fornia. Afterward he visited Peru, Chili, and the Argentine provinces, returning in 1795 to Europe, where he became professor of natural history at the College of Gotha. He published "De Usu et ratione experimentorum in perficiendi historia naturali" (Prague, 1787; revised and enlarged ed., Gotha, 1796); "Vermium fluvialum Americanarum, sive animalium infusorium helminthorum et testaceorum historia" (Gotha, 1796); "Flora Mexicana (2 vols., 1798); "Flora Peruana" (2 vols., 1800); "Reisen durch Mexico und Süd-Amerika (2 vols., 1801); "Compendium plantarum sponte crescentium circa Conceptium in quo familiæ per tabulas disponuntur" (2 vols., 1802); "Icones plantarum Americanarum rarium" (2 vols., 1803); and several less important works.

LOUBOIS, Chevalier de, b. in France in the latter part of the 17th century. He was mayor of New Orleans in 1730, when he was sent at the head of an expedition against the Natchez, who held several French prisoners, and attacked the Indians who were intrenched in two forts on the Bay of the Tonicas (now Bayou Sainte Catherine). The Natchez made a vigorous resistance for several days, and Loubois, dreading treachery on the part of his savage allies, the Choctaws, allowed them to retire on condition of giving up their prisoners. He then returned to New Orleans, and set out again in 1731 at the head of sixty men to the relief of Juchereau, Sieur de St. Denys (q. v.), who was besieged by the Natchez at Fort Natchitoches. But, after advancing six leagues up Red river, he was informed by a messenger from Juchereau that the Indians were defeated. Loubois was engaged in various expeditions, and his valor and experience are highly praised by Charlevoix and other historians of New France.

LOUD, Marguerite St. Leon, poet, b. in Wysox, Bradford co., Pa., about 1800. Her maiden name was Barstow. After her marriage in 1824 she lived in Philadelphia, except during a brief residence in the south, and contributed poetry to the "United States Gazette" and to the monthly magazines of that city. A volume entitled "Wayside Flowers" was published (Boston, 1851). Some of her poems are reprinted in Griswold's" Female Poets of America" and in the similar collections of Thomas Buchanan Read and Caroline May.

LOUDOUN, John Campbell, Earl of, British soldier, b. in Scotland in 1705; d. there, 27 April, 1782. He succeeded to the estate and title in 1731. He was a friend of Lord Halifax, and when the board of trade determined to unite the colonies under military rule and force them to support a permanent army was chosen to carry out this policy. He was appointed to succeed the popular William Shirley as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, and given the additional dignity of governor of Virginia, although Robert Dinwiddie continued to administer the province. Loudoun arrived in Virginia in July, 1756. Although devoted to the idea of colonial sub

Loudonk

VOL. IV.-3

ordination, he was an incapable and irresolute officer. After collecting a force sufficient to crush the French, he disbanded the provincials and sent the regulars into winter-quarters, illegally billeting the officers on the citizens of New York and Philadelphia. He further incensed the Americans by imposing an embargo on commerce, and on 20 June, 1757, after impressing 400 men in New York and committing other arbitrary acts, sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He had there an army of 10,000 troops and a fleet of sixteen sail besides frigates, and, after wasting time in foolish parades, embarked the soldiers to attack Louisburg; but, on hearing that the French had one ship more than the English, revoked the order and returned to New York. Although the English had been driven from the lake region and the valley of the St. Lawrence, Fort William Henry had fallen and the province of New York was threatened, yet Lord Loudoun encamped his forces on Long Island and remained inactive. When William Pitt became prime minister toward the close of 1757, he resolved on a vigorous campaign to save the English colonies from the French, who encircled them and were already in possession of three quarters of the continent. The British minister declared that he never heard from the commander-in-chief in America and could not tell what he was doing, and, in spite of the protests of Loudoun's many friends, recalled him and appointed Lord Amherst in his place.

