no sooner does a slave reach the shore of England, | own shore, are driven by stress of weather, or car- | think myself without power to consider of some ad then he is free. This is true; but it means no more ried by unfawful force, into English ports, the gov-justment of, and remedy for, a great acknowledged than that, when a slave comes within the exclusive ernment of the United States cannot consent that difficulty, if I could see my way clearly to any satisjurisdiction of England, he ceases to be a slave, be- the local authorities in those ports shall take advan- factory course, and if I had not arrived at the conclucause the law of England positively and notoriously tage of such misfortunes, and enter them, for the sion, after very anxious consideration, that, for the prohibits and forbids the existence of such a relation purpose of interfering with the condition of persons reasons which I will state, this question had better be between man and man. But it does not mean that or things on board, as established by their own laws. treated in London, where it will have a much increasEnglish authorities, with this rule of English law in If slaves, the property of citizens of the U. States, ed chance of settlement, on terms likely to satisfy the their hands, may enter where the jurisdiction of a- escape into the British territories, it is not expected interests of the United States. nother nation is acknowledged to exist, and there de- that they will be restored. In that case the territori- The immediate case of the Creole would be easily stroy rights, obligations and interests, lawfully ex- al jurisdiction of England will have become exclu- disposed of; but it involves a class and description isting under the authority of such other nation. No sive over them, and must decide their condition. But of cases which, for the purpose of affording that sesuch construction, and no such effect, can be right- slaves on board of American vessels lying in British curity you seek for the trade of America through the fully given to the British law. It is true, that it is waters, are not within the exclusive jurisdiction of Bahama channel, brings into consideration questions competent to the British parliament, by express sta- England; or under the exclusive operation of Eng-of law, both national and international of the highest tute provision, to declare that no foreign jurisdiction lish law; and this founds the broad distinction be- importance; and, to increase the delicacy and diffiof any kind should exist, in or over a vessel, after its tween the cases. If persons, guilty of crime in the culty of the subject, public feeling is sensitively alive arrival voluntarily in her ports. And so she might U. States seek an asylum in the British dominions to every thing connected with it. These circumstanclose all her ports to the ships of all nations. A state they will not be demanded, until provision for such ces bring me to the conviction that, although I really may also declare, in the absence of treaty stipula- cases be made by treaty; because the giving up of believe that much may be done to meet the wishes tions, that foreigners shall not sue in her courts, nor criminals, fugitives from justice, is agreed and un- of your government, the means of doing so would be travel in her territories, nor carry away funds or derstood to be a matter in which every nation regu- best considered in London, where immediate refegoods received for debts. We need not inquire what lates its conduct according to its own discretion. It rence may be had to the highest authorities, on every would be the condition of a country that should es- is no breach of comity to refuse such surrender. point of delicacy and difficulty that may arise; whattablish such laws, nor in what relation they would On the other hand, vessels of the United States, ever I might attempt would be more or less under leave towards the states of the civilized world. Her driven by necessity into British ports, and staying the disadvantage of being bettered by apprehensions power to make such laws is unquestionable; but, in there no longer than such necessity exists, violating of responsibility, and I might thereby be kept within the absence of direct and positive enactments to that no law, nor having intent to violate any law will limits which my government at home might disregard. effect, the presumption is, the opposites of these claim, and there will be claimed for them, protection In other words, I believe you would have a better things exist. While her ports are open to foreign and security, freedom from molestation, and from all chance in this settlement with them than with me. trade, it is to be presumed that she expects foreign interference with the character or condition of per- I state this after some imperfect endeavors, by corships to enter them, bringing with them the jurisdic-sons or things on board. In the opinion of the go- respondence, to come at satisfactory explanations. tion of their own government, and the protection of vernment of the United States, such vessels, so driven If I were in this instance treating of ordinary materiits laws, to the same extent that her ships, and the and so detained by necessity in a friendly port, ought al interests, I should proceed with more confidence; ships of other commercial states, carry with them to be regarded as still pursuing their original voyage, but anxious as I unfeignedly am that all questions the jurisdiction of their respective governments into and turned out of their direct course only by disaster, likely to disturb the future good understanding bethe open ports of the world: just as it is presumed, or by wrongful violence; that they ought to receive tween us should be averted, I strongly recommend while the contrary is not avowed, that strangers may all assistance necessary to enable them to resume this question of the security of the Bahama channel travel in a civilized country in a time of peace, sue that direct course; and that interference and moles-being referred for discussion in London. in its courts, and bring away their property. tation by local authorities, where the whole voyage This opinion is more decidedly confirmed by your A merchant vessel enters the port of a friendly is lawful, both in act and intent, is ground for just very elaborate and important argument on the applistate, and enjoys while there the protection of her and grave complaint. cation of the general principles of the law of nations own laws, and is under the jurisdiction of her own Your lordshsp's discernment and large experience to these subjects-an argument to which your authogovernment, not in derogation of the sovereignty of the place, but by the presumed allowance or permis- in affairs cannot fail to suggest to you how import-rity necessarily gives great weight, but in which I sion of that sovereignty. This permission or allow-ant it is to merchants and navigators engaged in the would not presume to follow you with my own imGreat Britain and the United States, ance is founded on the comity of nations, like the coasting trade of a country so large in extent as the perfect means. other cases which have been mentioned: and this United States, that they should feel secure against covering all the seas of the world with their comcomity is part, and a most important and valuable all but the ordinary causes of maritime loss. The merce, have the greatest possible interest in mainpart, of the law of nations, to which all nations are possessions of the two governments closely approach taining sound and pure principles of international presumed to assent until they make their dissent each other. This proximity, which ought to make law, as well as the practice of reciprocal aid and good known. In the silence of any positive rule, affirm- us friends and good neighbors, may, without proper offices in all their harbors and possessions. With recare and regulation, itself prove a ceaseless cause of spect to the latter, it is satisfactory to know that the ing or denying or