challenge. Note.-GAUNTLET is a common spelling, though GANTLET is the better and original form.

GANTLET (in TO RUN THE GANTLET), or GANTELOPE, găn'těl-op [Sw. gatlopp-from gata, a street, a line of soldiers; lopp, a course; or from gang, passage, and Dutch loopen, to run-comp. elope]: to run through a company of soldiers or sailors standing in two rows, making a lane, each having a switch or knotted cord in his hand to scourge the criminal, who is naked to the waist. Note.-It will be seen that GANTLET, in the expression to run the gantlet, has really uo connection with GANTLET or GAUNTLET, but is a mere corruption of gantelope, or gangloop.

GANTUNG PASS: mountain road leading e. from Kunawar, a district of Bussahir in Hindustan, into Eastern Tartary; lat. 31° 38′ n., and long, 78° 47' e. It is 18,295 ft, above the sea, and is overhung by Gantung peak, about 3,000 ft. loftier. The place is unspeakably desolate and rugged. It is beset with perpetual snow, and being devoid of fuel, is little traversed. Gerard, one of the few travellers that have visited it, crossed it-and that in July--amid snow and sleet; he reports the whitened surface as presenting here and there dangerous pools of still water.

GAN'YMEDE: see PLANETOIDS.

GANYMEDES, gun-i-me'dez: in classic mythology, cupbearer of Zeus. According to Homer, he was son of Tros; according to others, of Laomedon, Ilus, or Erichthonius. The most beautiful of mortals, he attracted the notice of the king of the gods, who despatched his eagle to carry him off to heaven, where he succeeded Hebe as cup-bearer. The Greeks believed that Zeus gave Tros a pair of divine horses as a compensation for kidnapping his boy, and comforted him at the same time by informing him that G. had become immortal and free from all earthly ills. At a later period G. was identified with the divinity who presided over the sources of the Nile. The Greek astronomers likewise placed him among the stars, under the name of Aquarius (the water-bearer), in alusion to his celestial function. G. was a favorite subject of ancient art.

GAOL, n. jāl, in the United States, usually written JAIL [F. geôle, a gaol-from OF. gaiole-from It. gaiola for gabbiola, a cage-from mid. L. gabĭŏlă, a cage—from L. cavěá, a cage, a coop; cavus, hollow: comp. Sp. gayola, a cell for mad persons: Gael. gabhar, a gaol-from gabh, to take, to seize]: a place of confinement for debtors and criminals; a prison: see PRISON: V. to confine in a prison. GAOL'ING, imp. GAOLED, pp. jāld. GAOL'ER, n. the keeper of a gaol or prisoner. GAOL-BIRD, a criminal in gaol. GAOLDELIVERY, the clearing of a prison of accused persons by bring them to trial. COMMISSION OF GAOL-DELIVERY, in England, is one of the four commissions issued to judges of assize, under which they discharge their duties on circuit: see ASSIZE. Commission of gaol-delivery empowers the judges to try and to deliver every prisoner who shall be in the gaol when they arrive at the circuit town. It is not incumbent on the commissioners to deliver all the prisoners

in the gaol, but they cannot try any one who was not in custody or on bail at the opening of the commission. A commission of gaol-delivery has power to order that the proceedings at any trial shall not be published till all the trials are finished.

GAP, n. gặp [AS. geap, wide; geapan, to gape, to open: Icel. glapa, to stare; gapa, to gape: Norw. gap, a passage: Gael. gab, a mouth]: any opening; a hiatus; a breach; a hole. TO STOP A GAP, to patch up or make a shift for a time. TO STAND IN THE GAP, to stand forward in the post of danger, as a defender. GAPE, v. gáp or gặp, to open the mouth wide, as from drowsiness or dullness; to yawn; to open, as a crevice: N. a gaping; a yawn; the opening between the mandibles of birds. GA'PING, imp.: ADJ. opening like a crevice or large crack; opening wide the mouth. GAPED, pp. gâpt or gāpt. GA'PER, n. one who stares foolishly. GAPES, n. plu. gaps or gaps, a fatal disease among poultry and birds, in which they open their mouths wide and gasp for breath, caused by the presence of the parasite scleros' toma syn'gamus in large numbers in the trachea, or in the lungs. TO GAPE FOR or AFTER, to desire earnestly; to long for; to stare or gaze. TO GAPE AT, to stare in a wondering manner.-SYN. of 'gap': defect, flaw; break; chasm;-of 'gape, v.': to gaze; stare.

