GLARUS, gla-rús: canton in the n.e. of Switzerland, triangular in shape, bounded n.e. by the canton of St. Gall, s.e. by that of Grisons, w. by those of Schwyz and Uri; 262 sq. m. Pop. (1880) 34,213 inhabitants, of whom near 7,000 were Rom. Catholics, almost all the others Calvinists. The surface is mountainous, the highest peak being Tödiberg or Dödiberg in the s.w., 11,880 ft. From the foot of this mountain, the Linth, the chief river, flows n.n.e., through the middle of the canton, and empties into the Lake of Wallenstadt. The principal valleys, after that of the Linth, are the Sernfthal and the Klönthal, both formed by tributaries of the Linth. The climate is very severe, and only one-fifth of the land is arable. This canton, in which the rearing of cattle was formerly the main pursuit of the inhabitants, is now an important manufacturing district. The principal manufactures are cotton, woolen, muslin, and silk goods, and paper and slates. Great part of the manufactures are exported to the East, to n. Africa, America, and China. The green cheese called Schabziger. which is wholly made here, and other agricultural products are exported. In no other Swiss canton does the population increase so slowly. The old homely manners, and many even of the customs of antiquity, still prevail. In the earliest times, G. was reckoned sometimes as part of Rhotia, sometimes as part of Swabia, and was peopled by German settlers. After various changes, it passed into the possession of the Dukes of Austria, but ultimately secured its independence by the victories of Näfels 1352-88, when it joined the Swiss confederation.

GLARUS, cap. and chief town of the canton, environed by mountains, has a large Gothic church which serves both for Rom. Catholics and for Protestants and in which Zwingli was parson 1506-16. Pop. (1880) 5,330.

GLAS, JOHN: 1695-1773; b. Auchtermuchty, Fife, Scotland, where his father was parish minister: founder of the sect of Glassites, now known as Sandemanians. He studied at the Univ. of St. Andrews, and of Edinburgh, and was ordained minister of Tealing 1719. Here he developed peculiar opinions-against a state church and the Presb. polity and the orthodox doctrine as to 'justifying faith' (see further, SANDEMANIANS); for which he was tried, and deposed 1730. He afterward gathered some adherents in Dundee, Edinburgh, and Perth. In 1739, the decree of deposition was removed, though he was declared still ineligible to a pastoral charge in the Established Church until he should have renounced his avowed antagonism to its constitution. He died at Dundee.

GLASERITE: see under GLASS.

GLASGOW, glus-go: the industrious metropolis of Scotland, and, next to London, the most populous city (1881) in Great Britain. It is on the Clyde, in the lower ward of Lanarkshire, and occupies chiefly the n. side of the river, but has large and populous suburbs on the s. side. The river here is crossed by seven bridges: two of granite and one of iron are much admired for their light and graceful architecture: two are suspension-bridges, and two viaducts of the Union and the Caledonian railways. Below the bridges ferry-boats ply at all hours.

The ground upon which G. is built is mostly level, but in the n. and n.w. districts are considerable elevations. Owing to the number of cotton-factories, chemical works, foundries, and workshops of all kinds, the city has a somewhat dingy and smoky aspect. In other respects, it has many attractions. The houses facing the river stand well back, leaving spacious thoroughfares on each side, and affording full and noble views of the bridges, of several handsome street ranges and public buildings, and of the harbor with its forests of masts and steam funnels. Most of the leading streets run from e. to w., parallel with the river, and almost all the streets, except in the oldest parts of the city, are straight. The houses are generally lofty, and built of freestone, the several floors of each tenement being frequently occupied by separate families, entering by a common stair. In the fashionable quarters, 'self-contained' houses prevail. G. has comparatively few squares or other open spaces; but it has four public parks-one in each quarter of the city-the Green (140 acres) occupying the level next the Clyde at the e. end; Queen's Park (more than 100 acres), finally situated on a rising-ground to the south; Kelvingrove, or West End Park (40 acres) rounding the face of a hill crowned with noble terraces, and sloping down to the Kelvin, at the w. end; and the Alexandra, or n.e. park (85 acres). The city is abt. three m. in length from e. to w., and about eight m. in circumference.

G. had its nucleus first in the cathedral, afterward in the university. The former is situated in the n.e. of the city on a height on the banks of the Molendinar stream which flows between the old burying-ground and a steep rocky eminence formerly known as the Fir Park, now transformed into the Necropolis, a modern cemetery studded and crowned with monuments. From this ravine the name G is supposed to have been derived, etymologists professing to find in it two Celtic words signifying a Dark Glen.' St. Kentigern, or St. Mungo, founded a bishopric on the banks of the Molendinar about 560; but for more than 500 years afterward the history of the place is a blank. About 1115 David, prince of Cumbria (afterward king of Scotland), restored the see, and appointed his preceptor, John, to the bishopric, who laid the foundations of a cathedral, which was replaced by the present pile founded by Bp. Jocelin 1181. In 1180, King William the Lion erected G. into a burgh, with the privilege of an annual fair; but for a century and a half later, it continued an insignificant town of not more than 1,500 inhabitants. In 1345, Bp. Rae built the first stone

bridge across the Clyde; and 1451 Bp. Turnbull established the university, having obtained a bull for that purpose from Pope Nicholas V. The latter event gave considerable impetus to the place; yet, 1556, G. ranked only 11th in importance among the towns of Scotland.