LOUGHBOROUGH, James Moore (luff'-burro), lawyer, b. near Shelbyville, Ky., 2 Nov., 1833; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 31 July, 1876. He left college at the age of nineteen, to become a clerk under his father, who was the land-agent for Illinois and Missouri. He served throughout the civil war as a colonel on the staff of the Confederate Gen. Sterling Price, and was for some time a prisoner. After the war he practised law in St. Louis, Mo., superintended the land-sales of the Iron Mountain railway, removing to Little Rock, and was a member in 1874-5 of the Arkansas legislature, where he introduced a bill for the conversion of depreciated certificates into a funded debt, which did much to restore the financial credit of the state.His wife, Mary Webster, author, b. in New York city, 27 Aug., 1836; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 27 Aug., 1887, was taken to St. Louis, Mo., in her infancy, graduated at Monticello seminary, Godfrey, Ill., in 1853, and in 1857 was married. She accompanied her husband during the civil war, and kept a diary of the siege of Vicksburg, from which she prepared her first book, entitled "My Cave Life in Vicksburg" (New York, 1864). She afterward contributed stories relating to the early history of St. Louis to "The Land We Love." In 1871 she removed with her husband to Little Rock. She wrote for various newspapers, and in 1883 established the "Southern Ladies' Journal," which she edited till her death. In it she published a serial entitled "For Better, for Worse." Mrs. Loughborough established also a Woman's exchange in Little Rock with the object of opening a wider range of remunerative employment for her sex.

LOUGHLIN, John, R. C. bishop, b. in County Down, Ireland, in 1816. He emigrated to the United States in early youth, settling in Albany, N. Y., was educated at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmettsburg, Md., taught there several years, and in 1842 was ordained priest in the Roman Catholic church. He was assistant priest in St. Patrick's cathedral, New York city, in 1841-'4, at the latter date became rector, and, on the formation of the diocese of Brooklyn, was consecrated its first bishop

in November, 1853. He introduced the Sisters of St. Joseph and Sisters of Mercy in 1855, established churches throughout Long Island, and in 1868 began the erection of the Brooklyn cathedral. He has been a member of two plenary councils, and has held a diocesan synod for the purpose of establishing the decrees of the councils.

LOUVIGNY, Louis de la Porte, Sieur de, French soldier, b. in France about 1654; d. at sea. 27 Aug., 1725. He came to Canada in 1687, and in 1690 was sent to the west at the head of a great convoy, accompanied by Nicholas Perrot (q. v.), whom he was directed to obey on the route. At Les Chats he was attacked by the Iroquois, but defeated them and put them to flight. He was commandant at Mackinaw from 1690 till 1694, when he returned from the west with a convoy of furs. In the winter of 1696 he was sent at the head of 300 picked men to attack the Iroquois in their hunting-grounds between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa. He marched through snow eight feet in depth to within fifteen miles of Fort Frontenac, and defeated a party of Iroquois, but, owing to want of provisions, returned to Montreal, which he reached after great hardships. He was made adjutant-general of Three Rivers in 1700, and of Montreal in 1703. In 1705 he went to Mackinaw to prevent the Ottawas from making war on the Iroquois, and succeeded in his mission, though with great difficulty. In 1708 he was created a chevalier of St. Louis. In 1712 he was sent to restore Fort Mackinaw, which had been destroyed by the English. He was appointed king's lieutenant at Quebec in 1716, and led an expedition of 800 Canadians and Indians from Quebec, on 14 March, to attack the Foxes, who took refuge in a stockade. Louvigny compelled them to surrender, but spared their lives on their promising to become allies of the French and to pay the expenses of the war with furs. He returned on 12 Oct., taking the sons of the Indian chiefs as hostages. He was shortly afterward sent as commandant to Upper Canada, and remained there till 1724, when he was appointed governor of Three Rivers. He was on the ship. "Chameau," when it was wrecked on its way to Quebec, and all on board perished.

