CHURCH ROAD-CHURN.

the English dissenter had for refusing to pay church rates. In Ireland, church rates were abolished 1823.

CHURCH ROAD see HIGHWAYS.

CHURL, n. cherl [AS. ceorl, a countryman: Dut. kaerle; Icel. karl, a man, a rustic: Ger. kerl, a fellow]: a countryman; a surly man. CHURLISH, a. cher'lish, rude; surly; sullen; rough in temper; selfish; said of things unyielding; cross-grained; hard or firm. CHUR'LISHLY, ad. -. CHUR' LISHNESS, n. rudeness of manners or temper.

CHURN, n. chern [Icel. kjarni; Ger. kern, the kernel, the choice part of a thing-whence Icel. kirna; Fris. kernjen, to churn: Dut. and Ger. kernen, to curdle, to churn]: machine for agitating milk or cream in order to separate the butter: V. to shake or agitate cream in order to make butter. CHURN'ING, imp.: N. the operation of making butter by agitating milk or cream, or the quantity made at one time. CHURNED, pp. chernd. For the principle of this operation, see BUTTER. Of the great variety of forms that have been given to the machine, it is difficult to determine which deserves the preference. It is obvious that the more thorough and uniform the agitation, the more completely will the butter be separated from the milk. The consistency and color of the butter also are elements in judging of the relative merits of churns. The temperature of the air and the milk affect the butter in these respects. During summer that of the milk should not exceed 62°, and in very hot weather may be under 60°. During cold weather the milk should be about 2° higher when put into the churn. The speed at which the operation is performed also influences the result. Trials instituted to test the

Anthony's American Atmospheric Churn.

relative merits of churns have failed to settle which is the best form for actual use in the dairy, for the same machine under different conditions does not always yield the same result. The oldest form is the upright or plunge churn. There is a general prejudice in favor of this form of C., on the ground that the butter is more completely separated

CHURRUS-CHUSAN.

and of better quality. Its great defect is that the operation, being generally performed by hand, is fatiguing. Recent improvements have aimed chiefly at ease in working, and a saving of time. The original barrel C., with a rotatory motion, like a grindstone, which motion was reversed every few rounds, has fallen from high repute into comparative neglect. An improvement on the barrel C. was the making of the barrel stationary, the milk being agitated by internal apparatus fixed on a horizontal spindle which is turned by a winch handle. Barrel churns, sometimes of immense size, are generally used in large dairies in Holland. For small or moderate-sized dairies, perhaps the most suitable is the box C., consisting of a cubical or oblong box, of birch or plane tree, having the agitators fixed on a horizontal spindle. Churns on a centrifugal action have also been successfully used, particularly in Sweden. More recently, churns of a barrel form, with an Oscillating motion like a child's cradle, have been intro duced, but without decisively superior results.

To all forms of churns power other than manual can be applied. In some parts of Europe and America, the dog is employed in churning by means of a contrivance like a squirrel's box. Horse-power is in very general use in large dairies in Great Britain, and in some cases steampower is used.

CHUR RUS: see HEMP.

CHURUBUSCO, chó-rô-bốs'kō, BATTLE OF: in Mexico, 1847, Aug. 20. After the battle of Contreras (q.v.), fought on the same day, Santa Anna with some 27,000 men made a stand at this hamlet, on the river C., six m. s. of the city of Mexico, to resist the advance of the United States army under Gen. Scott. C. had the strongly-fortified convent of San Pablo and an elevated causeway with a stone bridge across the river. Gens. Worth and Pillow attacked and carried the bridge; the convent, after holding out 2 hours, yielded to Gen. Twiggs. Gen. Shields, who had been engaged on the right, joined in the pursuit, which extended nearly to the city of Mexico. Of 8,000 United States troops in the two actions there were 139 killed and 926 wounded: the Mexicans lost 4,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 prisoners, 37 guns, many small arms, and much ammunition.

CHUSAN, chô-san': island on the e. coast of China, 40 m. n.e. from Ningpo; in 30° 40′ n. lat., and 121° 48′ e. long.; of oblong shape, about 50 m. in circumference. It is mountainous; but has many fertile valleys with plentiful supply of water, and is very carefully cultivated by the hardy and independent people by whom it is inhabited. Its flora is rich; azaleas clothe the mountains; clematises, roses, and honeysuckles grow in great luxuriance. The camphor and tallow tree, and many varieties of bamboo, are found in the valleys. Tea is cultivated to some extent on the hill-sides. For three fourths of the year the climate is temperate. June, July, and August are the hot months. In August the thermometer averages

CHUSAN ISLANDS-CHYLE.