GAP, gap: small town of France, cap. of the dept. of Hautes Alpes, pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Luie, about 50 m. s.e. of Grenoble. It is approached through walnut avenues, and surrounded by slopes on which the vine flourishes 2,558 ft. above sea level. Seen from a certain distance the town is picturesque; but on closer inspection, it is found a labyrinth of dirty, narrow and ill-paved streets. The chief public building is the cathedral, with a mausoleum in marble of the Constable de Lesdiguières. The town has manufactures of coarse woolens, linens, agricultural implements, and leather. Pop. (1886) 9,345. G., the anc. Vapincum, was formerly cap. of the district of Dauphiné to which it gave the name of Gapencois. At the commencement of the 17th c., it is said to have had about 16,000 inhabiants. Since that period, however, it has steadily declined in size and importance. It was sacked, and almost wholly reduced to ashes, by Victor Amadeus of Savoy 1692.

Its

GAPES, gaps or gups: disease affecting domestic fowls and some other gallinaceous birds; due to a trematode worm (Fasciola trachealis) in the throat. Though differing in appearance this worm is allied to the fluke worm (see FLUKE), which attacks and often proves destructive to sheep. presence produces inflammation, causes difficulty in breathing, and if neglected may prove fatal. The causes are impurities in drinking water and damp and unclean quarters. The indications are frequent gaping, stretching the neck, lassitude, and general debility. Remedies: Thorough cleansing and disinfection of the yards and pens is imperative. The affected birds are to be separated from the remainder of the flock and put into barrels into which some dry air

slaked lime should then be thrown.

The dust will cause violent coughing which will probably dislodge the worms. If not successful, or if lime is not at hand, the tip of a feather may be moistened with spirits of turpentine, or with carbolic acid and glycerine, in the proportion of 20 drops of the former to an ounce of the latter, and passed down the windpipe: turn it around several times and withdraw quickly: repeat with another feather until no more worms are removed. Light food should be given for a few days and a little camphor in the drinking water will be beneficial.

GAR, v. går [Icel. gera, or göra, to make, to do: Bret. gra, affair, business]: in Scot. and prov. Eng., to cause; to make one do a thing; to compel; to force. GAR'RING, imp. GARRED, pp. gárd.

GARANCEUX, gâr-ang-seh: the rough preparation formerly called garancine-namely, the spent madder acted on by sulphuric acid, as mentioned under GARANCINE.

GARANCINE, găr'an-sin: manufactured product of madder; hence its name, from Fr. garance. The discovery of the process for making this material is due to the French; and it has proved one of the most valuable additions of the present c. to our dyeing materials. It was practically used first in the dyeing establishment of Messrs. Lagier and Thomas at Avignon, where it was introduced with the hope of turning the spent madder to account; but the rude man. ner in which it was prepared long prevented its general use and ignorance of the organic chemistry of madder at first hindered its improvement. It was first prepared by drying and pulverizing or grinding the spent madder which had been used in the ordinary process of dying madder styles; this was then saturated with sulphuric acid, which was supposed to char the woody tissue and destroy the alizurine and some other organic products of the madder, but to have no effect upon the purpurine, which was constantly available for fresh dyeing processes. Subsequent experience showed these views to be wrong, and G. is now prepared from pure ground madder-root which has not previously been used. For this purpose, the ground madder is mixed with water, and left for a day; then fresh water is added, and the whole drawn off. By this means, the sugar, and probably the whole of the rubian, another principle of the madder, are dissolved and removed. Sulphuric acid is then added, and the temperature raised to about 90° F. for some hours, after which it is well washed with cold water, strained, pressed, and dried, and afterward ground. In this state, it has a fine chocolate-brown color, and somewhat resembles ground coffee. The advantages of G. over madder are, that it is more easily used, and the colors which it gives are brighter and more intense, though not so permanent.

GARAY, gor'oy, JÁNOS: 1812-1853, Nov. 5; b. Szegszárd: Hungarian poet. G.'s poetical genius manifested itself from early boyhood; for it was noticed by his teachers, that whenever he had to make a school pensum of Latin verses, he would usually bring at the same time an elaborate Magyar version. His Csatár (the Warrior) was published 1834, and from that time till his death, G. was one of the most assiduous workmen in the field of Hungarian literature, being attached in succession to the editorial staffs of the Regéloi, Rajzolatok, Hirnök, and Jelenkor. His dramatic works are- -Csáb, tragedy in five acts (1835); Arbocz, tragedy in five acts (1837); Országh Ilona, historical drama in three acts (1837); Utolsó Magyar Khan, tragedy in five acts; Báthory Erzsebet, historical drama in five acts. The first complete edition of his poetical works was published at Pesth 1843. A collection of tales appeared under the title Tollrajzok, 1845; and the historical legends of Hungary, under the title Arpádok, 1847. A new series of poetry, Balatoni Kagylók, was published 1848. He died at Pesth. His last work was Szent László, a long historical poem in 12 cantos (2 vols., Erlau 1850). A complete edition of his poems was published after his death by Franz Ney (Pesth 1853); and a select number have been translated into Ger, man by Kertbeny (Pesth 1854; 2d ed. Vienna 1857).