LOVE, George Maltby, soldier, b. in Buffalo, N. Y., 1 Jan., 1831; d. there, 19 March, 1887. In the beginning of the civil war he entered the army as a three months' volunteer, and served as sergeant and sergeant-major. On his discharge he re-enlisted, and was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the 44th N. Y. infantry. He was promoted captain on 2 Jan., 1862, and participated in the siege of Yorktown and the battles of Hanover CourtHouse and Malvern Hill. After his second term of service had expired he was appointed major of the 116th N. Y. volunteers on 5 Sept., 1862, commanded the regiment in the Department of the Gulf, and was severely wounded in the assault on Port Hudson. He was promoted colonel on 16 July, 1863, and engaged at Cox's Plantation, at the battles of Sabine Cross-roads and Pleasant Hill, and the skirmishes at Cane River Crossing and Mansura. He afterward commanded a brigade in the 19th corps for eighteen months, serving through the Shenandoah campaign. He was engaged at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, and for gallantry at Cedar Creek received the brevet of brigadier-general and a bronze medal of honor. He was mustered out on 8 June, 1865. On 7 March, 1867, he was appointed a 2d lieutenant in the regular army, and received four brevets for services in the war. He was promoted 1st lieutenant on 1 March, 1875, and engaged in garrison and frontier service until

he was retired on 15 March, 1883, for disability incurred in the line of duty.

LOVE, Smoloff Palace, soldier, b. in Lincoln county, Ky., 10 May, 1826. He was educated at Columbia academy, Mo., and at the age of twenty enlisted in Col. Doniphan's 1st Missouri volunteers and went on the expedition to Santa Fé, participating in the battles of Bracito and Sacramento. He was mustered out of service in 1847. returned to Muhlenburg county, Ky., and engaged in teaching from 1849 till 1857. At the beginning of the civil war he aided in raising the 11th Kentucky infantry for the National army, became its lieutenant-colonel, and fought with it at Shiloh, Corinth, Perryville, Stone River, and Bowling Green. He was promoted colonel, joined Burnside in east Tennessee, and was with Sherman in the engagements around Atlanta. At the close of the war he settled at Greenville, Ky., qualified for the bar, and began practice in 1865. From 1866till 1874 he was presiding judge of Muhlenburg county, and in 1872 was a presidential elector.

LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, abolitionist, b. in Albion, Me., 9 Nov., 1802; d. in Alton, Ill., 7 Nov., 1837. He was the son of a Presbyterian clergyman, was graduated at Waterville college in 1826, and in 1827 went to St. Louis, Mo., and established a school. He contributed prose and verse to the newspapers, was known as a vigorous writer, and in 1829 became editor of a political paper, in which he advocated the claims of Henry Clay as a candidate for the presidency. In 1832, in consequence of a change in his religious views, he decided to become a minister, and, after a course of theological study at Princeton, was licensed to preach by the Philadelphia presbytery on 18 April, 1833. On his return to St. Louis he established a religious paper called the "Observer," in which he reprobated slavery. Repeated threats of mob violence impelled him to remove his paper in July, 1836, to Alton, Ill. His press was destroyed by mobs three times within a year; yet he procured a fourth one, and was engaged in setting it up, when a mob, composed mostly of Missourians, again attacked the office. With his friends he defended the building, and one of his assailants was killed. After the attacking party had apparently withdrawn, Mr. Lovejoy opened the door, when he was instantly pierced by five bullets and died in a few minutes. His " Memoir" was published by his brothers, Joseph C. and Owen, with an introduction by John Q. Adams (New York, 1838). See, also, "Narrative of Riots at Alton, in Connection with the Death of Lovejoy," by Edward Beecher (Alton, 1838), and "The Martyrdom of Lovejoy," by Henry Tanner (Chicago, 1881). His brother, Owen, abolitionist, b. in Albion, Me., 6 Jan., 1811; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 25 March, 1864, worked on his father's farm till he was eighteen years old, and then entered Bowdoin, but left before graduation, emigrated to Alton, Ill., and studied theology. He was present when his brother was murdered,

Elijah Lovejoy

and was moved by that event to devote himself to the overthrow of slavery. He became pastor of a Congregational church at Princeton, Ill., in 1838. Although anti-slavery meetings were forbidden by the laws of Illinois, he openly held them in all parts of the state, announcing at each one the time and place for the next meeting. This course subjected him to frequent fines and to violence and intimidation; but by his eloquence and persistency he won many adherents, and eventually the repressive laws were repealed. He resigned his pastoral charge in 1854 on being elected a member of the legislature. In 1856 he was sent to congress, and was continued there by re-election until his death. At the beginning of the civil war he delivered in the house of representatives a remarkable speech against slavery, in which he recounted the circumstances of his brother's death.

