Apr. 4. He took part in a notable expedition against a strong British post opposite Black Rock, N. Y., in the war of 1812, and was commander of McDonough's flag. ship in the battle of Lake Champlain.

GRAHAM, SYLVESTER: 1794-1851, Sep. 11; b. Suffield, Conn.: reformer. He spent several years teaching; entered Amherst College to prepare for the ministry 1823, but did not complete the course; was ordained a Presb. clergyman 1826, and began his temperance and dietetic reform work 1830. He conceived the great panacea for intemperance to be a purely vegetable diet, and the remainder of his life was spent in writing and lecturing on that theory, which he subsequently elaborated till it was made to apply to all forms of disease. He introduced Graham Bread, made from unbolted wheat flour.

GRA HAM, THOMAS: celebrated chemist: 1804, Dec. 21 -1869, Sep. 16; b. Glasgow. Having studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh, he became, in 1830, prof. of chemistry at the Andersonian Univ., and continued in that office till 1837, when he succeeded Dr. Turner in the chemical chair of Univ. College, London. In 1855, he was appointed master of the mint, and resigned his professorship. From 1831, in which his memoir, On the Formation of Alcoates, Definite Compounds of Salts and Alcohol,' appeared in Transactions of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh, till his death, he was constantly publishing important contributions to chemistry. Among the most important_are: 'On the Law of Diffusion of Gases' (Tr. R. Soc. Edin. 1834): Researches on the Arseniates, Phosphates, and Modifications of Phosphoric Acid' (Phil. Tr. 1833); · On the Motion of Gases, their Effusion and Transpiration (Ibid. 1846,49); On the Diffusion of Liquids' (Ibid. 1850,1); 'On Osmotic Force' (Ibid. 1854); Liquid Diffusion Ap plied to Analysis,' and 'On Liquid Transpiration in Relation to Chemical Composition' (Ibid. 1861). In addition to these memoirs, he brought out an excellent treatise on chemistry. G. was one of the founders and first president of the Chemical and the Cavendish Societies, was a fellow of the Royal Soc. and was frequently placed by govt. on important scientific commissions.

G. was remarkably persistent, original, and successful in his study of the laws of atomic motion, and of the molecular mobility of gases. He originated the now wellknown Graham's law '-that the diffusion rate of gases is inversely as the square root of their density-an important principle now seen to be included under the fundamental law of motion.

GRAHAME, gra'am, JAMES: Scottish poet: 1765, Apr. 22-1811, Sep. 14; b. Glasgow; son of a legal practitioner. He was educated at the Univ. of Glasgow. He removed to Edinburgh 1784, studied law, and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates, 1795; but soon withdrew from professional practice and applied himself to poetry. He took orders in the Church of England, 1809, May 28: and was

successively curate of Shipton, Gloucestershire, and of Sedgefield, Durham. Ill health compelled him to retire from his duties, and he returned to Scotland, and died near Glasgow.-G. left several poetical works, the chief of which are- -Mary Queen of Scots, dramatic poem; The Sabbath; The Birds of Scotland; and The British Georgics. It is on The Sabbath that his fame rests. He was retiring, amiable, and affectionate, with deep love for nature, and without bold or mounting genius. He has been called the Cowper of Scotland, but is far below Cowper in versification and in idiomatic vigor.

GRA'HAME'S (or Ho'THAM'S) ISL'AND: a mass of dust, band, and scoria thrown out of a submarine volcano in the Mediterranean, and which remained for some time above the surface of the water. It made its appearance about 30 m. off the coast of Sicily, opposite to Sciacca, 1831, July. In the beginning of Aug., when the action of the volcano had ceased, it had a circumference of about a mile and a quarter, the highest point was estimated at 170 ft. above the sea, and the inner diameter of the crater about 400 yards. As soon as the eruption ceased, the action of the waves began to reduce the island, and in a few months the whole mass disappeared, being scattered as a stratum of volcanic cinder in that portion of the bed of the Mediterranean.

GRAHAM'S LAND: island of the Antarctic Ocean, discovered by Biscoe 1832, Feb.; lat. 64° 45' s., and long. 63° 51' w., nearly on the meridian of the e. extremity of Tierra del Fuego, and not far from the polar circle. The position, as above defined, is precisely that of Mt. William, the highest spot seen. In front, toward the north, are a number of islets, called Biscoe's Range. No living thing appears, except a few birds.

