even distribution of heat is to discharge heated air at such points as it is most needed and where the effect will be most appreciated.

To distribute the heat evenly necessitates running the ducts to all cold spots; it is needed the most in the lower strata near the floor, not up among the roof trusses; the greatest benefit is derived from the system by discharging the warm air close to the floor, keeping the lower strata in circulation and thereby warming it by mixing with the warm air discharged from the ducts.

The best way to bring this about is to extend the branch ducts from the main trunk line over to the walls or to posts not more than 20 ft. away from the outside walls, then down toward the floor, ending 4 or 5 ft. from the floor. The air should discharge directly toward the floor or at only a slight angle from perpendicuThis method will be found most effective in machine shops, foundries and other lofty structures.

lar.

DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT NECESSARY WHERE CONDENSATION IS LIKELY TO COLLECT ON UNDER SIDE OF ROOF.

In paper mills, rubber works, dye houses and other plants for which the building is of the same type as those just noted, it is necessary to blow some hot air out towards the roof as well as down towards the floor, in order to take care of the condensation which would otherwise collect on the under side of the roof. Even then, in very cold climates, it is sometimes necessary to put in a false ceiling to overcome this annoyance, unless hoods are provided to remove the vapor immediately, and particularly if the roof is built of a material which is a good conductor of heat.

For buildings which are several stories in height, each story being from 10 to 16 ft. high, the treatment should be different. With them it is possible, and sometimes advisable, to introduce the air near the ceiling, blowing downward at an angle of 30° to 45° from horizontal.

Frequently buildings of this character are quite effectively heated from one or two galvanized iron stand pipes run up through the middle of the building, with outlets into each story. This method is

wide; if the building is not over 100 ft. long, one riser will be sufficient.

WARM AIR FLUES ON OUTSIDE FACE OF PILASTERS.

For cotton, woolen, silk and other textile mills, it has become almost the universal practice to build vertical warm air flues on the outside face of the pilasters, on both sides of the building. These flues usually have a 2-in. air space built into the brick work to insulate them. The air is admitted to each story about 8 ft. above the floor. Deflecting "Mill” dampers" regulate the volume of air discharged through each opening. The various flues can be supplied at their base from a main duct built either of masonry or galvanized iron.

For manufacturing plants, it is customary to make the trunk line ducts of such an area as will convey the required volume of air at a velocity varying from 1,500 to 2,400 ft. per minute. In high buildings used for heavy and coarse work, where most of the employes stand or move about considerably, the velocity

VERTICAL SECTION SHOWING COLUMNS IN ELEVATION WITH OPENINGS

VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH ONE OF COLUMNS SHOWING AIR DUCT IN CENTER, WITH OUTLETS INTO EACH STORY.

can be much higher than in shops divided into several stories or those in which the work is more or less sedentary, like the manufacture of shirts, gloves, etc., where the employe sits all day, simply feeding the material into machines.

Air currents or drafts are of no material moment in the former shops, while in the latter they will produce great discomfort. Therefore, the latter class should have the main ducts of sufficient area to keep the velocity down to 1,200 to 1,500 feet per minute, and the branches should

be proportioned to a velocity of 600 to 900 ft.

Another advantage the blower system possesses, infrequently brought to notice, is the cooling and comforting effect it has in oppressively warm weather in summer time. Simply running the fan will, of itself, greatly relieve the oppressiveness, and when cold water is circulated through the coils the difference is very noticeable.

BEST TEMPERATURE IN COLD WEATHER.

There is often a wide variation of opinion as to the best temperature to maintain in cold weather. As a general proposition, in foundries and other buildings where the work is active and somewhat vigorous, a temperature of 50° to 55° F. is sufficient. In machine and woodworking shops, it should be from 60° to 65° F. In shoe, clothing and other factories employing help where the work is more or less sedentary, the temperature should be 68° to 72° F.

FIGURING REQUIRED HEATING SURFACE.