restraining, the operations of foreign disposition of the respective governments and people laws, their tacit adoption is presumed, to the usual vexation, irritation and disquiet. extent. It is upon this ground that courts of law exIf your lordship has no authority to enter into a of those very delicate and perplexing questions which leaves little to be desired, with the single exception pound contracts according to the law of the place in stipulation by treaty for the prevention of such oc- have recently arisen from the state of slavery; and which they are made; and instances almost innume- currences hereafter as have already happened, ocrable exist, in which, by the general practice of ci-currences so likely to disturb that peace between the even these seem confined, and likely to continue to vilized countries, the laws of one will be recognised two countries which it is the object of your lord- be confined to the narrow passage of the Bahama and often executed by another. This is the comity ship's mission to establish and confirm, you may still channel. At no other part of the British possessions are American vessels with slaves ever likely to touch, of nations; and it is upon this, as its solid basis, that be so far acquainted with the sentiments of your go- nor are they likely to touch there otherwise than from the intercourse of civilized states is maintained. vernment as to be able to engage that instructions But while that which has now been said is under-shall be given to the local authorities in the islands, the pressure of very urgent necessity. The difficulty, stood to be the voluntary and adopted law of nations, which shall lead them to regulate their conduct in therefore, as well as the desired remedy, is apparent! in cases of the voluntary entry of merchant vessels conformity with the rights of citizens of the Unitedly confined within narrow limits. Upon the great general principles affecting this into the ports of other countries, it is nevertheless States, and the just expectations of their governtrue, that vessels in such ports, only through an over-ment, and in such manner as shall, in future, take case we do not differ. You admit that if slaves, away all reasonable ground of complaint. It would the property of American citizens, escape into Briruling necessity, may place their claim for exemption be with the most profound regret that the presidenttish territories, it is not expected that they will be from interference on still higher principles; that is to restored; and you may be well assured that there say, principles held in more sacred regard by the should see that, whilst it is now hoped so many is no wish on our part that they should reach our comity, the courtesy, or indeed the common sense of other subjects of difference may be harmoniously shores, or that British possessions should be used as adjusted, nothing should be done in regard to this decoys for the violators of the laws of a friendly dangerous source of future collisions. neighbor. I avail myself of this occasion to renew to your lordship the assurances of my distinguished consideDANIEL WEBSTER. ration. Lord Ashburton, &c. &c. justice of all civilized states. The presumption is stronger, therefore in regard to vessels driven into foreign ports by necessity, and seeking only temporary refuge, than in regard to those which enter them voluntarily, and for purposes of trade, that they will not be interfered with; and that, unless they commit, while in port, some act against the laws of the place, they will be permitted to receive supplies, to repair damages, and to depart unmolested, If, therefore, vessels of the United States, pursuing lawful voyages, from port to port, along their meeting with disasters in passing between the United | When these slaves do reach us, by whatever means, there is no alternative. The present state of British law is in this respect too well known to require repetition, nor need I remind you that it is exactly the same with the laws of every part of the United States where a state of slavery is not recognised; and that the slaves put on shore at Nassau, would be dealt with exactly as would a foreign slave landed under any circumstances whatever a Boston. But what constitutes the being within British dominion, from which these consequences are to follow? Is a vessel passing through the Bahama channel and forced involuntary, either from storm or mutiny, into British waters, to be so considered? What power have the authorities of those islands to take cognizance of persons or property in such vessels?— These are questions which you, sir, have dissussed at It is, I believe, unnecessary that I should tell you great length, and with evident ability. Although you that the case of the Creole was known in London a have advanced some propositions which rather surfew days only before my departure. No complaint prise and startle me, I do not pretend to judge of had at that time been made by Mr. Everett. The them: but what is very clear is, that great princisubject was not therefore among those which it was ples are involved in a discussion which it would ill the immediate object of my mission to discuss. But, become me lightly to enter upon; and I am confirmat the same time, I must admit that, from the mo-ed by this consideration in wishing that the subject ment I was acquainted with the facts of this case, I be referred to where it will be perfectly weighed and was sensible of all its importance, and I should not examined. It behooves the authorities of our two governments quire nor to justify any further inquisition into the Every merchant vessel on the seas is rightfully well to guard themselves against establishing by their state of persons or things on board of vessels so sit-considered as part of the territory of the country to diplomatic intercourse false precedents and princi-uated, than may be indispensable to enforce the ob- which it belongs. The entry, therefore, into such ples, and that they do not, for the purpose of meeting servance of the municipal law of the colony, and vessel, being neutral, by a belligerent, is an act of a passing difficulty, set examples which may hereaf- the proper regulation of its harbors and waters. He force, and is prima facie, a wrong, a trespass, which ter mislead the world. indulges the hope, nevertheless, that, actuated by a can be justified only when done for some purpose, It is not intended on this occasion to consider in just sense of what is due to the mutual interests of allowed to form a sufficient justification by the law detail the particular instances which have given rise the two countries, and the maintenance of a perma-of nations. But a British cruiser enters an American to these discussions. They have already been stated nent peace between them, her majesty's government merchant vessel in order to take therefrom supposed and explained. Our object is rather to look to the will not fail to see the importance of removing, by British subjects; offering no justification therefor, means of future prevention of such occurrences. That such further stipulations. by treaty or otherwise, as under the law of nations, but claiming the right unthis may be obtained, I have little doubt, although may be found to be necessary, all cause of complaintder the law of England respecting the king's prerowe may not be able immediately to agree on the pre-connected with this subject.' gative. This cannot be defended. English soil, Engcise stipulations of a treaty. On the part of Great I have the honor to be, with high consideration,lish territory, English jurisdiction is the appropriate Britain, there are certain great principles too deeply your lordship's obedient servant, rooted in the consciences and sympathies of the people for any minister to be able to overlook; and any engagement I might make in opposition to them would be instantly disavowed; but at the same time that we maintain our own laws within our own territories, we are bound to respect those of our neighbors, and to listen to every possible