SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and VicePresident of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the
1 Amendt. XIII was proposed by Congress Feb. 1, 1865, and declared to have been ratified by 27 of the 36 States, Dec. 18, 1865.
2 Amendt. XIV was proposed by Congress June 16, 1866, and declared to have been ratified by 30 of the 36 States, July 28, 1868.
United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account, of race, colour, or previous condition of servitude.
SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
1 Amendt. XV was proposed by Congress Feb. 26, 1869, and declared to have been ratified by 29 of the 37 States, March 30, 1870.
ACHEAN League, 248
Act of Settlement (English), 178
Acts of Congress, public and private,
123
Adams, John (President), 25, 26, 29,
58, 69, 199, 449, 457
Appropriation bills, 159
Arizona, Territory of, 399
Army, control of, 17, 37
"Articles of Confederation and Per-
petual Union" of 1781, 8, 9
Arthur, President, 216
Adams, J. Q. (President), 31, 62, 66, Attorney-General, the, 67
Alaska, 397, 461
Aldermen, 419
Aliens, allowed to vote, 234
Ambassadors, appointment of, 37
Amendments to the Federal Consti-
tution, 13, 39, 73, 95, 174, 236, 254-
259; to State constitutions, 325
America, a commonwealth of common-
wealths, 4; intense faith of its people
in, 248
"American," meaning of the term, 7
American and European systems com-
pared in the proportion of first-
rate ability engaged in politics, 59,
60; position of the President, 67;
Congress, 139, 147, 150, 201 sqq.;
contrast with the cabinet system,
201-213; defects of the frame of
government, 220; fear of foreign
aggression, 221; the foundations of
party, 455; general interest in poli-
tics, 481
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BALANCE of power in the Federal
Constitution, 162–166, 278, 480
Balloting in convention, mode of, 474
Bank, United States, 207
Bar, the American: on the judiciary,
353
Bench. See Judiciary
Bill of Rights (English), 178
Bill or Declaration of Rights of 1791,
embodied in Constitution, 13; con-
tained germ of Civil War, 13; re-
ferred to, 255; in State constitu-
tions, 307-310
Bills, Congressional, always private
bills, 125
Bills, government, in England, their
policy carefully weighed, 124
Bills, House and Senate, 103
Blackstone, Mr. Justice, quoted, 14,
314
Blaine, J. G., 28, 476
"Bolters," 490
American Constitution. See Constitu- British colonies, governors in, irre-
tion
movable by the colony, 201
American experience, applied to Euro- Brooklyn, city of, charter, 434; pop-
pean problems, 140
ulation of, and city, referred to,
430
Buchanan, President, 63
American government. See Federal
system
American Protestant Episcopal Church Burr, Aaron, 31, 458
Anglo-American race, intrinsic excel-
lence of, 14: political genius of, 14
Annapolis, convention at, 1786, 8
Annual letter of secretary of the
treasury, 132
CABINET, the President's, 64, 70; eight
officials, 64; the President's selec-
tion, 65; Secretary of State, 66;
Secretary of the Treasury, 66; Sec-
retary of the Interior, 66; Sec-
retaries of War and Navy, 67; | Committee of Ways and Means, 116,
Attorney-General, 67; the working
of, 68; the President's responsibility,
69; comparison with European sys-
tem, 70
Cabinet, the, system of government,
208 sqq.
Committee on Rivers and Harbours,
133
Committees of Congress, 85, 105, 113,
115, 122, 134, 135
Common Councils, 419
Cæsarism, improbability of, in Amer- Commons, House of. See House of
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Complexity of American institutions, 4
Confederation of 1781, 7
Congress of 1754 at Albany, 6; of 1765
at New York, 7; of 1774-1788 at
Philadelphia, 7, 8
Congress of the United States, estab-
lished by the Constitution of 1789,
19, 20, 94; its relation to the Presi-
dent, 41, 43, 69, 155, 160, 203, 205;
its powers, 44; committees, 85, 107,
116, 132, 133; criticism of its legis-
lation, 125: of its finance, 131; the
division into two chambers, 138;
their substantial identity of char-
acter, 139; collisions between the
two, 140; choice of members of, 143;
influence of local feeling in elec-
tions, 143; salaries of members,
146; short tenure of office, 146; and
short duration of a Congress, 147;.
