count with him, the estimate of $12 per member per year for $1,000 insurance would have to be increased to cover the cost of additional office room, bookkeepers and stenographers. This is also true of a graduated burial benefit, as such a plan involves a record of all members. The foregoing would also apply in case policies were issued.

In the above estimate as to the cost of establishing insurance, either through the issuance of $1,000 policies or in the form of an increased death benefit, it was the purpose of the secretary-treasurer to deal with the subject in such a manner as would give the membership the result of our experience with the present form of burial benefit and the increased revenue necessary to increase that benefit to $1,000, either in the form of an increased burial allowance or regular insurance. There seems to be considerable objection to entering the insurance field, in competition with regular companies or benefit societies, and it is somewhat doubtful-in view of the fact that many of our members are now carrying insurance of that nature-whether the adoption of such a plan would be wise and beneficial. From the opinions expressed by the various writers in THE JOURNAL, it would seem that a graduated death benefit would more nearly meet the wishes of the membership and be the most practical plan to formulate.

It is the intention of the executive council to devise some plan for presentation to the annual convention at St. Joseph, Mo., next August, and the views of the referendum may be requested on the subject before the next convention. In the meantime, the columns of THE JOURNAL will be open to the fullest and freest discussion of the problem.

PRESIDENT HADLEY, of Yale University, is the latest high-browed celebrity to criticize American workingmen and condemn organized labor. It seems a bit queer that those who know the least about mechanical trades and are not informed in regard to the labor movement have the most to say on these subjects in the public press.

ABOUT 500 students are now taking the course in printing instituted by the International Typographical Union less than a year ago.

The Montana Butterick Suit.

Another stage in the proceedings instituted by the Butterick Publishing Company against Anaconda, Butte and Livingston Typographical Unions, the clerks' union of Anaconda and the Montana State Federation of Labor, was reached on November 4, in the federal court at Helena, Mont., when the prosecution endeavored to have a temporary restraining order made permanent. The initial action in this case was taken in April, 1908, when the Butterick company obtained a temporary injunction against the organizations named above, restraining members of these several bodies from in any way interfering with the business of the publishing company, and asking damages in the sum of $10,000. The defendants, with the assistance of the International Typographical Union, immediately secured competent legal talent, and proceeded to contest the suit with vigor. It may be said in passing that the temporary restraining order secured by the publishing company was most sweeping in its character.

At the hearing for a permanent injunction on November 4 the Butterick company was successful in having evidence of the most comprehensive nature admitted by the master in chancery over objections noted by the attorneys for the unions involved. During a three days' examination of one of the leading merchants of Anaconda it was ascertained that he had only disposed of one Butterick pattern since his store had been placed on the unfair list. The "sticker" campaign waged by the defendant unions also came in for its share of criticism on the part of the complainant, and samples of printing minus the label and with "stickers" attached were admitted as proving that a conspiracy existed, and that the restraintof-trade provisions of the interstate commerce law were being violated. Other evidence introduced by the publishing company included copies of THE TYPOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, containing articles relative to the attitude assumed by the Butterick company and other non-union concerns toward organized labor. Correspondence from New York and other cities appearing in THE JOURNAL, depositions from the officers and agents of the publishing company showing

the loss of agencies in different sections of the country, and the literature issued by Typographical Union No. 6 in the contest with the Butterick concern, were also admitted as evidence against the Montana unions. Concerning this phase of the proceedings, a correspondent affiliated with one of the defendant organizations writes as follows:

From the character of the evidence introduced and admitted by the master in chancery it is clearly apparent that the Butterick people intend to play the damage side of the suit as their trump card. Their attorneys frequently cited the decision in the Danbury hat case during arguments bearing on the admissibility of certain documentary evidence. In this connection Secretary Stein, of Helena Union, was subpoenaed by the Butterick attorneys and was ordered by the court to produce all the books and correspondence file for inspection. Gustave Strobel, superintendent and part owner of the state printing plant, was also subpoenaed for the prosecution. Both gentlemen were subjected to a severe examination-the main purpose being to prove that the International Typographical Union is a compact conspiracy to wage warfare against all who chance to incur its enmity. Although both of the Helena members testified that Helena Union as a body had taken no action boycotting the products of the Butterick company, the attorneys for the prosecution contended that, being a subordinate branch of the International Typographical Union, they were sponsible for damages sustained by the company owing to the activity of other unions.

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The prosecution closed its case on November 10, and adjournment was taken until the following day, when arguments were heard on the injunction feature of the case. The court handed down its rulings on November 12, by the terms of which Helena and Livingston Typographical Unions are exempted from the provisions of the injunction for the present, although both remain parties to the damage suit. After the decision of the court, adjournment was taken until December I at the request of the defendants' attorneys for the purpose of securing depositions from New York representatives of the Symons firm of Butte.