The basis for determining the amount of heating surface is the most difficult point to settle. In nothern climates, the outside temperature occasionally drops down to 10° below zero, and in Minnesota, Dakota and Montana it goes even lower than 30° below zero. If a plant is designed for these extremely low temperatures it is too large for the conditions prevailing for 95% of the year. It therefore becomes a question of very fine judgment as to just what should be the basis upon which to figure. The following table will give a fair idea of what the resulting temperatures will be under the varying outside atmospheric conditions, the basis being zero:

From the table it will be noted that for climates where the temperature does not

drop below 10° F., an inside temperature based on zero outside gives very fair average results; but for climates where the temperature may be from 30° to 20° for several days at a time, the basis is not low enough. For such cases, if the basis is zero, the resulting temperatures should be figured about ten degrees higher than normal or the temperature in the table given for machine shops should be taken for foundries, and the temperature for clothing shops should be taken for machine shops.

On the other hand, if the coldest temperature ever reached is zero, and the protracted cold spells are usually at outside temperatures of from 10° to 20° above zero, the basis for determinating the size of the plant in zero weather would be 40° at zero for foundries, and then taking the tabulated temperatures of foundries for machine shops and so on.

In this way considerable unnecessary expense can be saved in the initial cost of the plant; it will be smaller and hence much less costly to operate. It is all well enough to argue that the steam can be cut down on the heating coils and the speed of the fan reduced when the weather conditions moderate, but this is usually not done, simply because it is no

body's business to see that it is done, and instead of thus economizing in the cost of operation, one will invariably find the shop windows and doors open when it becomes too warm inside.

Therefore, the more nearly the size of the plant conforms to the needs during average weather conditions, the less it will cost to operate it, and this can only be brought about by settling first on what temperature will be satisfactory for the few days of extremely cold weather. This applies to any heating system, and, if anything, should be given greater weight for any other than the blower system, as no other can be so readily adjusted to varying weather conditions.

With the lower system one or more sections can be cut out of the heating coils and the lower slowed down in moderate weather; or, steam at a higher pressure can be turned into the coils and the fan be driven at maximum speed for extremely cold weather.

DETERMINING THE HEATING PERIOD.

Another question often arising, which is sometimes quite important, is the determination of the heating period within a year. An average from the records for ten years in this vicinity gave the following results:

The Ohio State Building enacted into law in sections.

Ohio.

Code is being

In its entirety

it is designed to regulate the construction of, repair of, alterations on and additions to public and other buildings and parts thereof; also the sanitary condition of public and other buildings, etc. The complete code applies to opera houses, halls, theatres, churches, school houses, academies, seminaries, infirmaries, sanitoriums, children's homes, hospitals, medical institutes, asylums, memorial buildings, armories, assembly halls or other buildings used for the assemblage or betterment of people in any municipal corporation, county or township in Ohio and refers to alterations as well as new work.

PORTIONS OF CODE NOW IN FORCE.

The portions of the code already passed by the Legislature are:

Part 2. (Title 3.) School Buildings. Part 2. (Title 7.) Workshops, Factories and Public Buildings.

Part 1 contains the act providing for the administration of the code. In section 1 it is stated that "it shall be the duty of the chief inspector of workshops and factories or building inspector, or commissioner of buildings in municipalities having building departments to enforce all the provisions herein contained for the construction, arrangement and erection of all public buildings or parts thereof, including the sanitary condition of the same, in relation to the heating and ventilation thereof."

In Section 5 it is stated that "nothing herein contained shall be construed to limit the control of municipalities from making further and additional regulations not in conflict with any of the provisions of this act contained nor shall the provisions of this act be construed to modify or repeal any portions of any building code adopted by a municipal corporation and now in force which are not in direct conflict with the provisions of this act."

Section 6 states that "the provisions of this act shall not apply to the construction or erection of any public buildings or to any addition thereto or alteration thereof, the plans and specifications of which have been hereto

fore submitted to and approved by the chief inspector of workshops and factories. The provisions of this act shall not apply to the construction, erection or equipment of any public building, addition thereto or alteration thereof, the contract for the construction, erection or equipping of which has been let or entered into prior to the date at which this act takes effect."

