRO-ENTER

ITIS: see CASTRIC.

GASTROCHENA, găs-trō-ke'ná: genus of lamellibran chiate mollusks, having a delicate shell of two equal valves, gaping very much in front; the animal sometimes taking possession of an already existing cavity, which it often lines with a calcareous lining, so as to form a tube, to which the valves of its shell are cemented; sometimes bur rowing for itself in sand, madrepores, or calcareous rocks, and lining its hole with a shelly layer. G. modiolina, common

a, one of the tubes broken open, showing the valves.

in the Mediterranean, perforates shells and limestone, making holes about two inches deep and half an inch in diameter. It sometimes bores right through an oyster into the ground below, and makes for itself a flask-shaped case, with its neck fixed in the oyster-shell. The tubes of some of the tropical species which live in sand are very curious.-To the family Gastrochenida are referred Aspergillum and Clavagella.

GASTROCNEMIUS, n. găs'trok-ne'mi-us [Gr. gaster, the belly; knēmě, the leg]: applied to the muscle which principally forms the calf of the leg, and whose office it is to extend the foot. It arises by two heads from the two condyles of the thigh-bone, and is inserted by the TENDO

ACHILLIS (see Foor) at the posterior part of the heel-bone In man, these muscles possess great power, and are constantly called in use in standing, walking, leaping, etc. In walking, they raise the heel, and, with it, the entire body from the ground; and the body being thus supported on the raised foot, the other leg is carried forward. From their close association with the erect position, they are much less developed in other mammals than in the human subject.

GASTRODIA, găs-trō'di-á: genus of orchids. G. sesamoides is a native of Van Diemen's Land, and its roots form large coral-like masses, sometimes called native potatoes, being edible; but they are watery and insipid.

GASTROMALACIA, n. gặs trò-mặt ( si-ă [Gr. gastér the stomach; L. malăcus, Gr. malǎkos, soft to the touch, tender]: a softening of the stomach, held to be due to the action of the gastric juice on the coats of the stomach after death.

GASTROPODS, n. plu.: see GASTEROPODS.

GASTRORRHŒA, n. găs'trŏr-rē'ă [Gr. gastēr, the belly; rheo, I flow]: the catarrh of the stomach in dogs, attended with the discharge of abundant and dense mucus.

GASTRULA, n. găs trổ'lă [a dim. formed from Gr. gaster, the stomach]: a name applied to the developmental stage in various animals, in which the embryo consists of two fundamental membranes, an outer and an inner, inclosing a central cavity which communicates with the outer water by a single primitive opening: see GASTRÆA.

GATCHINA: see GATSCHINA.

The

It is

GATE, n. gāt [Goth. gatvo; Dan. gade, a street: Icel. gota, a street, a path-from gat, a hole--lit., a way to get at a thing]: an entrance-door to a city, castle, etc.; a large frame of wood moving on hinges which opens or closes any passage; a door. GATE LESS, a. without a gate. GA'TED, a. having gates. GATE WAY, n. a way through a gate; the gate itself. The gateway, as a passage or opening in which a gate or large door is hung, may be either an open way with side pillars or a covered way vaulted or roofed. gateway being a most important point in all fortified places, is usually protected by various devices. flanked by towers with loopholes, from which assailants may be attacked, and is frequently overhung by a machicolated battlement, from which missiles of every description were poured upon the besiegers. City gates, and gates of large castles, have in all ages been the subjects of great care in construction; and when from some cause, such as the cessation of constant fighting, or a change in the mode of warfare, gateways have lost their importance in a military point of view, they have maintained their position as important architectural works. In very ancient times, we read of the 'gate' as the most prominent part of a city, where proclamations were made, and where the kings administered justice. The Greek and Roman gates were frequently of great magnificence. The propylæa at Athens

is a beautiful example, and the triumphal arches of the Romans are the ornamental offspring of their city gates. Most of the towns in Britain have lost their walls and city gates; but a few remaining, such as York and Chester, give some idea of the ancient construction. The castles retain more of their ancient gateways, from which may be imagined the frowning aspect of every town during the middle ages. Abbeys, colleges, and every class of buildings were shut in and defended by similar barriers; many of these still exist in Oxford and Cambridge, and the abbey gates of Canterbury and Bury St. Edmund's are wellknown specimens of monastic gateways. On the continent of Europe the remaining constructions of this kind are

more numerous.

GATE OF ITALY: narrow mountain gorge, part of the valley of the Adige, near Trent and Rovedero.