The experience of the defendant unions in this case, considering the desultory manner in which the Butterick company is proceeding-which it is declared is being encouraged both morally and financially by the manufacturers' association in carrying on its injunction crusade against trade unions-leads to the conclusion that the mo

tive is to exhaust the unions with costly litigation. The Montana State Federation of Labor is declared to be practically bankrupt, and the affiliated unions of the state will be compelled to stand assessments to pay attorneys' fees incurred during the Rocky Mountain Bell telephone contest. In that struggle there were a number of court hearings, and the officers of the federation and of affiliated unions were put to a great expense in attending the same. The International Typographical Union has incurred an expense of $1,053.10 in contesting this case up to the conclusion of the court proceedings of November 4. But the International Union may be better able to carry on the contest than is the Butterick Publishing Company, if the newspaper accounts of the financial straits of that concern are to be believed.

It is a significant fact that the decision of the United States supreme court in the case of Loewe & Co. vs. the United Hatters of North America, in which trade unions were declared to be combinations in restraint of trade, in violation of the provisions of the Sherman anti-trust law, was repeatedly quoted by the Butterick attorneys in the Montana cases, apparently with good effect. It is plain that this decision is to be used for all it is worth in future court proceedings when the defendant happens to be a labor organization.

A Judge Exalts Trade Unions.

It is conceded that the commonwealth of Massachusetts stands at the head of the list of states in having the best laws for the protection of workingmen, and it might also be asserted that some of the fairest of judges sit on the bench in that state. This is proven in the action of Judge Raymond, of the superior court of New Bedford, in exalting trade unionism to the dignity of a religion by declaring that such a union, no more than a church, could be expected to impel its members to commit a crime against the state. The opinion was delivered as a ruling on a point of law which arose in the course of a trial of a union man charged with attempted murder. The prosecutor was striving to lay before the jury the underlying features of unionism

and non-unionism, and drew the inference that, because the defendant was a member of a labor organization, that in itself was evidence tending to show hostilities between the parties that would lead him to commit a crime. Such evidence was excluded by the court in the following decision:

The policy of the commonwealth of Massachusetts and the declarations of the courts of Massachusetts, up to this day, have always been in favor of labor organizations; and these declarations have been put on the ground that a labor organization is not only legal but that the objects of labor organizations are commendable. They go beyond merely saying that labor organizations are legal and may be upheld by the courts. They declare that the object of labor organizations is a commendable object. They put them on precisely the same footing with reference to their objects as a masonic or odd fellows' order or, for that matter, as a church; and the necessary inference follows from that that a membership in a labor union can not be used to infer that because of such membership a man intended to commit a crime.

The law, so far as there is any law on the matter, presumes the contrary. It presumes that labor organizations will restrain their members from crime as well as they will endeavor to secure beneficent objects.

It will be noticed that the decision of Judge Raymond eliminates from legal practice the introduction of evidence to establish an inference that a man, on trial for an alleged crime, was actuated in the commission of the crime by his antagonism toward non-union principles.

BEAUTIFUL and impressive ceremonies were held by Columbia Union No. 101, in the Typographical Temple, Washington, D. C., on the afternoon of Sunday, December 6, in memory of the deceased members of that body. The services consisted of orchestral and vocal selections, remarks by President Kidd, and an oration by Prof. Willis L. Moore, director of the government weather bureau, which appears elsewhere in this number. An impressive part of the ceremonies took place when the roll call of the deceased members was read. As each name was announced a large wreath, made up of roses, violets and carnations, was placed upon a huge triangle, until the entire twenty-four names were read, when the wreaths of flowers, backed by an urn of palms, made a massive bouquet.

At the Civic Federation.

At the meeting of the National Civic Federation, held in New York city December 14 and 15, papers were read by President Lynch, of the International Typographical Union, and President Ridder, of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association. These addresses are reproduced herewith in full. Inasmuch as President Ridder followed President Lynch, the latter did not have opportunity to reply to the somewhat remarkable and palpably untimely remarks made by the president of the newspaper publishers' association, but that reply will undoubtedly be made in the near future on a suitable occasion and at an appropriate time. The subject under discussion was trade agreements. The papers:

BY PRESIDENT LYNCH.

The trade agreement among the followers of the art preservative of all arts is as old as the industrial organizations of printers, the agreement taking either the verbal form or the written form. Mr. Ethelbert Stewart, in his researches, listed as "A Documentary History of the Earlier Organizations of Printers," gives some interesting data from which can be drawn conclusive evidence that the trade agreement in its written or verbal form existed at a very early period.