its numbers, 148; good attendance
of members, 149; want of oppor-
tunities for distinction, 149; absence
of leaders, 150; party caucuses, 152;
want of a consistent policy, 153;
few open relations with the execu-
tive, 155; control over the latter,
156; power of the purse, 158; can-
not dismiss an official, 158; and su-
preme power in the government,
166; the Constitution out of the
reach of Congress, 179; proposed
veto on State legislation, 186; de-
fects in the structure and working
of Congress summarized, 216; its
relations to the electors, 217; "con-
current legislation," 236; electoral
franchise, 274; Congressional cau-
cus for the early Presidential elec-
tions, 458
Congressional encroachment, distrust
of, 43
Congressional Record, 101
Connecticut, State of, 6, 147, 300, 333, | Constitutions, rigid or written, 15,
349
Constitution (Federal) of 1789, diffi-
culty of framing it, 9; an instru-
ment of compromise, 11; opposition
to its ratification, 12; fear of Euro-
pean aggression led to its adoption,
13; original amendments to, 13;
causes of its excellence, 14; its
double aspect, 16; the complement
and crown of the State constitutions,
17; functions of government it pro-
vides for, 17; objects of its fram-
ers, 18, 162, 221, 229; creation of
two chambers by, 138; scheme of,
tends to put stability above activity,
87; oath of allegiance to it, 99; bal-
ance of power it provides for, 162,
283, 480; its relation to Congress,
179; to the courts, 179 sqq.; respect
felt for it, 186, 222; its success, 222;
peculiar distribution of govern-
mental functions, 226; remarkable
omissions, 229, 231; limits the com-
petence of Congress, 236; by amend-
ment, 254; by interpretation and
construction, 200; by legislation,
272; by usage, 272; collisions with
the executive or legislature, 275; re-
sults of this development, 278; ser-
vices of the Constitution to the
nation, 283; the Constitution given
at length, 523-534
Constitution of North American colo-
nies, 6, 299; of 1777, 7
Constitutions of the States, 15; their
history, 297, 329; mode of alteration,
303; their real nature, 303; their con-
tents, 305; confusion of provisions,
311; less capacity for expansion
than in the Federal Constitution,
312; their development, 317; types
of constitutions, 318; their length,
319; growth of democratic tenden-
cies, 320; comparative frequency of
change, 320; jealousy of officials,
321; protection of private property,
322; extension of State interference,
322; penalties not always enforced,
323; legislation by a constitution,
324; its demerits and its advan-
tages, 326
19-21, 44, 50, 73, 280, 283; con-
trasted with flexible constitutions,
275
Constitutional amendments, 13, 39,
95, 174, 236, 254–259, 325
Constitutional conventions. See Con-
ventions
Continental Congress of 1774 at Phila-
delphia, 7
Convention (Constitutional) of 1786 at
Annapolis, 8; of 1787 at Philadel-
phia, 8-10, 15, 138, 161, 162, 224, 233,
447; of different States, 12-13
Conventions, note on constitutional;
their evolution, 457; composition,
459; working, 462; objects, 465;
classes of aspirants, 466; com-
plexity of their motives, 468; pre-
liminary work, 468; opening of the
convention, 469; the voting, 474
Cooley, T. M. (Judge), quoted, 220,
276
Cooley's Constitutional Limitations.
quoted, 172
Cooley's History of Michigan cited,
282
Cooley's Principles of Constitutional
Law quoted, 172, 175
Copyright, 17
County organization, 408-410, 413
Courtesy of the Senate, 46
Currency, control of the, 17
DAKOTA, State of, 95, 310, 335, 398
"Dark Horse," meaning of the term,
466, 467; referred to, 476
Darwin, the " struggle for existence,"
and political strife, 279
Debt, National, 136; public debts of
States, 362; of cities, 365, 423
Declaration of Independence, the, 68,
307
Delaware, State of, 94, 287, 336
Democracies, and the control of for-
eign policy, 79, 244; charged with
fickleness, 321; and the judiciary,
Democracy in America, and the judi-
ciary, 349, 354; its educative influ-
ence, 498
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