Republicans), 27, 447; of 1829, 193,
451, 455, 456, 461

Distinguished men, want of, in Amer-
ica, 58-63, 149, 150
District courts, 169

Divisions in Congress, mode of taking,

100

Dred Scott decision, 189, 193, 268, 454,

455

EDUCATION, State boards of, 414
Education, public, in America, 323, 414
Elections, influence of local feeling
in, 143-145: question of annual elec-
tions, 147; cost of elections, 96;
elections the instrument of govern-
ment by public opinion, 484
Elections, Presidential, 22, 54, 214;
nominating conventions, 457
Elliot's Debates quoted, 12, 25, 74, 83
England, former American hatred of,

10

England and America compared; the
judiciary, 19, 168, 197; Parliament-
ary system, 19, 40, 64, 91, 98 sqq.,
104, 112, 123, 147, 150, 201; royal
prerogative, 40, 43, 52, 55, 96, 148;
elections, 53, 55, 96, 145; the Cabi-
net, 64, 66, 67; parties, 112; finance,
131; whips, 151; interpretation of
statutes, 180-183, 190; relations of
executive and legislature, 201; re-
ferendum," 327, 395; counties, 408;
public opinion, 481, 482-490, 501
English common and statute law,
taken by the United States as a
model, 246

66

English Constitution, referred to, 14-
16, 18-21, 40, 131, 178, 181, 201, 272,
280, 313

English counties, formerly indepen-
dent kingdoms, now local adminis-
trative areas, 4

English Parliament omnipotent, 179
Equalization, Board of, 357, 421
European aggressions, fear of, 13
Exchequer, chancellor of (English),

his budget, 131

Executive, American: influence of
public opinion on it, 479. See Cabi-
net, President, Senate

ments, separated by the American
Constitution, 68, 69, 134, 155 sqq.,
160 sqq.; their relations under the
European Cabinet system, 201 sqq.;
struggles between them in England,
204; and in America, 205; results of
their separation, 209; danger of
making legislature supreme, 442

"FAVOURITE SON," 467
Federal courts. See Judiciary (Fed-
eral)

Federal government, the: its chief
functions, 17, 225; limitations on
its powers, 20, 21, 227; its several
departments: the President, 22;
Cabinet, 64; Senate, 71; House of
Representatives, 94; the legislature
and executive, 161; the judiciary,
167; concurrent powers," 227;
working relations with the State
governments, 233; intervention in
disturbances, 237; its relations to
individual citizens, 237; cases of re-
sistance, 240; coercion of a State
impossible, 242; the determination
of its powers, 263; lines of their
development, 264; results of the
latter, 278

Federalist party, the, 26, 31, 68, 448,
452, 458

Federalist, The, quoted, 83, 84, 147,
168, 174, 185
Federal system of America, the; its
main features, 224; distribution of
powers, 225; omissions in the Con-
stitution, 231; indestructibility of
the Union, 232; working of the sys-
tem, 233; criticism of it, 243; its
merits, 248; causes of its stability,
252; dominance of the centralizing
tendencies, 281; its future, 487
Federation, faults attributed to, 243;
their merits as illustrated by Amer-
ica, 248

"Fifteenth Amendment," 95, 229, 234
Filibustering, 102

Financial bills in England, 131; mode
of passing them in America, 132–
137; results of the system, 136; rea-
son for it, 136; flourishing financial

Florida, sale of, by Spain, 13
Foreign relations, control of, 17, 37,
79; discontinuity of policy, 53; di-
vision of powers in America, 164;
faults due to the Federal system,
243; influence of public opinion, 501
France, sale of Louisiana by, 13
Franklin, Benjamin, 9, 146
Free trade and protection, 133
"Free Soilers" party, 454
Fremont, General, 454

French Canadians in New England,
407, 499

French Constitution and government
referred to, 44, 148

French Constitution of 1791 referred
to, 44

Hastings, Warren, 34

Hayes, R. B. (President), 29-32, 34, 159,

238

Home of the Nation, the, 503-522;