GRAHAM'S TOWN: capital of the e. province of the Cape Colony, s. Africa; near the centre of the maritime division of Albany. It is about 116 m. from Port Elizabeth, with which it is connected by rail, and 25 m. from the sea; 1,760 ft. above sea-level. G. T. is the see of two bishops-one of the Church of England, the other of the Church of Rome, and possesses an English cathedral. It has also 12 churches of various denominations. There are its banks, insurance offices, a botanic garden, a public library, a general hospital, large barracks, and two newspapers. Pop. abt. 8,000, chiefly English.

GRAIL, n. grāl, or GRADUAL, n. grăď'ù-ăl [mid. L. grălae; It. graduale, gradual-from L. grūdus, a step]: a book of anthems or sentences of Scripture used in the worship of the Rom. Cath. Chh.- -so named because originally read from the steps of the 'ambo,' a kind of pulpit.

GRAIL, n. grāl [F. grêle, slender-from OF. graile, fine, small-from It. gracile-from L. gracilis, slender]: in OE., fine sand; gravel.

GRAIL (THE HOLY), or GRAAL, or GREAL, or GRAL, or GRAYLE, n. grāl [OF. graal, a flat dish: mid. L. gradālě,

a flat dish, a vase (see SANGREAL)]: legendary sacred dish. In the legends and poetry of the middle ages, we find accounts of the Holy Graal-San Gréal-a miraculous chalice, made of a single precious stone, sometimes said to be an emerald, which possessed the power of preserving chastity, prolonging life, and other wonderful properties. The legend was, that this chalice was brought from heaven by angels, and was the one from which Christ drank at the Last Supper. It was preserved by Joseph of Arimathea, and in it were caught the last drops of the blood of Christ as he was taken from the cross. This chalice, thus trebly holy, was guarded by angels, and then by the Templises, a society of knights, chosen for their chastity and devotion, who watched over it in a temple-like castle on the inaccessible mountain Montsalvage. The legend, as it grew, appears to have combined Arabian, Jewish, and Christian elements, and it became the favorite subject of the poets and romancers of the mid. dle ages. The eight centuries of warfare between the Christians and Moors in Spain, and the foundation of the order of Knights Templars, aided in its development. The stories and poems of Arthur and the Round Table were connected with this legend. About 1170, Chrétien of Troyes, and after him other troubadours, sang of the search for the holy G. by the knights of the Round Table, in which they met with many extraordinary adventures. Some have supposed that the story of the connection of the miraculous chalice with the Last Supper and the blood of Christ arose from a wrong division of the words san gréal, holy vessel, which were written sang réal, royal blood, blood of the Lord (royal, though not as some have thought real or true blood); the coincidence is certainly curious, but the inference is very dubious. The legend of the G. was introduced into German poetry in the 13th c., by Wolfram von Eschenbach, who took Guiot's tales of Parcival and Titurel as the foundation of his poem, but filled it with deep allegorical meanings. Tennyson's Holy Grail has recently made the legend familiar to English readers. Much information on the subject may be found in Lang's Die Sage vom heiligen G. (1862), Cassel's Der G. u. sein Name (1865), Droysen's Der Tempel des heiligen G. (1872), and Zarncke's Der Graltempel (1876).

GRAIN, n. gran [F. grain-from . granum;.It. grano, grain, corn: L. granule, a little grain]: any small hard mass; a single seed; corn in general; i.e., the seeds of the Cerealia; in the United States a common appellation of wheat, often classed in Britain as corn: any minute particle; the smallest weight, so named because supposed of equal weight with a grain of corn (American, wheat): the unit of the English system of weights, there being 5,760 in a Troy lb., and 7,000 in a lb. avoirdupois. (In 1266 parliament declared 32 grains, taken from the best part of the ear and fully dried, to make a pennyweight, 20 pennyweights an ounce): V. to form into grains, as powder. GRAINED, a. grand, formed into grains; roughened. GRAIN-DEALER, one who deals in corn. GRAIN

TIN, tin melted with charcoal; the tin reduced from the melted grains of tin stone. GRANARY, n. grün'ă-ră, a building for storing grain. GRANIFEROUS, a. -if ĕr-us [L. fero, I carry]: bearing hard seeds or grain. GRAN IFORM, a. -i-faworm [L. forma, shape]: resembling grains of corn. GRANIV'OROUS, a. -o-rus [L. voro, I devour]: grain eating. GRANULAR, a. grăn'ù-ler, consisting of grains; resembling grains. GRAN ULARLY, ad. -. GRAN ULATE, v. -lāt, to form into grains or very small pieces; to make rough on the surface; to repair lost parts, as a wound in healing. GRAN'ULATING, imp. GRAN ULATED, pp. GRANULATION, n. -la'shun [F.-L.]: the act of forming into grains; the art of forming metals into grains by pouring them, when melted, from a height into water; small fleshy excrescences springing up on the surface of wounds in the process of healing. GRAN ULE, n. -ul, a little grain. GRAN'ULOSE, n. -u-lōs, the more soluble portion of the starch grains in plants. GRAN ULOUS, a. -lus, full of granules.