suggestion of means of averting from them every annoyance and injury. I have great confidence that this may be effectually done in the present instance; but the case to be met and remedied is new, and must not be too hastily dealt with. You may, however, be assured that measures so important for the preservation of friendly intercourse between the two countries shall not be neglected. Lord Ashburton, &c. &c. DANIEL WEBSTER. IMPRESSMENT. sphere for the operation of English law; the ocean is the sphere and any merchant vessel on the seas is, by that law, under the protection of the laws of her own nation, and may claim immunity, unless in cases in which that law allows her to be entered or visited. If this notion of perpetual allegiance, and the consequent power of the prerogative, was the law of the Mr. Webster to Lord Ashburton. world; if it formed part of the conventional code of Department of state, Washington, Aug. 8, 1842. nations, and was usually practised like the right of MY LORD: We have had several conversations on visiting neutral ships, for the purpose of discovering the subject of impressment, but I do not understand and seizing enemy's property, then impressment that your lordship has instructions from your govern might be defended as a common right and there ment to negotiate upon it, nor does the government would be no remedy for the evils till the national of the United States see any utility in opening such code should be altered. But this is by no means the negotiations, unless the British government is prepar-case. There is no such principle incorporated into ed to forego the practice in all future wars. No the code of nations. The doctrine stands only as In the meantime, I can engage that instructions cause has produced, to so great an extent, and for so English law-not as national law; and English law shall be given to the govenors of her majesty's co-long a period, disturbing and irritating influences on cannot be of force beyond English dominion. Whatlonies on the southern borders of the United States the political relations of the United States and Eng-ever duties or relations that law creates between the to execute their own laws with careful attention land as the impressment of seamen by British crui-sovereign and his subjects, can be enforced and mainto the wish of their government to maintain good sers from American merchant vessels. tained only within the realm, or proper possessions or neighborhood, and that their shall be no officious From the commencement of the French revolution territory of the sovereign. There may be quite as interference with American vessels driven by ac- to the breaking out of the war between the two coun- just a prerogative right to the property of the subcident or by violence into those ports. The laws tries in 1812, hardly a year elapsed without loud jects as to their personal services, in an exigency of and duties of hospitality shall be executed, and these complaint and earnest remonstrance, a deep feeling the state; but no government thinks of controlling by seem neither to require nor to justify any further in- of opposition to the right claimed, and to the practice its own laws property of its subjects situated abroad; quisition into the state of persons or things on board exercised under it, and not unfrequently exercised much less does any government think of entering of vessels so situated, than may be indispensable to without the least regard to what justice and humani- the territory of another power for the purpose of seizenforce the observance of the municipal law of the ty would have dictated, even if the right itself had ing such property and applying it to their own uses. colony and the proper regulation of its harbors and been admitted, took possession of the public mind of As laws, the prerogatives of the crown of England America, and this feeling, it is well known, co-ope-have no obligations on persons or property domiciled A strict and careful attention to these rules, ap-rated most powerfully with other causes to produce or situated abroad. plied in good faith to all transactions as they arise, the state of hostilities which ensued. will, I hope and believe, without any abandonment of great general principles, lead to the avoidance of any excitement or agitation on this very sensitive subject of slavery, and, consequently, of those irritating feelings which may have a tendency to bring into peril all the great interests connected with the inaintenance of peace. waters. "When, therefore," says an authority not unknown At different periods, both before and since the war, or unregarded on either side of the Atlantic, "we negotiations have taken place between the two go- speak of the rights of a state to bind its own native vernments, with the hope of finding some means of subjects every where, we speak only of its own claim quieting these complaints. At some times, the effec- and exercise of sovereignty over them when they retual abolition of the practice has been requested and turn within its own territorial jurisdiction, and not treated of; at other times, its temporary suspension; of its right to compel or require obedience to such and, at other times again, the limitation of its exer-laws, on the part of other nations, within their own I further trust that friendly sentiments and a concise and some security against its enormous abuses. territorial sovereignty. On the contrary, every naviction of the importance of cherishing them, will, on all occasions, lead the two countries to consider favorably any further arrangements which may be judged necessary for the reciprocal protection of their interests. tion has an exclusive right to regulate persons and things within its own territory, according to its sovereign will and public polity." A common destiny has attended these efforts; they have all failed. The question stands at this moment where it stood fifty years ago. The nearest approach to a settlement was a convention proposed in 1803, The good sense of these principles, their remarkaand which had come to the point of signature, when ble pertinency to the subject now under consideraI hope, sir, that this explanation on this very im- it was broken off in consequence of the British govern- tion, and the extraordinary consequences resulting portant subject will be satisfactory to the president, ment insisting that the narrow seas should be expressly from the British doctrine, are signally manifested by and that he will see in it no diminution of that earn- excepted, out of the sphere over which the contem- that which we see taking place every day. England est desire, which you have been pleased to recognise plated stipulations against impressment should extend. acknowledges herself over burdened with population in me, to perform my work of reconciliation and The American minister, Mr. King, regarded this ex-of the poorer classes. Every instance of the emigrafriendship; but that he will rather perceive in my ception as quite inadmissible, and preferred rather to tion of persons of those classes is regarded by her as suggestion, in this particular instance, that it is made abandon the negotiation than acquiesce in the doc- a benefit. England, therefore, encourages emigrawith a well-founded hope of thereby better obtain-trine which it proposed to establish. tion; means are notoriously supplied to emigrants to England asserts the right of impressing British sub-assist their conveyance, from public funds; and the I beg leave to renew to you, sir, the assurance of jects, in time of war, out of neutral merchant vessels, new world, and more especially these United States, my high consideration, ASHBURTON. ing the object we have in view. Hon. Daniel Webster, &c., &c. Mr. Webster to Lord Ashburton. Department of state, Washington, August 8, 1842. lation for the better security of American vessels This statement, made in the words of eminent Bridriven by accident or carried by force into the British jurists, shows, at once, that the English claim is tish West India ports. The