phenomena, racial, climatic, and
economical, of the New World, 503;
relation of geographical conditions
to national growth, 504; influence of
physical environment, 505; physical
characteristics, 505; climate an his-
torical factor, 506; aridity of the
West, 507; influence of early colo-
nial and frontier life on the national
character, 508; early European set-
tlement in America, 509; settle-
ment of the Mississippi basin and
the unity of the nation, 510; easy
acquisition of the Pacific coast, pre-
viously held in the feeble power of
Mexico, 511, 512; wealth and pros-
perity of the South dependent upon
slave labour, 512; imperilled unity
of the South, 512; the chief natural
sources of wealth-fertile soils, min-
eral wealth, and standing timber,
514; varieties of soil, 514; mineral
resources, 515; industrial population
increasing faster than the agricultu-
ral, 516; geography and commerce
point to one nation, 517; with a vast
home trade, free trade with foreign
countries of little consequence, 517;
railways and inter-state commerce
unifying influences, 518; assimilat-
ing power of language, institutions,
and ideas, 518; unpeopled gaps nar-
rowing daily, 518; dialectic varia-
tions over the Union few, 519; im-
migration and climate may in time
create differences in national and
physical types, 519, 520; average
duration of life and physical well-
being, 520; the nation sovereign of
its own fortunes, 521; immunity
from foreign aggression, 521; im-
mense defensive strength and ma-
terial prosperity, 521
Honourable, title of, 98
House of Commons (English) referred
to, 44, 92, 99, 104, 112, 124, 131, 139,
149, 151, 159, 203, 206. See Parlia-

ment

House of Lords referred to, 44, 86, 91,
139, 148, 149, 197, 204. See Parlia-
ment

Hume (David), Essays, referred to,

10

IDAHO, Territory of, 95, 319, 398
Illinois, State of, 332, 411
Immigrants in America, 10; influence
of public opinion upon them, 449
Impeachment of executive officers, 34,
67, 158, 346; of judges, 81
Indian affairs, 67, 397, 501
Indian Territory (west of Arkansas),
397, 461

Indiana, State of, 287

Individuals and assemblies, combats
between, 165

Interior, Secretary of the, 64, 66
Interpretation of the Constitution,
260; the interpreting authorities,
261; judicial principles of interpre-
tation and construction, 262; lines
of development of implied powers,
264; development by the executive
and Congress, 265; checks on the
process, 266; its important results,
268-270

Iowa, State of, 288

Irish in America, the, 10
Irish Nationalists, 150
Italian ministers, usually members of
Parliament, 65

JACKSON, Andrew (President), 31, 49,
193, 207, 458, 502

Jefferson, Thomas (President), 26, 29,
31, 41, 57, 58, 63, 66, 68, 192, 199,
266, 295, 447-453, 457, 501-510
Jersey, New, State of, 300
Johnson, Andrew (President), 35, 40,
43, 44, 92, 153, 158, 159, 199, 207,
216
Johnson, Reverdy, treaty of 1869, 79.
Judiciary (Federal), the, 19; cases of
impeachment, 81; Federal courts
a necessary part of the govern-
ment, 167, 180; Supreme Court,
168; Circuit courts, 169; District
courts, 170; Court of Claims, 170;
their jurisdiction, 170-174; proced-
ure, 175; working of the system,

177; necessity for its creation, 182;
the courts do not control the legis-
lature, but interpret the law, 183;
importance of their functions, 184;
the system not novel, 185; its suc-
cess, 185; the courts and politics,
188; salutary influence of the bar,
190; conflict with other authorities,
192; weak point in the constitution
of the Supreme Court, 194, 198, 219;
superiority of Federal Circuit and
District judges, 195; State judi-
ciary ill-paid, 195; corruption and
partisanship rare, 196; Supreme
Court feels the touch of public
opinion,' 197; value of the Federal
courts to the country, 195; degree
of strength and stability possessed
by them, 196; independence of, 219;
their relation to the State courts,
239; mode of interpreting the Con-
stitution, 261; development of their
powers, 280

Judiciary (State), the, 19; nature of
its authority, 314; principles of
action, 315; variety of courts, 347;
jurisdiction, 348; attempts at codi-
fication, 348; powers of judges, 349;
mode of appointment, 349; tenure of
office, 350; salaries, 351; character
of the bench, 351; amount of inde-
pendence, 383; city judges, 419

KENT'S Commentaries quoted, 170,
315

Kentucky legislature, on life and
property, 308
"Know-nothing" party, 454
Knox, Henry, Mass., 68
Ku Klux Klan outrages, 247

LAWS, American, four kinds of, 181;
their want of uniformity, 246
Lawyers as Congressmen, 97
Lawyers in America. See Bar (Ameri-
can)

Legal profession. See Bar
Legal Tender Acts, 199
Legislation in America: the Presi-
dent's part in it, 40; tests of its ex-
cellence, 123; applied to English
legislation, 124; and to American,

125; criticism of the method of
direct legislation by the people, 324
Legislation, special, distinguished from
general, an evil in America, 372, 382,
438, 441

Michigan, State of, 27

ecutive

Legislature (Federal). See Congress
Legislature (State). See State legis-
latures

"Liberty" party, 454

Lincoln, Abraham (President), 29, 35,
39, 47, 54, 58, 63, 193, 212, 276, 455,
502