GRAIN, v. gran [OE. grain, the kermes, an insect found on certain oaks, from which the finest red dyes were formerly obtained: F. graine, seed, the kermes: It. grana, the redness upon the surface of some work: Sp grana, seed, the cochineal dye, the cloth dyed with it]: to paint or ornament in imitation of wood. GRAIN ING, imp.: N. a mode of painting in imitation of the grains of wood; a process of staining. GRAINED, pp. grand. GRAIN ER, n. -er, one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood; the brush with which he works; an infusion of pigeon's dung in water, used for giving flexibility to skins in the process of tanning. GRAIN COLORS, dyes made from cochineal.

GRAIN, n. gran [Icel. gren, a branch: Dan. green, a branch, a bough]: direction of the fibres of wood; the wood as modified by the fibres; the form or direction of the constituent particles of a body; the temper or disposition. GRAINS, n. plu. grānz, an instrument with barbed prongs, used at sea for spearing fish. AGAINST THE GRAIN, against the direction of the fibres. CROSS-GRAINED, across the natural fibre, and so difficult to plane; ill-tempered. To GO AGAINST THE GRAIN, to be repugnant to; to cause trouble or mortification to. To DYE IN GRAIN, to dye in the raw material; to dye firmly. THE GRAIN-SIDE OF LEATHER, that side of the tanned or dressed hide on which the hair grew. Note. The three preceding entries are necessarily connected, but it was judged more convenient to make each one into a separate paragraph, chiefly with the view of exhibiting the derivations with greater distinctness.

GRAIN COAST: see GUINEA.

GRAINES D'AVIGNON: see FRENCH BERRIES.

GRAINING (Leuciscus Lancastriensis): fish of the family Cyprinidia, of the same genus with the Dace (q.v.), which it much resembles. It was pointed out as a different species first by Pennant, who found it in the Mersey, England. It is rather more slender than the dace. In its habits and food it resembles the trout, rises readily at the artificial fly, and affords good sport to the angler.

Graining (Leuciscus Lancastriensis).

GRAINS, n. plu. granz [a corruption of Eng. drains Russ. dran, refuse: Dut. drank, drees: Sw. dragg, grains (see DRAINS)]: the refuse or husks from malt or grain after brewing or distillation; also called DRAFF.

GRAINS OF PARADISE, or MELEGUETTA PEPPER měl-ě-gwět'ta pep'er: aromatic and extremely hot and pungent seed, imported from Guinea. It is the produce of Amomum Meleguetta, or A. Grana Paradisi, plant of nat. ord. Scitamineæ or Zingiberacea, with lanceolate leaves, one-flowered scapes (leafless stems), about 3 ft. high, and ovate or elliptic-oblong capsules containing many seeds. By the natives of Africa, these seeds are used as a spice or condiment to season their food; in Europe, they are employed chiefly as a medicine in veterinary practice, and fraudulently to increase the pungency of fermented and spirituous liquors. By law in England, brewers and dealers in beer are prohibited under heavy penalty from even having grains of paradise in their possession. This drug is much used to give apparent strength to bad gin.-The hame Meleguetta pepper, or Guinea pepper (q.v.), is given to other pungent seeds from w. Africa.

GRAIP, n. grap [old Sw. grepe, a dung-fork]: in Scot., a dung-fork; a forked instrument for lifting potatoes, etc.

GRAITH, n. gruth [Icel. greithi, equipment, arrangement; greitha, to equip; greithr, ready: Ger. geräth, utensils, luggage]: in Scot., furniture; accoutrements; the working tools of a miner; any materials employed by mechanics and others in preparing their work; soapsuds for washing clothes.

GRAKLE, or GRACKLE, grak'l: common name of many birds of the starling family (Sturnida), all tropical or subtropical. They have very much the habits of starlings, and some of them even excel starlings in their imitative powers, particularly in the imitation of human speech. This is remarkably the case with the Mina birds (q.v.), of the E. Indies, which may be regarded as grakles. Numerous species inhabit Africa. Some are birds of splendid plumage. The PARADISE G. (Gracula gryllivora) of India has acquired a peculiar celebrity as a destroyer of locusts and caterpillars. It is about the size of a blackbird. Buffon tells us, that in order to stop the devastations of locus's in