president would have been gratified if you had felt yourself at liberty to proceed at once to consider some proper arrangement, by formal treaty, for this object; but there may be weight in the reasons which you urge for referring such mode of stipula and of deciding by her visiting officers, who, among receive the many thousands of her subjects thus the crews of such merchant vessels, are British sub-ejected from the bosom of their native land by the jects. She asserts this as a legal exercise of the pre-necessities of their condition. They come away from rogative of the crown; which prerogative is alleged poverty and distress, in over-crowded cities, to seek to be founded on the English law of the perpetual employment, comfort and new homes, in a counand indissoluble allegiance of the subject, and his ob- try of free institutions possessed by a kindred race, MY LORD: I have the honor to acknowledge the ligation, under all circumstances, and for his whole speaking their own language, aud having laws and receipt of your lordship's note of the 6th inst. in an-life, to render military services to the crown when-usages in many respects like those to which they swer to mine of the 1st, upon the subject of a stipu-ever required. have been accustomed, and a country which, upon the whole, is found to possess more attractions for persons of their character and condition than any far broader than the basis or platform on which it is other on the face of the globe. It is stated that the raised. The law relied on is English law; the obli- quarter of the year ending with June last, more than gations insisted on are obligations existing between twenty-six thousand emigrants left the single port of the crown of England and its subjects. This law Liverpool for the United States, being four or five and these obligations, it is admitted, may be such as times as many as left the same port within the same England may choose they shall be; but then they must period for the British colonies and all other parts of be confined to the parties. Impressment of seamen, the world. Of these crowds of emigrants, many arThe president places his reliance on those princi-out of and beyond English territory, and from on rive in our cities in circumstances of great destituples of public law which were stated in my note to board the ships of other nations, is an interference tion, and the charities of the country both public and your lordship, and which are regarded as equally with the rights of other nations; is further, therefore, private, are severely taxed to relieve their immediate well founded and important, and on your lordship's than English prerogative can legally extend; and is wants. In time they mingle with the new community engagements, that instructions shall be given to the nothing but an attempt to enforce the peculiar law of in which they find themselves, and seek means of governors of her majesty's colonies to execute their Englan beyond the dominions and jurisdiction of the living; some find employment in the cities, others go own laws with careful attention to the wish of their crown. The claim asserts an extra territorial autho-to the frontiers to cultivate land reclaimed from the government to maintain good neighborhood: and that rity for the law of British prerogative, and assumes forest; and a greater or less number of the residue, there shall be no officious interference with Ameri- to exercise this extra territorial authority to the ma-becoming in time naturalized citizens, enter into the can vessels driven by accident or by violence into nifest injury and annoyance of the citizens and sub-merchant service, under the flag of their adopted those ports. That the laws and duties of hospitality jects of other states, on board their own vessels on country. shall be executed, and that these seem neither to re-the high seas. tion for consideration to London. Now, my lord, if war should break out between Eagland and an European power, can any thing be moment, the fear of impressment has been found to In the calm and quiet which have succeeded the late war-a condition so favorable for dispassionate consideration-England herself has evidently seen the harshness of impressment, even exercised on seamen in her own merchant service, and she has adopted measures calculated if not to renounce the power or to abolish the practice, yet, at least, to supercede its necessity by other means of manning the royal navy mere compatable with justice and the rights of individuals, and far more conformable to the spirit and sentiments of the age. ences have or could have arisen of late years with respect to impressment, because the practice has since the peace wholly ceased, and cannot. consistently with existing laws and regulations for manning her majesty's navy, be, under present circumstances, renewed. Desirous, however, of looking far forward into futurity to anticipate every possible cause of disagreement, and sensible of the anxiety of the American people on this grave subject of past irritation, I should be sorry in any way to discourage the attempt at some settlement of it; and, although without authority to enter upon it here during the limited continuance of my mission, I entertain a confident hope that this task may be accomplished, when undertaken, with the spirit of candor and conciliation which has marked all our late negotiation. It not being our intention to endeavor now to come to any agreement on this subject, I may be permitted to abstain from noticing, at any length, your very ingenious arguments relating to it, and from discussing the graver matters of constitutional and international law growing out of them. These sufficiently show that the question is one requiring calm consideration; though I must, at the same time, admit that they prove a strong necessity of some settlement for the preservation of that good understanding which, I trust, we may flatter ourselves that our joint labors have now succeeded in establishing. A question of such serious importance ought to be put at rest. If the United States give shelter and protection to those whom the policy of England annually casts upon their shores-if, by the benign influences of their government and institutions, and by the happy condition of the country, those emigrants become raised from poverty to comfort, finding it easy even to become landholders, and being allowed to partake in the enjoyment of all civil rights-if all I am well aware that the laws of our two countries this may be done, (and all this is done, under the maintain opposite principles respecting allegiance to countenance and encouragement of England herself, sovereignty. America, receiving every year, by thouis it not high time, that, yielding that which had its sands, the emigrants of Europe, maintains the docorigin in feudal ideas as inconsistent with the pretrine suitable to her condition of the right of transsent state of society, and especially with the inter- Under these circumstances the government of the ferring allegiance at will. The laws of Great Britain course and relations subsisting between the old world United States has used the occasion of your lordship's have maintained, from all time, the opposite docand the new, England should, at length formally dis-pacific mission to renew this whole subject, and to trine. The duties of allegiance are held to be indisclaim all right to the services of such persons, and bring to your notice and that of your government.