LOMAX, John Tayloe, jurist, b. in Port Tobago, Caroline co., Va., in January, 1781; d. in Fredericksburg, Va., 10 Oct., 1862. He was graduated at St. John's college, Annapolis, in 1797, studied law, and began practice at Port Royal, Va. He removed to Fredericksburg in 1805, and in 1809 to Menokin, Richmond co., Va., where he remained nine years. In 1818 he returned to Fredericksburg, and in 1826 was appointed professor of the school of law in the University of Virginia. He resigned that office in 1830 to accept a seat on the bench of the general court of the state as associate justice, to which he was unanimously elected by the legislature. Under the constitution of 1851 he was again chosen for a term of eight years by vote of the people of the circuit. The convention that framed this constitution had adopted a clause disqualifying any person over seventy years of age from holding the office of judge; but at the request of members of the bar this provision was cancelled so as not to exclude Judge Lomax. He continued on the bench until 1857, when he retired to private life. He received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1847. He is the author of a "Digest of the Laws respecting Real Property generally Adopted and in Use in the United States” (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1839; 2d ed., revised and enlarged, Richmond, 1856), and a "Treatise on the Law of Executors and Administrators generally in Use in the United States" (2 vols., 1841; 2d ed., Richmond, 1856). LOMBARD, French missionary, d. after 1744. He was a Jesuit, and the most successful of all the missionaries in converting the Indians of French Guiana. He came to that country in 1705, and was still engaged in missionary work in 1744. In 1730 he founded a Christian village that contained over 600 Indians, at the mouth of Kuru river, and in 1744 he established another at Sinamary.

Condamine mentions in his "Relation abrégée" that on setting out for Surinam he was furnished by the missionary with several Indian canoers. His works on two "Relations," which are dated at Kuru, 23 Feb., 1730, and 11 April, 1733, and published in the "Lettres édifiantes" (Paris, 1843). They contain an interesting account of the Kuru, Ouyapoc, and Galabi tribes. There is also another narrative addressed to his brother from Kuru, and dated 1723, which is inserted in the Voyage de chevalier de Marchais' of Labat, where it fills sixty-four pages (Paris, 1730). He also wrote a grammar and dictionary of the language of the Galabis, on which he was engaged for more than thirty years.

LOMBARDINI, Manuel Maria (lom-bar-de'ne), Mexican soldier, b. in the city of Mexico in 1802; d. there, 22 Dec., 1853. He received his early education in his native city, and in 1814 entered the bureau of artillery as an apprentice. When the plan de Iguala was proclaimed in 1821, he joined the revolutionary forces as a cadet, but during the reign of Iturbide he retired into private life. The party strife between the Yorkist and Scotch factions in 1826 brought him again to the front, and he joined the former party. In 1830 he was a lieutenant, and in April, 1832, pronounced in Lerma for the plan of Vera Cruz. At the end of that year he was promoted to captain, and was taken under the

protection of his relative, Gen. Valencia, on whose recommendation in 1841 Santa-Anna made him a brigadier. He took part in the war against the United States in 1846-7, and was wounded in the battle of Angostura. After Santa-Anna's banishment he continued to sympathize with that general, and took part in several pronunciamentos against the government. He favored the plan de Jalisco, and was banished, 2 Jan., 1853, by President Arista, but soon returned at the head of a revolutionary force, and was appointed by the president of the supreme court, Ceballos, commander-in-chief of the forces in the capital. When Ceballos resigned the executive, Lombardini was chosen by the commanders of the three divisions of the revolutionary troops provisional president, 8 Feb., 1853. Though a clear-headed and well-meaning man, he had no ability as a statesman, and when Santa-Anna, who had been recalled by congress, arrived in Mexico, Lombardini gladly delivered the executive to him on 20 April. Anna appointed him commander-in-chief of the forces in the capital, but he died in a few months. LONG, Armistead Lindsay, soldier, b. in Campbell county, Va., 3 Sept., 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy, 1 July, 1850, assigned to the 2d artillery, and promoted 1st lieutenant, 1 July, 1854. He resigned, 10 June, 1861, and the following month was appointed major in the Confederate army. He was promoted_colonel and military secretary to Gen. Robert E. Lee in April, 1862, and brigadier-general of artillery in September, 1863, taking part in all of Gen. Lee's campaigns. Gen. Long is the author of “Memoirs of Gen. Robert E. Lee" (New York, 1886).

