the efficiency of government and have led to a phenomenal expansion of the economy. A new system of local government called Basic Democracies was initiated in 1959. Martial law was lifted and a new constitution promulgated in 1962. The political instability and mounting inflation which marked the years from 1951 to 1958 have been effectively controlled. The Second Five Year Plan (1960-65) exceeded established targets, and the Third Five Year Plan (1965-70) was prepared to begin on July 1, 1965. The status of Kashmir remains in dispute, but the division of the Indus waters between India and Pakistan was settled in 1960. Diplomatic relations with Afghanistan were severed from 1960 to 1962 but have been amicable since then. Beginning in 1962, as a result of United States and British arms aid to India, Pakistan has been seeking ever closer relations with Communist China, the Soviet Union, and Indonesia. Spelling of place names has been based on the Gazetteer for Pakistan, prepared in the Office of Geography, United States Department of the Interior, published in 1962. Standardized Latin-letter spellings of the names of individuals have been used. Urdu, Hindi, and Bengali words appearing in Webster's New International Dictionary (2d ed.), unabridged, have been treated as words sufficiently current in the English language not to need further definition. Transliterations have been simplified in the text by the omission of diacritical marks. The Moslem Family-The Family in Other Re- ligious Communities Indus Valley Civilization-Indic Civilization—The Period of Moslem Rule-The British Period-Con- SECTION II. POLITICAL BACKGROUND Chapter 14. Constitution and Government Historical Background—The 1962 Constitution- Background-Political Issues-Political Groups- Political Parties-The Electoral System SECTION III. ECONOMIC BACKGROUND Chapter 19. Character and Structure of the Economy Structure of the Economy-The Five Year Plans Water and Climate-Land Utilization-Land Ten- ure- Productivity-Cropping Pattern-Livestock- Mineral Resources-Power-Cottage Industries- Modern Industries-Changing Patterns 22. Labor Force and Forced Labor Characteristics of the Work Force Occupational Distribution-Unemployment-Employment Stand- ards 23. Labor Relations and Organization Labor Relations in Modern Industry- Labor Unions-Strikes-Government Legislation and Atti- tudes Patterns of Trade-The Role of the Government- East Pakistan-West Pakistan Background-Indus Basin Settlement Plan-Bal- ance of Payments-Pattern of Foreign Trade-For- Organization of the Police-Attitudes Toward the Police-Penal Codes and Criminal Procedures-Con- Legal Controls-Communist Activities-Exploit- able Groups LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 2 3 4 Position of Pakistan in South Asia Area of British Expansion in Northern India, 1757–1947 Geographic Regions and Physical Features of West Pakistan xii 14 28 and Jammu and Kashmir 33 5 6 Geographic Regions and Physical Features of East Pakistan 34 45 7 Population Density of East Pakistan, by Administrative Divi- 46 8 Tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts of East Pakistan 56 9 Pathan Tribes of the Former North-West Frontier Province 62 10 Jammu and Kashmir 325 11 Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects in West Pakistan, 1964 377 |