-pensable, and it is belived that this doctrine, under renounce all control over their conduct? It has reflected on the past, pondered on the condition various modifications, prevail in most, if not in all, of the present, and endeavored to anticipate, so far the civilized states in Europe. as might be in its power, the probable future, and I am now to communicate to your lordship the result of these deliberations. But impressment is subject to objections of a much wider range. If it could be justified in its application to those who are declared to be its only objects, it still remains true that, in its exercise, it touches the political rights of other governments, The American government, then, is prepared to and endangers the security of their own native sub- say, that the practice of impressing seamen from jects and citizens. The sovereignty of the state is American vessels cannot be hereafter allowed to take concerned in maintaining its exclusive jurisdiction place. That practice is founded on principles which and possession over its merchant ships on the seas, it does not recognise, and is invariably attended by except so far as the law of nations justifies intrusion consequences so unjust, so injurious, and of such upon that possession for special purposes; and all ex-formidable magnitude as cannot be submitted to. perience has shown that no member of a crew, In the early disputes between the two governments wherever born, is safe against impressment when a ship is visited. on this so long contested topic, the distinguished person to whose hands were first entrusted the seals The evils and injuries resulting from the actual of this department declared, that "the simplest rule practice can hardly be overstated, and have ever will be, that the vessel being American shall be proved themselves to be such as should lead to its evidence that the seamen on board are such." relinquishment, even if it were founded in any de- Fifty years' experience, the utter failure of many fensible principle. The difficulty of discriminating negotiations, and a careful consideration now had, of between English and American citizens has always the whole subject, at a moment when the passions are been found to be great, even when an honest pur-laid, and no present instance or emergency exists to pose of discrimination has existed. But the lieuten- bias the judgment, have fully convinced this governant of a man-of-war, having necessity for men, is ment, that this is not only the simplest and best, but apt to be a summary judge, and his decisions will be the only rule, which can be adopted and observed, quite as significant of his own wants and his own consistently with the rights and honor of the United power as of the truth and justice of the case. An States and the security of their citizens. That rule extract from a letter of Mr. King, of the 13th of announces therefor, what will hereafter be the prinApril, 1797, to the American secretary of state, ciple maintained by their government. In every regshows something of the enormous extent of these ular documented American merchant vessel the crew wrongful seizures: who navigate it will find their protection in the flag which is over them. Emigration, the modern mode by which the population of the world peaceably finds its level, is for the benefit of all, and eminently for the benefit of humanity. The fertile deserts of America are gradually advancing to the highest state of cultivation and production, while the emigrant acquires comfort which his own confined home could not afford him. If there were any thing in our laws or our practice on either side tending to impede this march of providential humanity, we could not be two eager to provide the remedy; but as this does not appear to be the case, we may safely leave this part of the subject without indulging in abstract speculations, having no material practical application to matters in discussion between us. But it must be admitted that a serious practical question dees arise, or rather has existed, from practices formerly attending the mode of manning the British navy in times of war. The principle is, that all subjects of the crown are in case of necessity bound to serve their country, and the sea faring man is naturally taken for the naval service. This is not as is sometimes supposed, any arbitrary principle of monarchical government, but one founded on the natural duty of every man to defend the life of his country; and all the analogy of your laws would lead to the conclusion that the same principle would hold good in the United States; if their geographical position did not make its application unnecessary. "Instead of a few, and these in many instances The very anomalous condition of the two counequivocal cases, I have," says he, "since the month This announcement is not made, my lord, to revive tries with relation to each other here creates a seof July past, made application for the discharge, useless recollections of the past, nor to stir embers rious difficulty. Our people are not distinguishable; from British men-of-war, of two hundred and seven- from fires which have been, in a great degree, smoth- and owing to the peculiar habits of sailors, our vesty-one seamen, who, stating themselves to be Ameri-ered by many years of peace. Far otherwise. Its sels are very generally manned from a common stock. cans, have claimed my interference. Of this number purpose is to extinguish those fires effectually before It is difficult under these circumstances, to execute eighty-six have been ordered by the admiralty to be new incidents arise to fan them into flame. The laws which at times have been thought to be essendischarged, thirty-seven more have been detained as communication is in the spirit of peace, and for the tial for the existence of the country, without risk of British subjects or as American volunteers, or from sake of peace, and springs from a deep and consci-injury to others. The extent and importance of those want of proof that they are Americans, and to my appli-entious conviction that the high interests of both na-injuries, however, are so formidable that it is adcations for the discharge of the remaining one hun- tions require that this so long contested and contro-mitted that some remedy should, if possible, be apdred and forty-eight, I have received no answer-the verted subject should now be finally put to rest. I plied; at all events, it must be fairly and honestly atships on board of which these seamen were detained persuade myself, my lord, that you will do justice to tempted. It is true that during the continuance of having in many instances, sailed before an examina- this frank and sincere avowal of motives, and that peace no practical grievance can arise; but it is also tion was made in consequence of my application. you will communicate your sentiments, in this res- true, that it is for that reason the proper season for "It is certain that some of those who have applied pect, to your government. the calm and deliberate consideration of an importto me are not American citizens, but the exceptions ant subject. I have much reason to hope that a saare, in my opinion, few and the evidence exclusive tisfactory arrangement respecting it may be made, of certificates, has been such as, in most cases, to so as to set at rest all apprehension and anxiety; and satisfy me that the applicants were real Americans, I will only further repeat the assurance of the sinwho have been forced into the British service, and cere disposition of my government favorably to conwho, with singular constancy generally persevered sider all matters having for their object the promot in refusing pay or bounty, though in some instances ing and maintaining undisturbed kind and friendly they have been in service more than two years." feelings with the United States. This letter closes my lord, on my part, our official Lord Ashburton to Mr. Webster. Washington, Aug. 9, 1842. SIR: The note you did me the honor of addressing But the injuries of imprisonment are by no means me the 8th instant, on the subject of impressment confined to its immediate subjects or the individuals shall be transmitted without delay to my governon whom it is practised. Vessels suffer from the ment, and will, you may be assured, receive from weakening of the crews, and voyages are often de-them the deliberate attention which its importance layed, and not unfrequently broken up, by subtrac- deserves. tion from the number of regular hands by impress- The object of my mission was mainly the settlement. And what is still of greater and more general | ment