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LONG, Charles Chaillé, soldier, b. in Princess Anne, Somerset co., Md., 2 July, 1842. He was educated at Washington academy, Md., and in 1862 he enlisted in the 1st Maryland infantry in the National service, and at the close of the civil war had attained the rank of captain. was appointed a lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian army in the autumn of 1869, was first assigned to duty as professor of French in the military academy at Abbassick, and later as chief of staff to the general-in-chief of the army. Early in 1872 he was transferred to Gen. Loring's corps at Alexandria. On 20 Feb., 1874, he was assigned to duty as chief of staff to Gen. Charles George Gordon, then lieutenant-colonel in the British army, who had been appointed by the khedive governor-general of the equatorial provinces of Egypt. On 24 April he set out toward the equator on a secret diplomatic and geographical mission inspired by Ismail Pacha, the khedive. He was accompanied only by two soldiers and his servants, and arrived at the capital of Nyanda on 20 June, 1874, being the only white man save Capt. Speke that had ever visited that place, and secured a treaty by which King M'Tse acknowledged himself a vassal of Egypt. He then turned north to trace the unknown part of the Nile that still left the question of its source in doubt. In descending the river at M'roole he was attacked by the king of Unyoro Kaba-Rega with a party of warriors in boats and a numerous force on shore. Chaillé-Long, with his two soldiers, armed with breech-loading rifles and explosive shells, sustained the attack for several hours, and finally beat off the savages. He was promoted to the full rank of colonel and bey, and decorated with the cross of the commander of the Medjidieh. In January, 1875, he fitted out and led an expedition southwestward of the Nile into the NiamNiam country, subjected it to the authority of the Egyptian government, and dispersed the slave

trading bands. On his return in March, 1875, he was ordered to go to Cairo, where, with orders from the khedive, he organized an expedition ostensibly to open an equatorial road from the Indian ocean along Juba river to the central African lakes. The expedition sailed from Sury on 19 Sept., 1875, took possession of the coast and several fortified towns, and occupied and fortified Comf, on Juba river. On 1 Sept., 1877, Chaillé-Long resigned his commission in the Egyptian army, on account of failing health, returning to New York, where he studied law at Columbia. He was graduated and admitted to practice, and in 1882 returned to Egypt to practise in the international courts. The insurrection of Arabi culminated in the terrible massacre at Alexandria of 11 June, 1882, the U. S. consul-general remained away from his post at this juncture, and the U. S. consular agents fled from Egypt. Chaillé-Long assisted the refugees, hundreds of whom were placed on board of the American ships, and after the burning of the city, he reestablished the American consulate, and, aided by 160 American sailors and marines, restored order, and arrested the fire. Col. Chaillé-Long removed to Paris in October, 1882, and opened an office for the practice of international law. In March, 1887, he was appointed U. S. consul-general and secretary of legation in Corea. He has published "Central Africa: Naked Truths of Naked People" (New York, 1877) and "The Three Prophets-Chinese Gordon, the Mahdi, and Arabi Pacha" (1884).