LOVELACE, Francis, colonial governor, b. in England about 1630. He was the second son of Baron Lovelace, of Hurley, Berks co., England, a member of parliament, and a colonel in the British army. He succeeded Richard Nicolls, as governor of New York in May, 1667, and developed more fully the extortionate and arbitrary system of government that he found in practice there. When the Swedish settlers of Delaware were provoked to resistance, he decreed an arbitrary tax, asserting that the method of keeping the people in order is severity, and laying such taxes as may give them liberty for no thought but how to discharge them." In New York a tax for purposes of defence was ordained, and, when the towns of Long Island refused to pay it unless they received the right of representation, the governor ordered their protests to be burned. The people were on the verge of rebellion when the war began between England and Holland. New Jersey and Delaware surrendered willingly to Admiral Evertsen when he appeared with a small fleet in July, 1673, and New York capitulated within four hours after the Dutch squadron had cast anchor off Manhattan island. Lovelace departed on 30 July. He had interested himself in the settlement of Ulster county, where he laid out the town of Hurley. A volume of his "Speeches was published (London, 1660).-His grandson, LORD LOVELACE, succeeded Lord Cornbury as governor of New York in 1709. The assembly met in April soon after his arrival, and insisted on voting supplies annually and by specific appropriations. He died on 12 May, 1709, leaving the contest to be waged by his successor.

LOVELL, Charles Swain, soldier, b. in Hull, Mass., 13 Feb., 1811; d. in Louisville, Ky., 3 Jan., 1871. He enlisted as a private in the 2d U. S. artillery in January, 1831, and served in various garrisons, rising to quartermaster-sergeant, sergeantmajor, and, in October, 1837, to 2d lieutenant. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in July, 1838, captain, 18 June, 1846, and took part in the battles of Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the city of Mexico. He then served in the territories till the civil war, and after promotion to major, on 14 May, 1861, commanded a brigade at Gaines's Mills, Malvern Hill, the second battle of Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. From 1863 till 1865 he was on provost-marshal duty in Wisconsin, and he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 21 Jan., 1863, and colonel of the 14th infantry, 16 Feb., 1865. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Gaines's Mills, colonel for Malvern Hill, and brigadier-general, U. S. army, for Antietam. After the war he commanded his regiment at Fort Yuma, Cal., and on 15 Dec., 1870, was retired from active service.

LOVELL, Frederick Solon, lawyer, b. in Charlestown, N. H., 1 Nov., 1814; d. in Kenosha, Wis., 14 May, 1878. He was graduated at Geneva (now Hobart) college, N. Y., in 1835, studied law, and after admission to the bar in New York settled, in 1837, in Southport (now Kenosha), Wis. He served for three sessions in the territorial council, and took part in the constitutional conventions of 1846 and 1847. In 1857 he sat in the legislature, and was a commissioner to revise the state statutes, and in 1858 he was speaker of the assembly. He entered the National army in August, 1862, as lieutenant-colonel of the 33d Wisconsin infantry, and served later as colonel of the 43d regiment in the southwest. In January, 1865, he was commissioned colonel of the 46th regiment, and on 27 Sept. of that year was mustered out, and resumed the practice of law at Kenosha.

