COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Paid. Fair open. Free. Totals. Adults. Children May, 27 days 1,027,212 22,825 June, 30 2,541,958 July, 30 2,619,605 August, 31 3,328,522 September, October, 481,947 1,531,984 133,155 902,721 8,577,834 140.658 1,217,239 8,977,502 186,971 1,172,215 4,687,708 182,404 1,149,071 5,808,942 587.925 1,128,995 7,945.430 20,223.274 1,253,938 6,052,188 27,529,400 International Congress.-A series of international congresses was arranged by the World's Congress Auxiliary, the accredited representative of the World's Columbian Exposition and the government of the United States, to be held during the Fair. beginning on the dates named below: Congress of Woman's Progress, May 15; Public Press, May 18; Medicine and Surgery, May 29; Temperance, June 5; Moral and Social Reform, June 12; Commerce and Finance, June 19; Music, July 3; Literature, July 10; Education, July 17; Art, Architecture, etc., July 31; Government, Law Reform, Political Science, etc., August 7; General Department, August 21; Labor, August 28; Religion, September 11; Sunday Rest, September 28; Public Health, October 13; Agriculture, October 16. Financial.-The sources from which funds were derived to carry on building, grading, and general preparation for the Fair were, first: A fund of over $10,000,000 in stock, raised by private subscription, divided among about 30,000 persons. Second, $5,000,000 secured by bonds issued by the city of Chicago under an act of the legislature August 5, 1890. Third, $5,000,000 secured by the sale of $2,500,000 in souvenir silver half-dollars, a gift from congress. Up to April 1, 1893, $16,708,826.48, a sum equal to twice the cost of the Paris Exposition, had been expended, and of this $14,411,506.74 had gone into buildings, grading, etc. Appropriations from the various states for their buildings and exhibits, amounted to something over $6,000,000. The balance sheet of the Fair on October 31, 1893, as published by Auditor Wm. K. Ackerman, showed receipts and expenditures as follows: The average receipts per day exclusive of Sundays were $89,501.53, and the average expenses exclusive of Sundays were $22,405.30 daily. Up to the first of April, 1895, there had been paid back to the stockholders about 12 per cent, COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. of their investment; and from a business point of view as compared with all previous World's Fairs, the Columbian Exposition will ever be regarded as a marvellous success. From an educative point of view, socially, artistically, and as spreading abroad a better knowledge of American conditions and possibilities, its advantages have been inestimable. The statistics of the principal buildings are given below: Administration building, area, 16 acres; cost, $450,000; style, French renaissance; architect, Richard M. Hunt, New York. Agricultural and annex buildings, area, 13 acres; cost, $618,000; style, classic renaissance; architects, McKim, Meade & White, New York. Electricity building, area, 5.5 acres; cost, $401,000; style, Corinth. ian: architects, Van Brunt & Howe, Kansas City. Fine Arts building (two annexes), area, 48 acres; cost, $670,000; style, Grecian-Ionic; architect, Charles B. Atwood, Chicago, Ill. Fisheries building (two annexes), area, 1:12 acres; cost, $224,000; style, Spanish-Romanesque; architect, Henry Ives Cobb, Chicago, III. Government building, area, 33 acres; cost, $400,000; style, classic; architects, Windrim & Edbrooke. Horticultural building, area, about 6 acres; cost, $300,000; style, Venetian renaissance: architect, W. L. B. Jenney, Chicago, Ill. Machinery Hall and annex building, area, about 18 acres; cost, $1,200,000; style, renaissance of Seville; architects, Peabody & Stearns, Boston, Mass. Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, area, 30.5 acres: cost, $1,500,000; style, Corinthian; architect. Geo, B. Post, New York. Mines and Mining building. area, 5.5 acres; cost. $265,000; style, Italian renaissance; architect, S. S. Beman, Chicago. III. Transportation and annex buildings, area, 141 acres: cost. $370,000; style, approaching Romanesque; architects, Adler & Sullivan, Chicago, Ill. Women's building, area. 18 acres: cost, $138.000; style, Italian renaissance; architect, Miss Sophia B. Hayden. Boston. Mass. Forestry building, area, 25 acres; cost, $100,000; style, rustic; architect, Charles B. Atwood. Music Hall, Casino and Peristyle buildings, area, 0.14 acre; cost, $210,000; architect, Charles B. Atwood. Live-stock Pavilion building (and sheds), area, 43.5; cost, 