83°, but in January and February it is often as low as 20. Ting-hai, the capital, a walled town about two m. in circumference, containing a fine specimen of Buddhist temple-architecture, surrendered to the British forces, 1840, July 5, and was retaken by them (having been evacuated the previous February) 1841, Oct. 1. At the close of the war the island was delivered up to the Chinese. In 1860, it was again occupied by British troops, but restored by the convention of Pekin. Pop. about 200,000.

CHUSAN ISLANDS: group scattered round the island of Chusan. The most remarkable is the sacred island of Pu-tu, e. from Chusan. It is covered with Buddhist temples, pagodas, and monasteries, which latter are inhabited by a great number of Bonzes, or Chinese priests. The island is devoted exclusively to religious purposes, and no layman is allowed to reside upon it.

CHUSE, v. chốz: an old spelling of CHOOSE, v. chốz. CHUTIA, or CHOTÁ, NÁGPUR: see CHOTA NAGPORE. CHUTNEE, or CHUTNY, n. chuť'ni [Hind. chatni]: East Indian condiment, very largely used in India and to an increasing extent in Great Britain. Indian C. is a compound of mangoes, chillies, or capsicum (q.v.), and limejuice, with some portion of other native fruits, such as tamarinds, etc., the flavor being heightened by garlic. It is sometimes manufactured for sale in England, but not in large quantity. Families occasionally make it for their own use, and employ the following ingredients: Chillies, 1-14 lb.; apples, 1 lb.; red tamarinds, 2 lbs.; sugar-candy, 1 lb.; fresh ginger root, 14 lb.; garlic, 4–4 lb.; sultana raisins, 1 lb.; fine salt, 1 lb.; distilled vinegar, 5 bottles. The chillies are to be soaked for an hour in the vinegar, and the whole ground with a stone and muller to a paste.

CHYLAQUEOUS, a. ki-la kwě-us [Gr. chulos, juice, humor: L. aqua, water]: in zool., applied to a fluid, consisting partly of water taken in from the exterior, and partly of the products of digestion, which occupy the body cavity in many invertebrates; applied also to the special canals sometimes existing for its conduction.

CHYLE, n. kil [L. chylus-from Gr. chulos, juice or humor]: in animals, a white or milky fluid separated from the substances digested in the stomach, and conveyed into the circulation of the blood by the lacteal vessels. For the various changes which the food undergoes in the alimentary canal, see DIGESTION. One of these changes is its conversion in the stomach into a pulpy mass termed chyme (q.v.). The chyme, which passes onward into the small intestine, is acted upon by the bile, pancreatic fluid, and intestinal juice, and through their influences is separated into the chyle which is absorbed or sucked up by the lacteals (q.v.) and into matters unfit for nutrition, which ultimately find their way out of the system by the intestinal canal. For the mode in which this nutritious C. is taken up by vessels distributed over the small intestines, and the changes which it undergoes before it is converted

CHYLOPOIESIS-CHYTRÆUS.

into true blood, see LACTEALS: THORACIC DUCT: and NuTRITION. When obtained from the thoracic duct of an animal that has been killed while the process of digestion was going on (especially if it had taken fatty food), the C. is a white, milky-looking, or yellowish fluid, with a faintly alkaline reaction. Like the blood, it coagulates in about ten minutes after its abstraction from the body of the animal; and in about three hours a small but distinct gelatinous clot is separated from the serous fluid of the chyle. On examining C. under the microscope, we find that it contains enormous numbers of minute molecules (probably consisting of fat), together with nucleated cells, which are termed the chyle-corpuscles, and are apparently identical with the white or colorless blood-cells. The chemical constituents of C. are much the same as those of blood, fibrin, albumen, fat, extractive matters, and salts being the most important. CHYLIFACTION, n. ki-li-făk'shun [L. factus, made]: the process of making chyle from food. CHY LIFAC'TIVE, a. -tiv, forming or changing into chyle; having the power to make chyle. CHYLIFEROUS, a. kîlifer-us [L. fero, I carry]: carrying chyle. CHYLIFEROUS SYSTEM: See LACTEALS: THORACIC DUCT. CHYLIF'IC, a. -lifik [L. facio, I make]: making chyle, usually applied to a part of the digestive apparatus of insects. CHYLOUS, a. kilus, pertaining to or full of chyle.