of existing subjects of difference, and no differ I beg, sir, on this occasion of closing the correspondence with you, connected with my mission, to express the satisfaction I feel at its successful termi nation, and to assure you of my high consideration and personal esteem and regard. ASHBURTON. Hon. Daniel Webster, &c. &c. 64 CHRONICLE. AMERICAN FUNDS at London on the 3d inst. Indiana (ster.) 5 per cent. 201; Louisiana (ster.) 5 per ct. 60; New York, 1845, 5 per ct. 77; Ohio, 1850, 6 per ct. 70; Pennsylvania 5 per ct. 35; U. S. bank 8 per ct, 15s. There are no other quotations of American stocks. BANK ITEMS. The Bank of Lyons, New York, has been enjoined by the Vice Chancellor of that state, upon the application of the bank commissioners. The Albany Argus says the bank has about $60,000 of the canal fund money. It had about $50,000 when the present state officers came into power, on which interest is due, and $7,000 of accruing revenue. A publication made by the comptroller of New York, states, that twenty-four of the banks of that state have conmuted, sixteen of them at two, and the residue at three per cent. The total sum paid by these banks is $183.673 in the notes of insolvent banks as follows: Commercial Bank of Buffalo, Watervlet Bank, Clinton county bank, Commercial bank of Oswego, Lewis county bank, A DWARF. The Richmond Whig makes mention Failures have occurred in Liverpool and London The last arrivals from England dispel all expecta- inst. SPECIE. The brig Apalachicola, captain Carmine, reached New Orleans on the 12th with $130,000 from Tampico, captain C. was taken ill after leaving Tampico, and died a few hours after arriving at New Orleans.The mate and sailors attempted to run off with the brig, but were compelled by the passengers to bring her in. STOCKS. If some of the states are delinquent, there are others which are getting ahead of punctuality. Alabama, we happen to know, has funds already here for will send them forward by the next steamer. Ohio too is doing better than ever. A letter from the capital of her January interests, or at least a large part of it, and the state says, "The Ohio canal is now doing a fine bu$150,000 belonging to the interest fund, and will remit a siness, and the commissioners have already on hand portion of it to New York soon. Exchange on N. York is now plenty. The receipts from tolls will be large for the remainder of the season, so that the commissioners INDIAN SPORTS. Nineteen wagons, containing some will be obliged to draw but lightly on the revenue of the [N. Y. Jour. Com. two or three hundred of the Tuscarora tribe of Indians state derived from taxes, in order to meet the interest on The Savannah Republican states that recently in N. came up from Niagara county yesterday afternoon, to the state bonds. meet their brethren of the Seneca tribe, on the Reserva$45,903 tion near this city, for the purpose of joining in their an- York, the agent of the Central Bank of Georgia, in or38,815 nual athletic games. These sports, consisting of ball-der to pay the interest upon the state bonds due in Eng 22,569 playing, wrestling, running, leaping, &c., will probably land, deposited two dollars for one in the bills of that 77,879 continue for two or three days. We believe that al- bank, and agreed to pay at the rate of twenty per cent. 504 though our Senecas annually held these sports, this is the per annum for ninety days, until the deposite was re3 first occasion for some years in which they have been thus deemed. joined by a large delegation frum the neighboring tribes. $183,673 This being the last opportunity of celebrating these The annual statement of the shipping games, in their long accustomed haunts, by reason of list, made the crop of 1840-1, amount to 1,634,945 bales. the impending removal of the Seneca tribe, has probably A statement in the Savannah Georgian made it 1,632,-induced the visit of the Tuscaroras. Many of our citi zens will doubtless feel desirous of witnessing these exercises, resembling much the manly Olympian games of [Buffalo Adv. 335 bales. 935,631 the athletae of ancient Greece. 398,129 THOMAS LLOYD, the late defaulting collector of 51,533 267,850 the city of N. York, died on his return voyage from coast of Africa. His papers, documents, and the 1841. cargo of the brig Hope, were seized on arrival at N. 813,595 Y. by his securities. 320,701 Lafayette, COTTON CROP. According to the former there was last year exported to England, Exported to France, Do. to other places, Home consumption, Crop from New Orleans, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, STATEMENT. CHRISTAIN MAYER, esq., one of the oldest and COTTON continued in demand and fair prices were obtained at Liverpool up to the 3d inst. on which day 2,500 bags were sold, mostly to the trade. NEW CEMETERY. In Philadelphia, they are about to establish a new Cemetery at the Woodlands, on the Schuylkill, just above Grays Ferry. A CONNECTING RAIL ROAD IN NORTH CAROLINA. A convention was lately held at Henderson, N. C. to consider the propriety of a connecting line of rail road to unite the Raleigh and Gaston road with the Portsmouth and Roanoke. It appears that the distance necessary to be traversed, to effect this connection is not more than thirteen miles by one route, and about eighteen or nineteen by another the latter requiring little or no bridging, and but light excavation. The cost probably will be some $125,000. DEATHS. During the week before last in New York 184, of which 106 were under two years of age, Last week in Boston, 84. In Philadelphia 87-38 under two years. In Baltimore 53, of which 24 were under two years, and 10 were colored, all free. Andrew Shondike, Esq. of Massachusotts, died sud. denly at Buenos Ayres, on the 12th July. The loss of his son who perished in the steamer President, preyed greatly upon his mind. D S. Langtree, Esq., original editor and proprietor of the Democratic Review, died a few days since in Surry county, Virginia, of congestive fever, aged 32. He was a native of Ireland-came to the United States in 1832; for the last sixteen months was occupied as a Virginia planter. The Great Western brings us intelligence of the deaths of Dr. Ireland, the Bishop of Westminster. Dr. Maginn, the celebrated wit and writer, and old Mr. Longman, one of the Brothers of the Row." The archbishop of Canterbury had been exceedingly ill, but was recovering. DEBTS OF THE CITIES. The following is a corrected list of the city debts from official reports: Debts and population of the leading cities of the U. States. a TRADE. At no period for many years has the quanty of British manufactures shipped to the United States been so small as at present. If even a packet ship gets a freight of £250 or £300, it is considered very good, as things go now. Passengers are the most profitable kind of freight, and they continue to be very numerous. The packet ship Patrick Henry, which sailed on Friday, carried out 20 cabin and 250 steerage passengers whose passage money would yield not less than 1800. Her freight on goods did not reach 1300. [English paper. TOBACCO. The Baltimore Inspection of last week were unusually large, comprising 1159 hhds. of Maryland, 510 Ohio, and 2 Kentucky-total 1671 hds. The demand has been fair, considerable sales effected prices inferior and common Maryland 2,50 a 3,50; middlings good to $4 a 6; good 6,50 a 8; fine 8 a 12; Ohio common ping 6,50 a 10; extra do 11 a 13. Tobacco Crop in Missouri, the St Louis Reporter of the and middling 3.50 a 4,50; good 5 a 6 fine red and wrapOf this amount, amount to 8,518 hhds., this season. the 7th inst. says: "The receipts of tobacco at this port 6874 came down the Missouri, and 1,644 down the Missisipi. In addition to this, it is estimated that 2,500 the rivers, when comparatively high, to receive their carhhds have been shipped in large boats that ascended goes, of which no account has been taken here, as the shipments were made directly to New Orleans, making sippi and Missouri this season; and at least 2,000 hhds.; an aggregate of 11.018 