GATE OF TEARS: portion of the strait of Bab el-Mandeb, the entrance from the Indian ocean into the Red Sea. It was so named by the Arabs from the number of wrecks due to the dangerous navigation.

GATES, gāts, HORATIO: 1728-1806, Apr. 10; b. Maldon, Essex, England: general in the American army of the Revolution. He early entered on a military career, and first bore arms under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. Sent to America 1755, as capt. of infantry, he served under Gen. Braddock, and with difficulty escaped in the defeat in which that officer was slain. On the peace of 1763, he purchased an estate in Virginia, where he resided until the war of independence. In this struggle, he sided with his adoptive, against his native, country, and 1775 was made ad.gen. with the rank of brig. in the colonial army. He accom panied Washington to Mass. 1775, July; and 1776, June, received the chief command of the army which had just retreated from Canada. In 1777, Mar., he superseded Schuyler in command of the army of the North, but being considered too prudent, was himself superseded by Schuyler in May following. In Aug., however, he once more undertook the command, and soon compelled the entire British army under Burgoyne (consisting, as some say, of 5,700 men, or as others, of 3,500) to surrender at Saratoga. This brilliant success gained for him a great military reputation, and his considerate conduct toward his compatriots won him the esteem of even his enemies. In 1780, G. was called by Congress to the command of the army of the South, and in his unfortunate defeat by Cornwallis at Camden lost his laurels. He was superseded by Gen. Green, and was not acquitted of blame by court-martial till 1782, after a protracted trial. He then retired to Va. till 1790, when he emancipated all his slaves, and settled in N. Y. 1800, receiving the honor of the 'freedom of the city,' and was soon elected to the state legislature.

GATES, MERRILL EDWARDS, PH.D., L.L.D.: educator: b. Warsaw, N. Y., 1848, Apr. 6. He graduated at Rochester Univ. 1870, was chosen principal of Albany Acad. the same year, and pres. of Rutger's College, New Bruns

wick, N. J., 1882, and was appointed a member of the U. S. board of Indian commissioners 1884. He received the degree PH.D. from the Univ. of N. Y. 1880, and LL.D. from Princeton College 1882. 1890, Aug., he was elected pres. of Amherst College.

as

GATESHEAD, gatshed: town of England, county of Durham; an ancient borough under the Episcopal palatines of that county; formerly governed by a bailiff and bur. gesses; since 1835 a parliamentary and municipal borough. It is on the south bank of the Tyne, directly opposito Newcastle, to which it is joined by two bridges, and with which it is otherwise so closely connected virtually to form one town with it. The older portions of the town are poorly built, but great extensions have been made westward and southward, in which directions much ground has been laid out in new streets and detached villas. There are numerous dissenting as well as established churches, a grammar-school founded 1700, a mechanics' institute, and a hospital (King James's) consisting of the master (the rector of Gateshead for the time being) and three brethren who have residences, and 12 others who receive allowances without residence. G. has also an excellent dispensary, established after a dreadful visitation of cholera 1831-2, which carried off 1,028 of the population. The numerous coal-mines in the neighborhood, iron-works and foundries, glass-works, brick, tile, and soap works, ship-building, chemical-works, etc., furnish employment to the inhabitants. There are also extensive manufactures of anchors, machinery, chain-cables, iron-wire and other ropes. At Gateshead Fell are quarries from which the famous grindstones erroneously but proverbially known as Newcastle grindstones,' are obtained, and exported to all parts of the world. In 1854, Oct., a large portion of the lower part of G., as well as considerable property in Newcastle immediately opposite, was destroyed by an awful explosion and fire, which caused the death of more than 50 persons. . sends one member to the House of Commons. —G. is supposed to have been a Roman station, or outwork to the Roman station at Newcastle, several coins and other relics having been found from time to time. The derivation of the name has been long matter of dispute, but the probability is, that it simply means the head of the gate or road with which the Romans connected Newcastle with the Southern military divisions and defenses.-Pop. (1871) 48,027; (1881) 65,873; (1891) 85,709.

GATH, gath [Heb. ' wine-press']: one of the five chief cities of the Philistines. It was on the frontiers of Judah, and of much importance in the wars between the Philistines and the Israelites. It formed, in fact, the key of both countries, and was strongly fortified. The giant Goliath, slain by the stripling David, was a native of this place. Jerome describes it in his time as a very large village.' The site of ancient Gath is probably the little eminence, about 200 ft. high, now known as Tell-es-Sâfret, at the foot of what were anciently called the Mountains of Judah.

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