LONG, Clement, theologian, b. in Hopkinton, N. H., 1 Dec., 1806; d. in Hanover, N. H., 14 Oct., 1861. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1828, studied at Andover seminary in 1831-3, and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in Ohio in 1836. He was professor of philosophy in Western Reserve college from 1834 till 1844, and of theology from the latter year till 1852. He was then called to the chair of theology at Auburn theological seminary, where he remained until 1854. He was also lecturer on intellectual philosophy and political economy at Dartmouth in 1851-2, and was professor of the same from 1854 until his death, also lecturing on moral and mental philosophy at Western Reserve in 1860-'61. He received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth in 1849, and that of LL. D. from Western Reserve in 1860. He was a contributor to the "Bibliotheca Sacra." LONG, Crawford W., physician, b. in Danielsville, Madison co., Ga., 1 Nov., 1815; d. in Athens, Ga., 16 June, 1878. He was graduated at Franklin college, Pa., in 1835, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1839. He then practised in Jefferson, Jackson co., Ga., until 1851, when he removed to Athens, Ga. He claimed that he performed on 30 March, 1842, the first surgical operation with the patient in a state of anæsthesia from the inhalation of ether. In his history of the discovery of anæsthesia, Dr. J. Marion Sims says that Dr. Long was the first "to intentionally produce anæsthesia for surgical operations," and that this was done with sulphuric ether; that he did not by accident "hit upon it, but that he reasoned it out in a philosophical and logical manner"; that "Horace Wells, without any knowledge of Dr. Long's labors, demonstrated in the same philosophic way (in his own person) the great principle of anesthesia by the use of nitrous-oxide gas in December, 1844, thus giving Long the priority over Wells by two years and eight months, and over Morton, who followed Wells in 1846." He was named, with William T. G. Morton, Charles T. Jackson, and Wells, in a bill before the U. S. senate in 1854 to reward the

probable discoverers of practical anesthesia. Dr. Long's contributions to medical literature relate chiefly to his discovery.

LONG, Edward, English author, b. in Cornwall, England, in 1734; d. in 1813. He became a barrister, and in 1757 emigrated to Jamaica, where he was appointed a judge of the vice-admiralty court. After his return to England in 1769, he published, among other works, a "History of Jamaica "(3 vols., London, 1774); "Letters on the Colonies" (1775); and "The Sugar Trade" (1782).

LONG, Eli, soldier, b. in Woodford county, Ky., 16 June. 1837. He was graduated at the Frankfort, Ky., military school in 1855, and in 1856 appointed 2d lieutenant in the 1st U. S. cavalry. Prior to 1861, when he was promoted 1st lieutenant and captain, he served with his regiment mainly against hostile Indians. Throughout the civil war he was actively engaged in the west at Tullahoma, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and in the Atlanta campaign, as colonel of the 4th Ohio cavalry, and subsequently in command of a brigade of cavalry. He was brevetted major, lieutenantcolonel, and colonel for "gallant and meritorious services" at Farmington and Knoxville, Tenn., and Lovejoy's Station, Ga., respectively. March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for gallantry at Selma, Ala., where he led his division in a charge upon the intrenchments that resulted in the capture of that place. He was severely wounded in the head in the action. For his services during the war he was also brevetted major-general in the regular army and major-general of volunteers, and having been mustered out of the volunteer service, 15 Jan., 1866, he was retired with the rank of major-general in August, but was reduced to brigadier-general through the operation of the act of 3 March, 1875.

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LONG, Gabriel, soldier, b. in 1751; d. in Culpeper county, Va., 3 Feb., 1827. He was an officer in the Revolutionary army, fought at Hampton and Norfolk in 1775, served as captain in Morgan's rifle regiment in 1776, and ultimately rose to the rank of major. He led the advance at Saratoga and began the battle. He was also present at Yorktown, and took part in eighteen engagements.

LONG, John Collins, naval officer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1795; d. in North Conway, N. H., 2 Sept., 1865. He entered the navy as midshipman, 18 June, 1812, and served in the "Constitution "in her action with the "Java." He was promoted lieutenant, 5 March, 1817, commander, 25 Feb., 1838, captain, 2 March, 1849, and commodore on the retired list, 16 July, 1862. He was assigned the duty of bringing Louis Kossuth to this country, but would not allow him to deliver revolutionary harangues at Marseilles, which so annoyed the Hungarian patriot that he left the ship at Gibraltar. Commodore Long was fifty-three years in the service.