335,000; style, Doric; architects, Holabird & Roche, Chicago, Ill. COLUMBIDE. COLUMBIDÆ, kol-um'bi-dē: family of birds, often comprehended under the general English names dove and pigeon, and forming the genus Columba [Lat. pigeon] of Linnæus. They are generally ranked among gallinaceous birds, but have points of resemblance to the order Insessores, and have by some naturalists been constituted into a distinct order, intermediate between these. They agree with the true gallinaceous birds in the character of their bill, and in the soft naked tumid membrane at the base of it, in which the nostrils are pierced; also in their rasorial (scraping) habits and blunt claws; but they differ very widely from them in their great powers of flight, which are not surpassed in any other family of birds; in having the hind-toe on the same level with the other toes; in having no connecting membrane at the base of the toes; in being not polygamous but pairing, and in the male taking part with the female in the care of the young; in their having generally only two young ones at a time, but breeding often in a year; in their double crop, an expansion of the gullet on both sides, in which they differ from all other birds; and in the secretion, at breeding time, of a milky fluid by the crop of both parents, as in the parrots, with which the food is saturated in order to fit it for the young, which, unlike those of the true gallinaceous birds, are at first very helpless. The figure represents the gullet and double crop of a pigeon-one side, a, exhibiting the usual appearance of the crop; and the other, b, showing its appearance at breeding-time when the glands are developed which secrete the milky fluid. The number of species of C. is very great, with so much resemblance that scientific classification has been found very difficult. They are found in all warm and temperate climates, but comparatively few are European. The Indian archipelago particularly abounds in them. Many of the tropical species have a brilliancy of colors scarcely excelled in the humming-birds or sun-birds. The chaste beauty of the plumage is always pleasing, even when brilliancy is wanting. The voice is very similar in all the species, the cooing of some, however, being harsh, that of others soft and pleasant. Some species are migra COLUMBINE-COLUMBUS. tory, some congregate in prodigious flocks. See BRONZE WING. CARRIER PIGEON: DOVE: FRUIT PIGEON: GOURA: GROUND-DOVE: PARTRIDGE PIGEON: PASSENGER PIGEON: PIGEON: TURTLE-DOVE: VINAGO. COLUMBINE, a. kòl'um-bin [L. columba, a dove]: pertaining to a pigeon or dove; dove color: N. the heroine in a pantomime, mistress of harlequin. COL'UMBARʼY, n. -bėr ́ž, a pigeon-house. COLUMBINE, n. kŏl'um-bin [OF. colombin, dove-like Common Columbine (A. vulgaris). from L. columbīnus, dove-like -from columba, a dove: may be only column, and binefrom AS. bindan; Icel. binda, to bind, as in woodbine], (Aquilegia): genus of plants of the nat. ord. Ranunculacea, having five colored sepals, which soon fall off, and five petals each terminating below in a horn-shaped spur or nectary. They are natives of the temperate and colder regions of the n. hemisphere. One, the Common C. (A. vulgaris), is found in woods and has long been a familiar inmate of flower-gardens. It is a perennial, generally three or four ft. high, with flowers, usually purple, of curious structure and considerable beauty. C. was formerly much esteemed for medicinal virtues which are now seldom heard of. Some other species are very ornamental. - COLUMBO (root): see CALUMBA. COLUMBRETES, kō-lôm-brā'těs, or COLOMBRETES, kōlom'bra-tes: group of small Spanish islands in the Mediterranean, 29 m. s.e. of Cape Oropesa, about lat. 39° 50′ n., long. 0° 45′ e. They were formerly a resort of pirates and privateers, but are now a military station. They are of volcanic origin, rise from the sea in rugged and broken masses, and are surrounded and separated from each other by deep water. The largest island, Santa Maria de C., has a good harbor, a hill called Monte Colibre, and many dwarf olives and other small trees; it yields crops of rye, maize, etc., but is infested with snakes. COLUMBUS, kō-lum'bus: city, cap. of Muscogee co., Ga., on the left bank of the Chattahoochee river, 300 m. n. of its mouth in Appalachicola Bay; 292 m. w. of Savannah, 95 m. s.s.w of Atlanta, 84 m. w.s.w. of Macon. The Muscogee railroad leads e., the Girard railroad s. w. by a bridge connecting with Girard, Ala., directly opposite, and a branch rail oad_n. to La Grange, the main line running from Mobile to Richmond. C. was laid out 1828, on the |