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In 1776 the journeymen printers of New York city made a demand on their employers for an increase in the wage, and this demand was refused, with the result that a strike was called, which proved successful. A verbal understanding or a written agreement was probably arrived at. 1795 the New York Typographical Society was formed. It was the first known society devoting its energies to trade conditions and wage scales that existed for any appreciable length of time. The society had a life of two and one-half years, until far into 1797, and succeeded in securing an increase of wages to $1 per day for New York city printers.

In 1799 the Franklin Typographical Society of the Journeymen Printers of New York was organized. This society formulated the first complete wage scale ever adopted by the printers of New York city, and went on strike for its enforcement. Mr. Stewart was evidently unable to determine whether this strike was successful or unsuccessful, and therefore we have no record as to the trade agreement that may have resulted.

The Philadelphia Typographical Society was organized in 1802. In February, 1802, this society formulated a list of prices which was accepted by the master printers, and thus we have very early and reliable evidence of a trade agreement in the printing industry. In presenting this scale of 1802, the Philadelphia Typographical Society said:

"We hope that we shall be indulged with at least

a candid examination of our demands. We presume you are not unacquainted with many of them. We would wish to be placed on a footing at least with mechanics. Our wages have in no instance kept pace with them. We have the merit of not being the most dissatisfied, and in no one instance of demanding anything unjust. We have in the following statement confined ourselves to what a majority of the employers in this city give. Our object is to have one uniform price estab lished. In doing this we wish to act as men toward men; no person will leave his employment until he has given a reasonable notice. In return we expect that your conduct toward us will be equally candid. Indeed, we cherish a hope that the time is not far distant when the employer and the employed will vie with each other-the one in allowing a competent salary, the other in deserv ing it. Under this impression we submit the following prices to your decision."

It is interesting to note that in this early day, when the contract agreement was in a crude form, there was the same attempt at evasion of contract obligations we sometimes meet with today. The very first instance noted of trade-agreement violation in our craft was on the part of the employer. In 1809 the New York Typographical Society adopted a scale of prices which a little more than restored the scale of 1800 on common work and providing for the classes of work not covered by any standard of wages. Upon receipt

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of notice of this intended scale enforcement, the master printers formed an organization and requested a postponement of the date when the new regulation should go into effect, which had probably been fixed for immediate application. typographical society declined to accede to the request. To gain time, the master printers' association then agreed to the demand, but at once began to advertise in other cities and towns for printers, offering good wages and permanent posi tions. In order to bring the matter to an issue, the typographical society called a strike, beginning October 30, 1809, for the enforcement of their scale, and most of the master printers agreed to the scale.

Strike benefits were paid weekly during this strike. The society discovered that one of its members had secretly arranged to work for less than the scale in an office ostensibly paying the society's rate of wages. Immediately the other members of the society refused to work in the of fice with him and requested that he not only be expelled from the society, but that his name be sent to other societies.

The early history of the trade agreement as briefly sketched here is practically the history of agreements between typographical unions and employers for all of the succeeding years up to the close of the last century. While the International Typographical Union and its predecessor, the National Typographical Union, date from 1852, yet the trade agreement in a somewhat crude form was a feature of all typographical union endeavor for the half century prior to 1852. These associations

termed themselves "typographical societies," but they were none the less unions, and wages and hours, apprenticeship regulations and working conditions, were the main topics of discussion at their meetings.

With the latter part of the last century the written trade agreement came into vogue. Previously the verbal agreement had ruled in nearly all instances. The typographical union would formu late its scale of prices, conferences with the employers would then follow, and when the scale was finally put into such shape that it could be agreed to by both parties to the negotiations the employer agreed to pay the scale, but as a usual thing no definite time was set. The verbal agreement to pay the scale ran until one party to the agreement became dissatisfied and moved for a change. In nearly all instances it was the union that sought the change, and, of course, the trend in prices was generally upward, and the movement was always to better conditions. When the employer became dissatisfied and demanded reduction in wage, a strike usually resulted. The entire history of the typographical societies organized prior to 1852, and the typographical unions in existence in 1852 and organized subsequently, shows that these societies and unions were persistent and consistent in resisting all wage reductions.

The verbal trade agreement was all right so far as it went, but it provided no method of settling disputes that might arise under the agreement. Neither did it provide stability as to conditions in the trade for any period at all. The relations between the employer and the union might be entirely peaceable this week, and rent and torn asunder next week with strife and strike. It gradually came to be recognized that it was for the best interest of the union members and the employer to extend scales over certain periods of time, and this then became a part of the verbal agreement, and in the period from 1890 to 1900 in a comparatively few instances was incorporated in the written agreements.