LONG, John Davis, legislator, b. in Buckfield, Oxford co., Me., 27 Oct., 1838. He was graduated at Harvard in 1857, taught until 1859, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1861, practised in Buckfield, and settled in Boston in 1862. In 1869 he removed to Hingham, but retained his office in Boston. He was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1875-'8, and served the last three years as its speaker. In 1879 he was lieutenant-governor, and governor in 1880-'2. He was elected as a Republican to the 48th congress, and re-elected to the 49th, serving from 3 Dec., 1883, till 4 March, 1887. He was again elected to the 50th congress. Gov. Long has published a translation of Virgil's " Æneid" (Boston, 1879).

LONG, Pierse, legislator, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1739; d. there, 3 April, 1789. He was the son of Pierse Long, who was born in Limerick, Ireland, but came to this country and engaged in the shipping business in Portsmouth. The son entered his father's counting-room and was taken into partnership. He was a member of the Provincial congress of his native state in 1775, and served in the Revolutionary army as colonel of the 1st New Hampshire regiment. In the retreat from Ticonderoga his command was overtaken by the 9th British foot, which he turned upon and defeated. He was a volunteer at the battle of Saratoga, a delegate to the Continental congress in 1784-'6, a state councillor in 1786-'9, a member of the Constitutional convention in 1788, and was appointed by President Washington collector of customs at Portsmouth in January, 1789. He discharged the duties of the office until the following April, when he died.

LONG, Robert Carey, architect, b. about 1819; d. in New York city in July, 1849. He studied architecture, and practised his profession for several years in Baltimore. While in that city he was intrusted with designing and building the Athenæum, occupied by the Maryland historical society and the Baltimore library company. He removed to New York city in 1848, and was rapidly acquiring a reputation when his career was cut short by cholera. He contributed a series of articles entitled "Architectonics" to the "New York Literary World," and read a paper before the New York historical society on "Aztec Architecture," which was printed in its "Transactions." He was also the author of "Ancient Architecture of America" (New York, 1849).

LONG, Stephen Harriman, engineer, b. in Hopkinton, N. H., 30 Dec., 1784; d. in Alton, Ill., 4 Sept., 1864. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1809, and after teaching for some time entered the U. S. army in December, 1814, as a lieutenant in the corps of engineers. After discharging the duties of assistant professor of mathematics at the U. S. military academy until April, 1816, he was transferred to the topographical engineers, with the brevet rank of major. From 1818 till 1823 he had charge of explorations between Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains, and of the sources of the Mississippi in 1823-4, receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. The highest summit of the Rocky mountains was named Long's peak in his honor. He was engaged in surveying the Baltimore and Ohio railroad from 1827 till 1830, and from 1837 till 1840 was engineer-in-chief of the Western and Atlantic railroad in Georgia, in which capacity he introduced a system of curves in the location of the road and a new kind of truss bridge, which was called by his name, and has been generally adopted in the United States. On the organization of the topographical engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became major in that body, and in 1861 chief of topographical engineers, with the rank of colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1819-20 from the notes of Maj. Long and others, by Edwin James, was published in Philadelphia in 1823, and in 1824 appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, etc.," by William H. Keating (2 vols., Philadelphia). Col. Long was retired from active service in June, 1863, but continued, charged with important duties, until his death. He was a member of the American philosophical society, and the author of a "Railroad Manual" (1829), which was the first original treatise of the kind published in this country.

LONGACRE, James Barton, engraver, b. in Delaware county, Pa., 11 Aug., 1794: d. in Philadelphia, 1 Jan., 1869. He was descended from an early Swedish colonist on the Delaware, whose name was originally Longker. He served his apprenticeship as an engraver in Philadelphia, and from 1819 till 1831 illustrated some of the best works that were published in this country. With James Herring, of New York, and afterward alone, he issued the "National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans," in which many of the engravings were from sketches by his own hand (3 vols., New York, 1834-'9). From 1844 till his death he was engraver to the U. S. mint, and designed all the new coins that were struck during this time, including the double-eagle, the threedollar piece, and the gold dollar. He was afterward employed by the Chilian government to remodel the entire coinage of that country, and had completed the work shortly before his death.