hhds, brought down the Missisry accounts, but it cannot fall short of 2,000 hhds.; and, if that estimate is not too high, the tobacco crop of Misremain to be brought down. Of the quantity grown south and southwest of St. Louis we have no satisfactoPUGILISM. Whilst the police have succeeded in arrest souri, in 1841, amounted to 15,000 hhds averaging 1,300 ing three of the participators in the murder of McCoy lbs. and at $40 per hhd., constituted an aggregate valne viz: McClaskey, Murphy, taken in N. Y. and bailed for of $600,000. The crop for the present year will probably $10,000, Yankee Sullivan, principal backer of Lilly, amount to 23,000 hhds, and will be worth about $1,000taken in New Jersey, another combat was enacted 000. In two or three years from this date, Missouri three rounds fought before the police succeeded in dispers. within the limits of the city of New York and twenty-must be the largest tobacco growing State in the union." George Kenset and Lewis W. Halsey of Baltimore, ing the assemblage!! ard's requisition. arrived in Philadelphia and committed to wait gov. Sew. THE PRESIDENCY. The Lancaster Journal contains RHODE ISLAND CONVENTION. The convention to form a constitution, met at Newport on Tuesday and was organised by the election James Fenner as President, Henry Y. Cranston, Vice Presideut, and Thomas A. Jenckes and Walter W. Updike, as secretaries. WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES The Newburyport Herald says the principal woollen manufactures in New England nery; at Lowell the Middlesex company, which has 27 sets of machinery; at Andover, 8 establishments and 25 are, at Salisbury-2 establishments and 35 sets of machisets of machinery, at North Kingston, R. I. 10 establishments and 21 sets of machinery; Worcester, establishdo; Framingham,12 do; Fitchburg 11 do; Dudley, 13 do; ments, 12 sets; Waterford, 16 sets; Thompsonville, Conn. Dedham, 7 do; Canton, 15 do; Burlington, Vt. 15 do. 12 sets; Northampton, 8 sets; Milbury, 12; Leicester, 15 Though the greater part of all this machinery has been long idle, several of the companies have failed, and the jected to suicidal measures of American party strife. mills have been rotting down, it is now to be hoped that they will be gradually resuscitated never again to be sub WHEAT. Upwards of 100,000 bushels of wheat reached Buffalo on the 12th instant within 24 hours, by 40 arrivals? Price at that place 60 cents: Baltimore prices during the week has ranged from 40 for inferior to 80 for prime Maryland. Good Pennsylvania and Virginia brought 81. Maryland wheat 90 to 100. SPECIE. The aggregate amount of specie in the city banks exceeds six millions of dollars, and this amount is dailly increasing. Dollars and Gold are pouring into the city, in all directions. The banks were never more [N. Y. Amer. Sept 9th ready or able to lend on good notes than at present STEAMERS. The cities of Boston and New York have been earnestly urging their respective pretensions to the Debt. Pop. pr hd French Commissioners, in favor of being selected as the 312,710 41 6 port of arrival and departure for the steamers which 102,313 51 9 the French Government contemplates establishing be93 833 19 2 tween this country and France. The preponderance at Fourteen new cases and one 228,691 13 6 present appears to be in favor of Boston, for the reason 46,338 24 3 that the people of the latter city have offered the Com33.731 12 9 missioners a wharf rent free for twenty years, and guar-death at N. Orleans on the 9th, nine new cases and 4 102,193 16 0 antee them coal for the steamers free of duty. 29,261 37 3 12,672 40 5 19,334 18 3 11,214 48 6 18,290 35 98,000 20,191 5 7 50,000 repu'd 222,321 23,171 9 80 29 497,378 1,153.942 The Bulletin of the 13th inst. says "We appre heni that the fever is about stationary, andjet, if it The Caledonia left Boston on the 17th for Liverpool. The contractors for carrying the mail and furnish-so continue, it will be a most singular thing, for eveing transportation between England and the West ry day brings fresh arrivals of unacclimated persons Indies by steamers, have failed in punctuality to-we may almost term them victims. As there is no such an extent, and their boats have been so misera- epidemic, and September is nearly half over. We Teity may be better."" bly managed, that it was said that government anticipate the equinoctial storm in a few days, and it would abandon the contract. This is not so how- is possible after that, the comparative health of the ever. A D FIFTH SERIES.-No. 5.-VOL. XIII.] BALTIMORE, OCTOBER 1, 1842. THE PAST THE PRESENT-FOR THE FUTURE. [VOL. LXIII.—WHOLE NO. 1,618. PRINTED AND published, EVERY SATURDAY, BY JEREMIAH HUGHES, EDITOR AND proprietor, at five dollARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. CONTENTS OF NO. 5, VOL. 13. STATES OF THE UNION-MISCELLANEOUS. Gov. HUBBARD's letter to the governor of R. Island. LETTERS FROM HENRY CLAY AND WINFIELD SCOTT. together, for the purpose of forming a national and SPAIN. HARRISBURG CONVENTION-exposition of the Mary-nouncement in the Madrid Gazette of the 28th of land delegates respecting the nomination of Mr. Tyler. CHRONICLE. FOREIGN ARTICLES. EUROPE. The British Queen arrived at New York on the evening of the 27th with six days later news, having left Liverpool on the 10th. rous than the reality; yet all this tends to shake confidence and create a panic, for which there are as yet no sufficient grounds." There is trouble in the Canadian parliament. The governor general in trying to administer the government upon "conciliation principles," is likely to find himself entirely unsupported. By calling into his cabinet men of liberal principles, he has offended the tories and a portion of the so called reformers, From Spain the only item of information is the an- who together command a majority in parliament. Mr. Draper, one of the highest officers of governthe opening of a new loan of 40 millions of reals pay-ment, has resigned, and it is expected that there able on the produce of the Almaden quicksilver mines will be a general break up of the cabinet. It is also rumored that parliament will be dissolved. If so after the expiration of the Rothschild contract. there will be another general election, which will RUSSIA. be attended with unusual excitement. [Roch. Dem. BROCK'S MONUMENT. The amount subscribed for the re-building of Brock's monument, which was blown up during the troubles of 1837-8, is 3,200. Leaving a deficiency of £1,800. For the latter aparliament. The queen of England was still in Scotland, and pure invention, but it is true enough that several re-mount application is to be made to the provincial on an excursion to the highlands. The Marquis of Lorn was doing duty as lieutenant of the Celtic So ciety, who wore the full costume of their respective clans at Edinburg. giments of the guards, in garrison at St. Petersburgh, The Cherokee, a new steam frigate, was launched at Kingston, Canada, on the 20th inst. JAMAICA, &c. The king of Hanover is reported to have died sud-dorf, received information from the conspirators them- Kingston, Aug. 8th. The cry for labor still condenly a few hours after having attended a review. On occasion of the late fete of St. Petersburg, the selves, and to the disclosures thus made, we must at- tinues, wages continue high, and uncertainty of obtribute the terrible duel between the princes Dolgo-taining continuous employment still continues. Secity of Cracow sent a gratulatory address to the empe- rucki and Jaschwyl, which took place without several vessels have arrived with hundreds of Afriror as one of the angust protectors of that free city, conds, and in which the former was left dead on the cans from Sierra Leone. The requirements of this island render this description of emigration necessato which he returned a gracious reply. spot from his adversary's ball. ry. The services of many of them had been enThose that were not gaged before their arrival. The influence of England and Russia was being exerted to repress the hostilities between Turkey and Persia. Amsterdam, Sept. 5. Cotton. Ordinary and middling American are in demand, rather higher prices asked. Tobacco. The stock is larger than last year, namely. 