LOVELL, John, educator, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 June, 1710; d. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1778. He was graduated at Harvard in 1728, succeeded Jeremy Gridley as assistant master of the Boston Latin-school in the following year, and from the death of Dr. Nathaniel Williams in 1738 till the Revolution was its head master. In 1743 he delivered the first address in Faneuil hall, on the occasion of the death of its founder. He was a good scholar and, though a stern disciplinarian, a genial and witty companion. Master Lovell taught the men in Boston that were leaders in the struggle for independence, yet he adhered to the loyalist cause, and went with the British troops to Halifax on 14 March, 1776. His portrait, by John Smibert, hangs in the Harvard gallery of paintings. Besides his funeral oration on Peter Faneuil, he published several political and theological pamphlets, and contributed articles in English and Latin to the Pietas et Gratulatio" (Cambridge, 1761).-His son, James, patriot, b. in Boston, Mass., 31 Oct., 1737; d. in Windham, Me., 14 July, 1814, was graduated at Harvard in 1756, and was his father's assistant in the South grammar- or Latin-school till it was dispersed on 19 April, 1775, on account of the siege. He was also master of the North grammar-school, afterward called the Eliot school. He delivered, 2 April, 1771, the first anniversary oration on the Boston massacre. In the Revolution he took the side of the Whigs, and was imprisoned after the battle of Bunker Hill, carried to Halifax with the British army, and kept in close confinement, while his father was there as a Tory refugee, until, in November, 1776, he was exchanged for Col. Philip Skene. On his return to Boston he was elected a member of the Continental congress, and served from December, 1776, till 1782. During the quarrel between Gen. Horatio Gates and Gen. Philip Schuyler, early in 1777, Lovell was a correspondent and confidant of the former, and the recipient of his plan of campaign. He encouraged Gates in dealing directly with congress, over the head of Gen. Washington, and was one of the malcontents that sought to make Gates commander-in-chief, threatening Washington, in a letter dated 11 Oct., 1777, with a "torrent of public clamor and vengeance," and in another describing him as a general that collected men to wear out shoes and breeches, and that had "Fabiused matters into a very disagreeable posture." Lovell was a diligent member of the committee on foreign correspondence. Some of his letters were printed in Richard H. Lee's life of his brother Arthur. He was receiver of taxes at Boston from 1784 till 1788, then collector of the port till 1790, and after that naval officer till his death. He published several tracts, and a Latin oration on

the death of Henry Flint (1760).—James's son, James, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass.. 9 July, 1758: d. in St. Matthews, S. C., 10 July, 1850, was graduated at Harvard in 1776. He joined the Revolutionary army as adjutant of Henry Jackson's Massachusetts regiment in the beginning of 1777, fought in many battles, and was severely wounded. In 1779-'82 he served as adjutant of Gen. Henry Lee's southern legion, with the rank of major.The second James's son, Joseph, physician, b. in Boston, Mass., 22 Dec., 1788; d. in Washington, D. C., 17 Oct., 1836, was graduated at Harvard in 1807, studied medicine, and on 15 May, 1812, was appointed surgeon of the 9th U. S. infantry. He served on the Niagara frontier, and on 30 June, 1814, was appointed a hospital surgeon there. On 18 April, 1818, he became surgeon-general of the U. S. army.-Joseph's son, Mansfield, soldier, b. in Washington, D. C., 20 Oct., 1822; d. in New York city, 1 June, 1884, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1842, appointed a lieutenant of artillery, and served in the occupation of Texas in 1845-6, and in the war with Mexico was aide to Gen. John A. Quitman and assistant adjutantgeneral of his division, being promoted 1st lieutenant on 16 Feb., 1847. He was wounded at Monterey, brevetted captain for bravery at Chapultepec, and severely wounded at the Belen Gate. After the war he served on the Kansas frontier for two years. On 18 Dec., 1854, he and his classmate, Gustavus A. Smith, resigned in order to take high commands in Gen. Quitman's projected Cuban expedition. After the failure of the project they found employment in connection with Cooper and Hewitt's iron-works at Trenton, N. J. In April, 1858, Lovell was appointed superintendent of street improvements in New York city, and in November of that year deputy street-commissioner under his friend Smith. At the beginning of the civil war he went to the south with Gen. Smith, was commissioned as a brigadier-general in the Confederate service, and on 9 Oct., 1861, was made a major-general and placed in command at New Orleans, relieving Gen. David E. Twiggs. When the forts were captured by the National forces he withdrew his troops, and, on the complaint of the mayor that he had left the citizens without military protection, explained that it was for the purpose of saving the town from a bombardment, offering to return if the citizens desired to continue the defence. After the surrender of New Orleans to Farragut, 26 April, 1862, he joined Gen. Beauregard in northern Mississippi, and commanded one of the divisions that were routed by Gen. William S. Rosecrans at Corinth, 4 Oct.. 1862. At the battle of Hatchie his division constituted the rear-guard of the retreating army. He commanded the Confederate forces at the battle of Coffeeville. When Gen. Leonidas Polk was killed, 14 June, 1864, Lovell succeeded to the command of the corps, and on 27 June repelled Gen. Sherman's attack on his intrenchments at Kenesaw. When the war was ended he retired to a rice-plantation near Savannah, Ga., but not long afterward went to New York city, and was engaged as an assistant engineer under Gen. John Newton in removing the East river obstructions at Hellgate.