LONGFELLOW, Stephen, lawyer, b. in Gorham, Me., 23 June, 1775; d. in Portland, Me., 2 Aug., 1849. He was of the fourth generation in lineal descent from William Longfellow, who had emigrated from Yorkshire to Massachusetts and settled in Newbury about 1675, and in 1676 married a sister of Judge Samuel Sewall. Stephen was graduated at Harvard in 1798, admitted to the bar in 1801, and practised successfully in Portland. He was a delegate to the Hartford convention in 1814, and was subsequently elected to the 18th congress as a Federalist, serving from 1 Dec., 1823, till 3 March, 1825. In 1834 he was president of the Maine historical society, having previously been its recording secretary. In 1828 he received the degree of LL.D. from Bowdoin. He compiled sixteen volumes of Massachusetts and twelve volumes of Maine "Reports." He married the daughter of Gen. Peleg Wadsworth, an officer in the Revolution.-Their son, Henry Wadsworth, poet, b. in Portland, Me.. 27 Feb., 1807; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 24 March, 1882, was the second son in a family that included foursons and four daughters. His birthplace, on Fore street, is shown in the engraving on page 11. He was named for a brother of his mother, who, a youth of nineteen, lately commissioned lieutenant in the U. S. navy, and serving before Tripoli under Com. Preble, had perished in the fire-ship "Intrepid," which was blown up in the night of 4 Sept., 1804. The boyhood of the poet was happy. A sweeter, simpler, more essentially human society has seldom existed than that of New England in the first quarter of this century, and the conditions of life in Portland were in some respects especially pleasant and propitious. The beautiful and wholesome situation of the town on the sea-shore; the fine and picturesque harbor that afforded shelter to the vessels by which a moderate commerce with remote regions was carried on, giving vivacity to the port and widening the scope of the interests of the inhabitants; the general

H. W. Longfele

diffusion of comfort and intelligence; the traditional purity and simplicity of life; the absence of class distinctions; the democratic kindliness of spirit; the pervading temper of hopefulness and content-all made Portland a good place in which to be born and grow up. Like the rest of New England it was provincial, it had little part in the larger historic concerns of the world, it possessed no deep wells of experience or of culture, and no memorials of a distant past by which the imagination might be quickened and nurtured; it was a comparatively new place in a comparatively new country. The sweetness of Longfellow's disposition showed itself in his earliest years. He was a gentle, docile, cheerful, intelligent, attractive child; one of the best boys in school" was his teacher's report of him at six years old. He was fond of books, and his father's library supplied him with the best in English. He was sensitive to the charm of style in literature, and a characteristic glimpse of his taste, and of the influences that were shaping him, is afforded by what he said in later life in speaking of Irving: "Every boy has his first book; I mean to say, one book among all others which in early youth first fascinates his imagination, and at once excites and satisfies the desires of his mind. To me this first book was the Sketch-Book' of Washington Irving. I was a school-boy when it was published [in 1819], and read each succeeding number with ever-increasing wonder and delight, spell-bound by its pleasant humor, its melancholy tenderness, its atmosphere of reverie. . . The charm remains unbroken, and whenever I open the pages of the 'Sketch-Book,' I open also that mysterious door which leads back into the haunted chambers of youth." Already, when he was thirteen years old, he had begun to write verses, some of which found place in the poet's corner of the local newspaper. In 1821 he passed the entrance examinations for Bowdoin, but it was not until 1822 that Longfellow left home to reside at the college. Among his classmates was Nathaniel Hawthorne, with whom he speedily formed an acquaintance that was to ripen into a life-long friendship. His letters to his mother and father during his years at college throw a pleasant light upon his pursuits and his disposition; they display the early maturity of his character; the traits that distinguished him in later years are already clearly defined; the amiability, the affectionateness, the candor, and the cheerful spirit of the youth are forecasts of the distinguishing qualities of the man. His taste for literary pursuits, and his strong moral sentiment and purpose, are already developed. A few sentences from his letters will serve to exhibit him as he was at this time. "I am in favor of letting each one think for himself, and I am very much pleased with Gray's poems, Dr. Johnson to the contrary notwithstanding.' "I have very resolutely concluded to enjoy myself heartily wherever I am.' "Leisure is to me one of the sweetest things in the world." "I care but little about politics or anything of the kind." "I admire Horace very much indeed." "I conceive that if religion is ever to benefit us, it must be incorporated with our feelings and become in every degree identified with our happiness." "Whatever I study 1 ought to be engaged in with all my soul, for I will be eminent in something." "I am afraid you begin to think me rather chimerical in many of my ideas, and that I am ambitious of becoming a rara avis in terris. But you must acknowledge the usefulness of aiming high at something which it is impossible to overshoot, perhaps to reach." He was writing much, both verse and