CHYLOPOIESIS, n. ki lō-poy-e'sis [Gr. chulos, juice; poieo, I make; poiesis, a making or forming]: the process of making chyle from food. CHYLOPOETIC, a. kilō-pō ěť'ik, or CHY LOPOIETIC, a. -poy-ěť ik, making or producing chyle; belonging to the stomach and intestines; meaning as chylifaction' and 'chylific,' but more correct in their formation.

same

CHYME, n. kim [Gr. chumos, juice]: the mass of food in the stomach mixed up with the digestion juices as it passes from the stomach: see CHYLE: DIGESTION. CHYME MASS, the central semi-fluid sarcode in the interior of the infusoria. CHYMIFEROUS, a. ki-mif'ér-ŭs [L. fero, I bear]: containing or bearing chyme. CHYMIFICATION, n. ki-měƒ'ìka'shun [L. facio, I make]: the process of forming chyme. CHY MIFY, V. -fi, to change into chyme. CHY MIFYING, imp. CHYMIFIED, pp. fid. CHYMOUS, a. ki'mus, pertaining to chyme. CHYMIST, n. kim'ist: see CHEMIST.

CHYMIST, CHYMISTRY: other spellings of CHEMIST, CHEMISTRY.

CHYTRÆUS, che-tra'ús, David KochhaFF: 1530, Feb. 26-1600, June 25; b. Swabia: theologian. He studied under Melanchthon at Wittenberg, became prof. at Rostock, took high rank among the divines of his time, was a member of the diet of Augsburg, and was trusted and employed by Maximilian II. He helped frame the Formula Concordia and the statutes of Helmstadt, wrote Chronicon Saxoniæ, Historia Confessionis Augustana (1578), De Morte et Vita Eterna (1590), and other works, which have been collected in several editions. Schutzius and others have written his life.

CIALDINI.

CIALDINI, châál-de'në, ENRICO: 1813, Aug. 10–1892, Sep. 7 b. Modena : Italian general. Designed for the medical profession, he studied at Parma. When the abortive insurrection of 1831 broke out in the duchies C. joined the volunteers of Reggio; and on the capitulation of Ancona, embarked for France, where he resumed his medical studies. The struggles against absolutism' in the Iberian peninsula opened anew the career of arms to the Italian exiles. He joined the legion raised by Dom Pedro in France against the Miguelists, when his great personal courage soon secured his promotion; and the unanimous vote of his comrades pronounced him the worthiest man to receive the order of the tower and sword decreed by the government to his company. After the capitulation of Evora, C. joined 1835, Oct. 22, the legion of Oporto, formed under Borso di Carminati for service in Spain. In this force, C. gained further honors. In 1843, he followed Narvaez in his march against Madrid; was made by him colonel of the regiment of St. Ferdinand; and afterward employed in organizing the civil guard on the model of the French gendarmerie. He was in this force when Charles Albert headed the Italian rising 1848, when he hurried to Italy, and in the struggle which ensued he received a dangerous wound, and fell into the hands of the Austrians. On his release, he was employed by the Sardinian government to reduce to regular discipline the unruly volunteers from the duchies. He succeeded at last, and fought well at the head of his new regiment in the brief campaign of 1849. During the ten years that elapsed from the defeat of Novara to the renewal of the war in 1859, C. was actively employed. In the Crimea, he commanded the third division of the Sardinian contigent; and on his return was appointed inspector-gen. of Bersaglieri and aide-de-camp to the king—a rare distinction for a man of plebeian origin. He was intrusted by Cavour with the formation of the famous Cacciatori delle Alpi, placed under the command of Garibaldi after the declaration of war, and co-operated actively with them at the head of the fourth division. The victory at Palestro was his chief exploit, the further progress of the Italians being stopped by the peace of Villafranca. In 1860, he defeated the papal army under General Lamoricière at Castelfidardo. Diplo macy delayed the fall of Gaeta till 1861, Feb. 13, when it yielded to C. after a vigorous bombardment, as did the citadel of Messina shortly afterward. Turin erected a statue to C. (Vincitore Sempre), and Reggio elected him deputy in April. For a few months he was governor of Naples. He had to act against Garibaldi in the second Sicilian expedition. When the army of Italy was reor ganized, 1863, C. was appointed to one of the chief commands. Senator in March, 1864, he signalized himself by his brilliant speech in favor of the transfer of the capital 1864, Dec. In the war of 1866, the advice of La Marmora was followed, and the defeat of Custozza was the result. C. was appointed chief of the staff on the resignation of La Marmora. In 1867, C. was intrusted by the king with the formation of a new ministry, but failed; he was also made