The city as it now exists is almost wholly modern, having quintupled in dimensions during the last 70 years. This immense growth has arisen from its situation in a district abounding in coal and iron, and from the facilities afforded by the Clyde for a world-wide commerce. At the same

time much of its prosperity is due to local ingenuity and enterprise. Here, James Watt, 1765, made his memorable improvement on the steam-engine; here Henry Bell, 1812, first (in the old world) demonstrated the practicability of steam-navigation. An enormous sum has been expended on the widening and deepening of the river, now navigable_by vessels 300 ft. long, and drawing 23 ft. of water. The Queen's Docks at Stobcross, opened 1877, have a depth of 20 ft. of water, and an area of 34 acres, and have cost £1,600,000. The enterprising spirit of the inhabitants began to manifest itself during the 17th c. Sugar-refining, the distillation of spirits from molasses, and the manufacture of soap, were among the earlier industries. The opening of the American colonies to Scotch enterprise after the Union with England (1707) gave immense increase to its commerce. G. became the chief emporium of the tobacco trade, and its Virginian merchants formed a local aristocracy, remarkable for wealth and hauteur. This trade was at length paralyzed by the American war of secession; but sugar cultivation in the W. Indies, and the introduction of the cotton manufacture, opened new paths to opulence. Calico-printing, Turkey-red dyeing, beer-brewing and other branches followed; and with the rapid expansion of the iron trade, including machine-making and ship-building, the city has attained its present magnitude. Ship-building is one of the most important industries of G., and Clydebuilt ships are famous throughout the world. In 1880, 241 vessels were built, including 8 men of war, and having a joint tonnage of 240,000. Among the thousand chimneystalks of G. one is nearly 460 and one is about 440 ft. high, both belonging to great chemical works.

The city is governed by a lord provost, 10 bailies, and 47 councilors, to whom are added the dean of guild from the Merchants', and the deacon-conveuer from the Trades' House. The sheriff, five sheriff-substitutes, and a stipendiary magistrate exercise within the city a co-ordinate jurisdiction with the civic magistrates, and preside over various civil and criminal courts. Corporation halls, comprising a valuable gallery of paintings, have been secured; public parks have been purchased at great cost; and 1859 a supply of water was introduced from Loch Katrine at the bountiful rate of 34,600,000 gallons a day. In all that relates to lighting, paving, sewerage, and the like, G. deserves laudatory mention. Magnificent new municipal buildings were begun 1882. G. had (1885-6) 75,293 registered parliamentary voters, and sends seven members to the house of commons.

Many of the public buildings are noticeable. The cathedral, recently restored and enriched with stained glass chiefly from Munich, is one of the finest first pointed churches in the kingdom. The Royal Exchange, in Queen street, several of the banks, and many of the churches, likewise present fine specimens of architecture in a variety of styles. G. has several equestrian statues, including those of William III. at the Cross, the Duke of Wellington in front of the Royal Exchange, and Queen Victoria in George Square: the last two are by Marochetti. In the Green there is an obelisk, 144 ft. high, to Nelson, a conspicuous object in the landscape. In George Square there are a column surmounted by a statue of Sir Walter Scott; a fine statue of Sir John Moore, by Flaxman; one of James Watt, by Chantrey; one of Sir Robert Peel, by Mossman; and statues of Robert Burns, Thomas Campbell, and David Livingstone. The St. Andrew's Halls, opened 1877, are spacious and elegant. The Institute of the Fine Arts, the Stock Exchange, and the Merchants' House, are new and handsome buildings; the post-office has recently been rebuilt and much extended. Under the City Improvement Act (1866), great changes have been made, at an estimated cost of £375,000, in some of the most densely populated and unhealthful localities in the e. part of the city. The venerable university buildings in this region have been partly pulled down and partly transformed into a railway station.

The Caledonian, the North British, and the Glasgow and Southwestern railways have each one or more stations in Glasgow; the latter line is now accommodated, with the City Union railway, in the vast St. Enoch Square station. The Caledonian has lately built a large central station in Gordon Street; and the North British also has added largely to its accommodation. There are tramways in the principal lines of street.

Charitable institutions and benevolent societies abound in G. The city has about 300 churches and chapels; and is liberally provided with schools of all degrees. For Anderson's College, see ANDERSON, JOHN. Northwest of the city is the Botanic Garden, about 40 acres, with the Kibble Conservatory. Pop. (1801) 83,769; (1861) 446,639; (1871) 477,710; (1881) parliamentary burgh, 487,985; municipal burgh, 510,816; city with suburbs, 647,095; (1891) 792,728. See MacGeorge's Old Glasgow (1880).

GLAS GOW, UNIVERSITY OF: founded 1451 by Bp. Turnbull, who procured a bull of ratification from Pope Nicholas V. In 1460, James, first Lord Hamilton, endowed a coliege on the site-in the densest part of the High Street -of the late buildings, the older portions of which were erected 1632-56. Queen Mary bestowed on the univ. 13 acres of adjacent ground. In 1577, James VI. granted increased funds in a new charter. In 1864, the univ. buildings and adjacent lands were sold, and handsome new buildings, designed by Sir G. Gilbert Scott, were erected at Gilmore hill, overlooking the West End Park, and opened 1872. The total cost was about £470,000, of which £120,000 were granted by parliament, and above £165,000 were