prose, and his pieces had merit enough to secure publication, not only in the Portland paper, but in more than one of the magazines, and especially in the "United States Literary Gazette," published in Boston, in which no fewer than sixteen poems by him appeared in the course of the year 1824-'5. Very few of these were thought by their author worth reprinting in later years, and though they all show facile versification and refined taste, none of them exhibit such original power as to give assurance of his future fame. Several of them display the influence of Bryant both in form and thought. Long afterward, in writing to Bryant, Longfellow said: "Let me acknowledge how much I owe to you, not only of delight but of culture. When I look back upon my earlier verses, I cannot but smile to see how much in them is really yours." He

owed much also to others, and in these youthful compositions one may find traces of his favorite poets from Gray to Byron.

As the time for leaving college drew near, it became necessary for him to decide on a profession, He was averse to the ministry, to medicine, and, in spite of his father's and grandfather's example, to the law. In 1824 he writes to his father: "I am altogether in favor of the farmer's life." But a few months later he says: "The fact is, I most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature. My whole soul burns most ardently for it, and every earthly thought centres in it. Surely there never was a better opportunity offered for the exertion of literary talent in our own country than is now offered. . . . Nature has given me a very strong predilection for literary pursuits, and I am almost confident in believing that, if I can ever rise in the world, it must be by the exercise of my talent in the wide field of literature." In reply to these ardent aspirations his father wisely urged that, though a literary life might be very pleasant to one who had the means of support, it did not offer secure promise of a livelihood, and that it was necessary for his son to adopt a profession that should afford him subsistence as well as reputation; but he gave his consent readily to his son's passing a year in Cambridge, after leaving college, in literary studies previous to entering on the study of a profession.

Before the time for this arrived a new prospect opened, full of hope for the young scholar. He had distinguished himself in college by his studious disposition, his excellent conduct, and his capacity as a writer, and when their rank was assigned to the members of his class at graduation, he stood upon the list as the fourth in general scholarship in a class of thirty-eight. Just at this time the trustees of the college determined to establish a professorship of modern languages, and, not having the means to obtain the services of any one that was already eminent, in this department, they determined to offer the post conditionally to the young graduate of their own college, who had already given proof of character and abilities that would enable him after proper preparation to fill the place satisfactorily. The proposal was accordingly made to him that he should go to Europe for

the purpose of fitting himself for this chair, with | the understanding that on his return he should receive the appointment of professor. It was a remarkable testimony to the impression that Longfellow had made and to the confidence he had inspired. Nothing could have been more delightful to him than the prospect it opened. It settled the question of his career in accordance with the desire of his heart, and his father gladly approved. After passing the autumn and winter of 1825-'6 in preparatory studies at home in Portland, Longfellow sailed for Havre in May, 1826. The distance of Europe from America, measured by time, was far greater then than now. Communication was comparatively infrequent and irregular; the interval of news was often months long; the novelty of such an experience as that on which Longfellow entered was great. "Madam," said a friend to his mother, "you must have great confidence in your son." "It is true, Henry," she wrote, "your parents have great confidence in your uprightness and in that purity of mind which will instantly take alarm on coming in contact with anything vicious or unworthy. We have confidence; but you must be careful and watchful." Sixty years ago Europe promised more to the young American of poetic temperament than it does to-day, and kept its promise better. Longfellow's character was already so mature, his culture so advanced, and his temperament so happy, that no one could