3,132 hhds. Maryland, 1,955 hhds. Virginia, 1,341 Servia had again been disturbed with seditioas proIn fact, the conspiracy failed completely; the well ceedings. The Polish post office department has inclined regiments were informed of what was going been remodelled, more on Russian principles. On July 20th the town of Caechanow, having 134 houses on; the people of St. Petersburgh remained comwas destoryed by fire. The harvest throughout Po-pletely neuter, or rather fascinated by the ascendancy of the emperor, so that the conspiracy was purely land has been very abundant. confined to the military and the nobility. If you sire to know what was the aim of this movement, I think I am able to inform you that the life of the emperor was in danger, and that the intention was to proclaim the young grand duke Alexander, now 22 years of age, and to form for him a sort of council of regency to direct his affairs, whilst the young prince would only reign in form. The danger has been averted for the moment, but the position of the emperor Nicholas remains exceedingly critical, having, on one side, a disaffected nobility, and, on the other. Poland held in subjection, and Germany tired of the Muscovite influence, and slipping away comAdd to this, the pletely from the Russian alliance. unfortunate war in the Caucasus, which annoys in no small degree the national pride, and that ambition which desires to plant the Russian flag at Constantinople, and you will have a tolerable idea of the actual state of the colossal empire of all the Rus The sales hhds. Kentucky, and 165 hhds. stems. this week has not been of any consequence, and consisted of 250 hhds. Maryland, 136 bales Porto Rico, and 93 St. Domingo. Liverpool cotton market, Sept. 8. More activity prevailed in our cotton market to-day, and the trade were purchasers of the principal quantity which changed hands. The sales amount to 3,590 bags, at the previous day's quototions. The market, on the whole, was more animated. NEW FRENCH COLONY IN THE PACIFIC. The Paris Journal des Debats publishes a letter from Valpa-sias." raiso, which discloses a project of the French government of making a settlement at the Marquesas islands, situated in the Pacific ocean, in 11 degrees of south latitude. This letter state that CANADA. pre-engaged obtained masters at 18 pence a day with house, medical attendance. &c. Petitions are about to be forwarded to England for a repeal of the enactment existing at present against a free intercourse between Jamaica and Hayti. The following statement of liberated Africans, who have sailed from St. Helena have been published, viz: To the Cape of Good Hope, 1,311: Demerara, 801; Berbice, 290; Jamaica, 326; Trinidad, 245, Remaining in the island when the West Indian sailed, 790; Total, 3,763. NEW GRENADA. Gen. Mosquera arrived at Chagres on the 9th July, and was to be at Panama on the 14th, where he would be received with all the honors due to him as commander-in-chief. CUBA. The total imports into Cuba during the year 1841 amounted in value to $25,081,408, being an increase over the imports of the year 1840 of $381,219. The importations consisted of provisions, amounting to $11,092 925; manufactures of leather, cotton, woollen, linen and silk goods to $4,809,185; and lumber, metals and other articles to $10,931,340. The total exports during the year amounted to $26,774,614. showing an increase over the preceding of $832,831. The most prominent article of export was sugar, to the amount of $11,613,798; the second in importance was copper ore, to the amount of $4,505.490; the third, coffee, valued at $1.426,024; the fourth cigars, to the amount of $1,331,122. A Paris correspondent of Sept. 8th states that the rumors of dissentions between the king of Prussia and his son-in-law, the emperor of Russia, have been unravelled, &c. An imperial ukase has just restor"Rear Admiral Dupetit Thouars, who had arrived the commercial ties between the two nations. ed at Valparaiso in the Reine Blanche frigate, was which allows the same privileges to Prussian vessels believed to have been sent to those seas for that pur in the ports of Russia as are possessed by the latter, pose. He was to be joined by a flotilla of four cor- and duties on Prussian products are in some cases vettes, one of which, the Triomphante, had already During the year 1841 there were 181,500 barrels reached there, having on board a company of marine lessened, and in others abolished. of Spanish flour imported into the island, being artillery. A large transport, the Jules Cesar, had REVOLUTION. A revolution certainly-though a 54,644 barrels more than in the year 1840. There been freighted by the Rear Admiral, and laden with a considerable quantity of building materials, which peaceable one-a revolution it is, when such men were also imported 45,955 barrels American flour, he had purchased previous to his departure. The as Baldwin and Lafontaine are made attorney gene- being a diminution, as compared with the import of captain had been instructed not to open his des- rals for Canada east and west! It will be remem- the preceding year, of 21.136 barrels. bered that Robert Baldwin, a well known liberalist, The number of American vessels that arrived at patches until he was far out at sea. If the expe- resigned his situation as solicitor general, on account the various ports of Cuba during the year was 1,349, dition had this object in view,' adds the correspon-of the illiberal policy of the then administration and the number of English vessels 357. dent of the Journal des Debats, "it is a noble con- and Lafontaine was long kept out of parliament by ception; for the situation of the Marquesas islands is peculiarly favorable, being placed precisely on the the tories. The fact that such men are now placed road of the new line of communication between Eu-higher than ever in the Canadian councils the very "powers nearest the throne"-looks well for the extension of liberal principles, under which alone governments can flourish in these enlightened days. rope and Asia, across the Isthmus of Panama." The Univers announces that Pope Gregory XVI had sent to Mr. O'Connell a splendid cross and gold medal. Mr. Cullen, the director of the Irish college in Rome, now on his way to Ireland, had been charged to present to Mr. O'Connell those gifts of the Holy Father. We also learn from Canada that the seat of government, temporarily fixed at Kingston, will soon be transferred to some place (not yet designated) in the lower province, or "Canada East," as it is now [Rochester Post, 20th inst. MEXICO. The Mexican expedition that lately sailed from Vera Cruz for the coast of Yucatan have captured the port of Laguna in that country. A number of Mexican vessels were at that place, in full command of the coast. We learn from the New Orleans Bulletin of the 19th instant, that these vessels are principally manned by English or Ame rican sailors (200 having arrived recently), and that the officers are all English. The sailors shipped in England, it is stated, were paid in advance, and the goGOETHE. A correspondent of the Paris Journal de Debats, states that the governments of Austria, MONTREAL. The last Montreal Courier says of vernment had pledged itself to keep them so paid. The Bulletin of the same date contains the followPrussia, Saxony, Bavaria and of Wurtemberg have the financial affairs in that city, "our monetary afconcerted to purchase at public expense, the house fairs are in a wretched condition-and we hear of ing items of news from the Mexican capital: "It has been officially ordered that in each de that Gonthe possessed at Weimar, and the rich sci- little else but failures and rumors of failures. We entific collections and works of taste that he brought need not say that the rumors are much more nume-partment a junto shall be organized to raise contri Vol. XIII-810. 5. termed. |