GARB, n. garb [OF. garbe, gracefulness: Sp. garbo, grace: It. garbo, comeliness, behavior]: dress; clothes; mode or fashion of dress.-SYN.: guise; habit; clothing; fashion; mode.

GARB, or GARBE, n. garb [F. garbe; O.H.G. garba, a sheaf]: in OE., sheaf of any kind of grain. It is frequent in heraldry. If blazoned a garb simply, wheat is understood; if any other grain is intended, it must be mentioned -e.g., 'a garb of oats.'

GARBAGE n. gâr'bāj [Gael. garrbhuaichd, the filth about sheep or cattle inclosed-from garr, filth: Sp. garbillure, to separate the bad from the good: comp. F. grabeau, refuse of drugs]: the refuse of flesh or vegetables; the bowels of an animal; offal.

GARBLE, v. går'bl [Sp. garbillo, a coarse sieve; garbillar, to garble, to sift: OF. garbeller, to examine precisely, to sift nearly: Ar. ghirbal, a large sieve: comp. Gael garbh, thick, rough; buaile, to strike out-lit., to sift out the refuse]: to strike out the thick or prominent parts; to pick out and choose such parts from a statement, a writing, or an author, as may serve a purpose-generally in a bad sense; to mutilate. GAR'BLEABLE, capable of being garbled; liable to be garbled. GAR'BLING, imp.: N. a picking or sorting. GAR'BLINGS, n. plu. the worst kind, or the refuse, of any commodity. GAR'BLED, pp. -bld: ADJ. separated or picked out to serve a purpose. GAR BLER, n. bler, one who; a sorter and cleanser, as of spices. GARBLES, n. plu. går blz, the dust, soil, or dross separated from good spices or drugs, etc. GAR'BELLED, a. -běld, in com., sorted or picked. GAR BELLER, n. a sorter of spices or any other commodity. Note.-Perhap- GARBAGE is derived

from the same sources as GARBLE, or there may have been a confusion of GARBLE with OF. garber, to collect-see Skeat.

GARBOIL, n. gâr'boyl [OF. garbouil; It. garbuglio, confusion: Sp. garbullo, a crowd, a multitude]: in OE., great confusion; disorder; hurly-burly.

GARCIA, gâr'sē-a, Sp. gâr-the'â, MANUEL: 1775-1832, June; b. Seville, Spain: musician. After acquiring reputation as a singer in Cadiz and Madrid, he went to Paris 1808, where he obtained great success at the Italian opera; and 1811 went to Italy, where he found equal favor in Turin, Rome, and Naples. He was constantly engaged as 8 singer, either in Paris or London, 1816-24. Subsequently with a select operatic company, in part members of his own family, he visited New York and Mexico. On the road between Mexico and Vera Cruz, he was robbed of all his money; and after his return to Paris, he was compelled to open a class for singing, as his voice had become greatly impaired by age and fatigue. Many of G.'s pupils reached great excellence, but none equalled his eldest daughter Maria, afterward Madame Malibran (q.v.). He was less successful as a composer, though several of his works, especially El Poeta Calculista and Il Califo di Bagdad, were much admired. He died at Paris.-PAULINE. VIARDOTG. (b. Paris 1821), second daughter of Manuel G., also acquired great reputation as an operatic singer.

GARCILASO, gár-the-la'sō, surnamed (by himself) the Inca: 1540-1616; b. Cuzco, Peru; son of G. de la Vega, who belonged to the same family as the poet of that name, and was one of the conquerors of Peru. G.'s father married Elizabeth Palla, Peruvian princess of the race of the Incas, niece of the famous Huayna Capac, the last emperor of Peru; and G., though a Spaniard and a Christian, was exceedingly proud of the royal blood which flowed in his mother's veins. At the age of 20 he went to Spain, and never returned to America. During the greater portion of his life he lived at Cordova, where he died. His first work was History of Florida (La Florida del Ynca. Lisbon 1605). It contains an account of the conquest of the country by Fernando de Soto. In 1609 appeared the first, and 1616, shortly before his death, the second part of his work, on the History of Peru, entitled Commentarios Reales que tratan del Origen de los Incas de sus Leyes y Gobierno, valuable as being almost the only source of information which we possess concerning the ancient Peruvians. G. well understood his mother-tongue, and was enabled to correct the errors of other Spanish writers. G.'s History of Peru was translated into English by Sir Paul Rycaut (Lond. 1688); and into French (2 vols. Amsterdam 1727).

GARCILASO DE LA VEGA, gár-the-la'sō dã lâ và'ga: 1500 (or 1503)-1536, Nov.; b. Toledo: Spanish soldier and poet. He early adopted the profession of arms, and gained distinguished reputation for bravery in the wars by Emperor Charles V. against the French and Turks, but was mortally wounded while storming a castle near Fréjus, in