be better fitted than he to profit by a visit to the Old World. A voyage to Europe is often a voyage of discovery of himself to the young American; he learns that he possesses imagination and sensibilities that have not been evoked in his own land and for which Europe alone can provide the proper nurture. So it was with Longfellow. He passed eight months in Paris and its neighborhood, steadily at work in mastering the language, and in studying the literature and life of France. In the spring of 1827 he went from France to Spain, and here he spent a like period in similar occupations. It was a period of great enjoyment for him. At Madrid he had the good fortune to make acquaintance with Irving, who was then engaged in writing his "Life of Columbus," of Alexander Everett, the U.S. minister, and of Lieut. Alexander Slidell, U. S. navy (afterward honorably known as Com. Slidell-Mackenzie), who in his "Year in Spain" pleasantly mentions and gives a characteristic description of the young traveller. In December, 1827, Longfellow left Spain for Italy, where he remained through a year that was crowded with delightful experience and was well employed in gaining a rich store of knowledge. His studies were constant and faithful, and his genius for language was such that when he went to Germany at the end of 1828 he had a command of French, Spanish, and Italian such as is seldom gained by a foreigner. He estab

lished himself at Göttingen in February, 1829, and was pursuing his studies there when he was called home by letters that required his return. He reached the United States in August, and in September, having received the appointment of professor of modern languages at Bowdoin college, with a salary of $800, he took up his residence at Brunswick. He was now twenty-two years old, and probably, with the exception of Mr. George Ticknor, was the most accomplished scholar in this country of the languages and literatures of modern Europe. He devoted himself zealously to teaching, to editing for his classes several excellent text-books, and to writing a series of lectures on the literatures of France, Spain, and Italy. The influence of such a nature and such tastes and learning as his was of the highest value in a country college remote from the deeper sources of culture. "His intercourse with the students," wrote one of his pupils, "was perfectly simple, frank, and manly. They always left him not only with admiration, but guided, helped, and inspired." In addition to his duties as professor he performed those of librarian of the college, and in April. 1831, he published in the "North American Review" the first of a series of articles, which were continued at irregular intervals for several years, upon topics that were connected with his studies. His prose style was already formed, and was stamped with the purity and charm that were the expression of his whole nature, intellectual and moral. Poetry he had for the time given up. Of those little poetic attempts dating from his college years he wrote, that he had long ceased to attach any value to them. "I am all prudence now, since I can form a more accurate judgment of the merit of poetry. If I ever publish a volume, it will be many years first."

In September, 1831, he married Miss Mary Potter, of Portland. It was a happy marriage. About the same time he began to publish in the "New England Magazine" the sketches of travel that afterward were collected, and, with the addition of some others, published under the title of "Outre Mer; a Pilgrimage beyond the Sea" (New York, 1835). This was his earliest independent contribution to American literature, and in its pleasant mingling of the record of personal experience, with essays on literature, translations, and romantic stories, and in the ease and grace of its style, it is a worthy prelude and introduction to his later more important work. The narrowness of the opportunities that were afforded at Bowdoin for literary culture and conversation prevented the situation there from being altogether congenial to him, and it was with satisfaction that he received in December, 1834, an invitation to succeed Mr. George Ticknor in the Smith professorship of modern languages at Harvard, with the suggestion that, before entering on its duties, he should spend a year or eighteen months in Europe for study in Germany. He accordingly resigned the professorship at Bowdoin, which he had held for five years and a half, and in April, 1835, he set sail with his wife for England. In June he went to Denmark, and, after passing the summer at Copenhagen and Stockholm studying the Danish, Swedish, and Finnish languages, he went in October to Holland on his way to Germany. At Amsterdam and Rotterdam he was detained by the serious illness of Mrs. Longfellow, and employed his enforced leisure in acquiring the Dutch language. Near the end of November his wife died at Rotterdam. The blow fell heavily upon him; but his strong religious faith afforded him support, and he was not overmastered by vain grief. He soon proceeded to Heidelberg, and