Along about 1898 the written agreement became quite fashionable, and from 1898 to the present time the number of such agreements annually executed has greatly increased. During the year ending with May 31, 1907, 4,227 contracts were approved and underwritten at the International office. Last year the number was about the same. With the quite general adoption of the written trade agreement it became necessary to provide for some method of determining disputes that might arise under the written agreement, or for the adjustment of questions that might not have been covered in the agreement. From 1890 to 1900 our branch of the printing craft underwent a tremendous revolution. The typesetting machine was quite generally introduced, and new conditions were created in composing rooms. To adjust disputes as to the application of scales and rules to these new conditions, and also to adjust contentions that might arise as to the changes that were wrought in the old conditions, as well as to guarantee the performance of the contract to the

date of its expiration, a clause similar to the fol lowing was inserted in nearly all of the written

contracts:

"A standing committee of two representatives of the party of the first part (the employer), and a like committee of two representing the party of the second part (the union), shall be appointed; the committee representing the party of the second part shall be selected by the union; and in case of vacancy, absence or refusal of either of such representatives to act, another shall be appointed in his place. To this committee shall be referred all questions which may arise as to the scale of prices hereto attached, the construction to be placed upon any clauses of the agreement, or alleged violations thereof, which can not be settled otherwise, and such joint committee shall meet when any question of difference shall have been referred to it for decision by the executive officers of either party to this agreement. Should the joint committee be unable to agree, then it shall refer the matter to a board of arbitration, the representatives of each party to this agreement to select one arbiter, and the two to agree upon a third. The decision of this board shall be final and binding upon both parties. It is further agreed by the party of the first part that in the event of the installation of machines or the substitution of machines other than those at present in use for hand composition or distribution, a scale of wages may be agreed upon by the joint committee of the parties to this agreement, but if no satisfactory conclusion can be reached the matter shall be referred for final settlement to a board of arbitration as above provided for. It is agreed that both the language and the spirit of this contract make it imperatively obligatory on both parties, whenever any difference of opinion as to the rights of the parties under this contract shall arise, or whenever any dispute as to the construction of the contract or any of its provisions takes place, at once to appeal to the duly constituted authority under the contract, viz., the joint standing committee, to the end that fruitless controversy shall be avoided and good feeling and harmonious relations be maintained, and the regular and orderly prosecution of the business in which the parties have a community of interest be insured beyond the possibility of interruption."

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With the gradual increase in the number of contracts, occasional violations occurred, and in order to avoid these violations, at least on the part of the union, to the greatest possible extent and give the utmost feeling and sense of security to the employer as an added inducement for the execution of the written trade agreement, it was provided that all of the contracts should be underwritten and guaranteed by the president of the International Typographical Union, and this is the clause that is now effective and has been effective for several years: "This contract is entered into by and with the consent of the International Typographical Union, an organization to which the party of the first part concedes jurisdiction and control over trade organizations in all mechanical departments of the party of the first part, in which

its local unions operate, and the International Typographical Union, through its authorized representative, hereby agrees to protect the party of the first part in case of violation of the agreement by the said party of the second part under the jurisdiction of said International Union."

In the year 1900 a representative of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association appeared before the convention of the International Typographical Union, held in Milwaukee, Wis., and there proposed that an arbitration contract be entered into between the two associations. This request was acceded to, and later representatives of the union and the publishers' association met and formulated a contract which covered one year -to be exact, from May 1, 1901, to May 1, 1902. This arbitration contract provided a method for the determination of disputes that might arise under a local written or verbal agreement, but did not provide a means for the adjustment of the more frequent disputes of a serious nature that ofttimes led to the severance of industrial relations and caused long and costly strikes in the making of a new scale and contract. The agreement that was formulated and became effective on May 1, 1902, and ran until May 1, 1907, provided a form of arbitration under which all questions of difference under existing contracts and arising in the making of new scales and contracts could be adjusted by a board of arbitration. This board of arbitration was made up of a representative of the union and a representative of the employer, these two to select a third member and chairman of the board, who practically made the decision. This method of arbitration was quite generally successful, but inasmuch as the chairman of the board was generally selected from a walk in life wherein an understanding of the technicalities of the craft was impossible, and could not be adequately explained in the necessarily brief hearings before the arbitration board, there was danger that the decision of the board might be so inapplicable that it could not be adhered to. There was also a great danger in what were termed "hit and miss" decisions, which might work irreparable injury to the employer or to the union. In fact, such decisions were made in most important cases.

The third agreement that was formulated became effective on May 1, 1907, and it runs to May 1, 1912, and provides a form of local arbitration before a board composed of two representatives of the employer and two representatives of the union. An appeal may be taken to the National Board of Arbitration from the decision of the local board, and the national board is made up of three representatives of the International Typographical Union and three representatives of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association. Thus far all cases coming before this board have been adjusted in a generally acceptable manner, although, of course, the decisions have not given satisfaction to all employers nor to all members of the union. The new agreement provides first for conciliation, and if that fails, for local arbitration, and then, as I have pointed out, for appeal in case of continued opposition to the award from the local board to the