LOVERING, Joseph, physicist, b. in Charlestown (now a part of Boston), Mass., 25 Dec., 1813. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, and after teaching for a year in Charlestown spent two years in Harvard divinity-school. In 1836 he was appointed tutor in mathematics and physics in Harvard, and two years later was made Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, which,

chair he still (1887) retains, becoming also in 1884 director of the Jefferson physical laboratory. In addition to his college work, he has given nine courses, each of twelve lectures, on astronomy or physics before the Lowell institute of Boston. Five of these courses were repeated, on the days following those of their first delivery, to another audience, according to the original practice of that institution. He has delivered shorter courses of lectures at the Smithsonian institution, the Peabody institute of Baltimore, and the Charitable mechanics' institution of Boston, and one or more lectures in many towns and cities of New England. During 1867-276 he was connected with the U. S. coast survey, and had charge of the computations for determining trans-Atlantic longitudes from telegraphic observations on cable lines. Prof. Lovering received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1879, and was regent of that college in 1853-'4 and in 1857-'70, an office now merged into that of dean. He is a member of the American philosophical society and of the National academy of sciences. During 1854-73 he was permanent secretary of the American association for the advancement of science, and edited fifteen volumes of its proceedings, becoming in 1873 its president. In 1839 he was elected a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, and he was its corresponding secretary in 1869-273, its vice-president in 1873-'80, and president in 1880-'7. Prof. Lovering has been an indefatigable contributor of scientific articles to contemporary literature, and, in addition to special memoirs on the aurora, terrestrial magnetism, and the determination of trans-Atlantic longitude, which were published by the American academy, he has prepared a volume on the "Aurora Borealis" (Boston, 1873), and edited a new edition of Farrar's "Electricity and Magnetism" (1842). LOVEWELL, John, centenarian, b. in England, about 1634; d. in Dunstable, Mass., about 1754. He was an ensign in Oliver Cromwell's army about 1653, afterward emigrated to New England, settled in Weymouth, Mass., and was with Capt. Benjamin Church during King Philip's war and in the Narragansett Swamp fight of 19 Dec., 1675. He removed to Dunstable, where he was still constant in attendance at church at the age of 110, and when 117 years old used to chase boys out of his orchard with a cane.. His son, John, Indian fighter, b. in the border part of Dunstable, Mass., which subsequently fell within what is now Nashua, N. H., 14 Oct., 1691; d. in the Pigwacket wilderness, near Ossipee lake, 8 May, 1725, was, like his father, a man of remarkable courage and physical vigor, and fond of adventurous enterprises; and in time of war engaged in exploring the wilderness to find the lurking-places of the Indians. At the head of a company of thirty men, attracted by a bounty of £100 that had been offered for every Indian scalp, he marched to the north of Winnipiseogee lake on 19 Dec., 1724, and returned with one scalp and a boy prisoner. With forty men he surprised ten Indians near Tamworth, Ñ. H., on 20 Feb., 1725, and marched into Dover with their scalps exhibited on poles. In his third and last expedition he led forty-six men to attack the Indian town of Pigwacket, the village of the Ossipee or Pigwacket tribe. After leaving twelve men in a fort that he built near Ossipee lake, he marched to the north of the lake with his command, reduced to thirty-four. While at morning prayers the company were alarmed by the report of a gun and the discovery of an Indian. They left their packs, and advanced, seeking the enemy in front; but the Indians had gained their rear, and took