Liquor prohibition, 393

Local feeling, strength of, 61, 62, 143–
145, 332, 375, 403

Local government, types of, in Amer-

ica, 403, 413; township type, 403, 413;
county type, 408; mixed type, 406,
410; instance of Illinois, 411; of
Michigan, 412; of Iowa, 412; of
Pennsylvania, 412; taxation, 415;
chief functions of local government,
413; simplicity of the system, 415;
government of cities, 417. See
Municipal Government

Local option, 326

Moderator of a town-meeting, 407
Monroe, James (President), 29, 66, 452,
449

Montana, State of, 95, 398
Municipal government in America; its
organization, 417; the mayor, 417;
aldermen and Common Council, 418;
judges, 419; nature of its functions,
418; tests of efficiency, 422; case of
Philadelphia, 424; the system a con-
spicuous failure, 422; nature of the
evil, 423; its causes, 423; remedies
proposed, 425; Hon. Seth Low on
municipal government, 428; system
of Brooklyn, 432; problem of the
legislative branch of city govern-
ment, 441; tendency towards im-
provement, 442

249

Logan, General, 476

National nominating conventions.
See Conventions

the Mississippi), 13, 39, 266, 451
Louisiana, State of, 39, 269, 308
Low, Honourable Seth, on "Muni-
cipal Government in the U. S.," 428,

of relationship between, 4
Naturalization laws, 292
Navy, control of the, 17, 37
Navy, Secretary of the, 64
Nebraska, State of, 73

MACHINE. See under Party Organi-
zation

Nevada, State of, 95, 401

New England States, usually Repub-
lican, 62

New Hampshire, State of, 303

58, 66, 449, 458

Magna Charta, 178

land, 300

New York, city of, 419, 441

176, 185, 191, 192, 263 8qq.

Maryland, State of, 27, 287, 310

the city's misgovernment, 423
New York, State of, 11, 12, 72, 95

OATH of allegiance to the Constitu-
tion, 99

Oklahoma Territory, 399

Opinion, public, government by it, 478
Opinion, public, in America, the real
source of the President's power, 50;
its influence on the Supreme Federal
Court, 197; on the interpretation of
the Constitution, 266; on the State
judiciary, 350; its character on the
whole upright, 496; nature of its
rule, 478; causes of its importance,
480; the consequences, 481; public
opinion in America, 482; its influ-
ence exerted through elections, 484;
independent opinion and the great
parties, 485; its influence on officials,
486; private agencies for the expres-
sion of opinion, 487; its relation to
the regular party organizations, 488;
its activity less continuous than in
Europe, 488; its defects as a govern-
ing power, 491; difference in this
between States and the whole Union,
493; educative influence on new-
comers, 496; its influence on public
appointments, 500; on foreign policy,

501

PARLIAMENT, English, a sovereign and
constitutional assembly, 19; referred
to, 41, 124, 131, 179, 182, 184, 203
sqq., 384
Parties, political, in America: effect
of the struggle over the Constitution
of 1789, 12; their interference with
presidential elections, 27, 29; growth
of a Federalist party, 69, 269; in-
fluence of parties in the Senate on
foreign policy, 80; no real party
government in America, 208; State
parties engulfed by the National,
387; causes of this, 389; its results,

390; cases of genuine State parties,
393; factions, 393; party spirit in
rural local government, 395; in
cities, 395; importance of the par-
ties, 427; the great moving forces
in America, 447; their history, 447;
Federalists and Republicans, 448;
National Republicans or Whigs, and
Democrats, 452; Republican party
of 1856, 454; the parties and inde-
pendent opinion, 484-489

Party government: its meaning in
America, 208

Party organization in America: its
perfection, 79; in Congress, 112,
113, 150; the party caucus, 152;
nominating conventions (q.v.), 457
Patents, 17, 67

Patronage, 44-48, 80, 81 sqq.
Paupers, 414

Payment of legislators, 146
Peers, English, creation of, by the
sovereign, 204
Pennsylvania, State of, 27, 95, 138,
412, 423
Pensions, 67

Philadelphia, city of, 426, 488
Philadelphia Convention of 1787, 8, 10,
14, 162, 201, 224, 233, 447
Pierce, Franklin, 63
Platform, the, in politics, 488
Politics, American, unattractiveness
of, 59, 149

Polk, President, 38, 63
Postmaster-General, the, 64
Post-office, the, 17

President, the, 18, 20; reasons for
creating the office, 22, 23; nature of
his powers, 24; mode of election, 24,
27, 30-33; re-election, 29; removal
by impeachment, 34; his powers and
duties, 37; the right of speaking to
the nation, 39; and legislation, 40;
messages to Congress, 41; the veto
power, 41, 43, 165, 205; patronage,
44-48, 80, 81, 273; the right to re-
move from office, 46; in quiet and
troublous times, 48; corresponding
personage in Europe, 49; source
of his power, 50; jealousy of 'the
one man power,' 50; dignity of the
position, 50; defects of the system,