Failure to comply with the act constitutes a misdemeanor and is punishable by a fine up to $1,000.

As already stated, the special requirements for the design, construction and equipment of the buildings referred to are contained in Part 2. The buildings are classified as follows: Title 1. Theatres and assembly halls. Title 2. Churches.

Title 4.

Asylums, hospitals and homes. Title 5. Hotels, lodging houses, apartments and tenement houses.

Title 6. Club and lodge buildings. Title 7. Workshops, factories and mercantile establishments.

Buildings or parts of buildings used only for the specific purposes mentioned under their respective title and classification shall be designed, constructed and equipped as called for under such title and classification. Buildings used for two or more different kinds of occupancy and combining the classifications covered under two or more different titles shall be designed, constructed and equipped according to all of the various sections of the different titles affecting such buildings or parts of such buildings.

TITLE I (PART 2)..-THEATRES AND ASSEMBLY

HALLS.

Under the classification "theatres" are included all buildings or parts of buildings in which persons congregate to witness spectacular, vaudeville, burlesque, dramatic or operatic performances, or other buildings or parts of buildings in which scenery is used, or in which motion pictures are thrown upon canvas, screens or wall.

Under the classification of "assembly halls" are included all buildings or parts of buildings in which persons are assembled for entertainment or amusement, including halls

used for lodge rooms or dancing, and, all places where persons congregate to witness vaudeville, burlesque, dramatic or operatic performances, to hear speakers or lecturers, to listen to operas, concerts or musical entertainments in which no scenery is used and no motion pictures are thrown upon canvas, screens or walls, and seating or accommodating 100 or more persons.

* * *

SECTION 8. (HEATER ROOM.) Furnaces, hot water heating boilers and low pressure steam boilers may be located in the buildings, providing the heating apparatus, breeching, fuel room and firing room are inclosed in a standard fireproof heater room and all openings into the same are covered by standard selfclosing fire doors.

No boiler or furnace shall be located under the auditorium, stage, lobby, passageways, stairways, exits of a theatre; or, under any exit, passageway or lobby of an assembly hall. No cast iron boiler carrying more than 10 lbs. pressure or steel boiler carrying more than 35 lbs. pressure shall be located within the main walls of any theatre or assembly hall.

* * *

SECTION 30 (HEATING AND VENTILATING).A heating system shall be installed which will uniformly heat all parts of the building to a temperature of 65° F. in zero weather.

All parlors, retiring, toilet and check rooms, and all assembly halls used in connection with and a necessary adjunct to a church, school building, lodge building, club house, hospital or hotel shall be heated by an indirect system combined with a system of ventilation which will change the air not less than six times per hour. All other assembly halls and theater auditoriums shall be heated and ventilated by a system which will supply to each auditor not less than 1,200 cu. ft. of air per hour.

The system to be installed where a change of air is required shall be either a gravity or mechanical furnace system, gravity indirect steam or hot water, or a mechanical indirect steam or hot water system.

No stove or open grate shall be used in any theatre or assembly hall, except water heaters, furnaces and boilers.

No stove pipe shall be more than 5 ft. long, measuring horizontally, unless the same be enclosed in a standard fireproof heater room, nor shall any stove pipe come closer to any combustible material or ceiling than 3 ft.

The fresh air supply shall be taken from outside the building and no vitiated air shall be reheated. The vitiated air shall be conducted through flues or ducts to and be discharged above the roof of the building.

No floor register for heating or ventilating shall be placed in any aisle or passageway.

No coil or radiator shall be placed in any aisle or passageway used as an exit, but said

coils and radiators may be placed in recesses formed in the wall or partitions providing no part of the radiator or coil projects beyond the wall line.

TITLE 3. SCHOOL BUILDINGS.

This applies to public and private schools, also libraries, museum and art galleries, and "all buildings or structures containing one or more rooms used for the assembling of persons for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, or for mental training."

The heating and ventilating of such "school buildings" is provided for in Section 21 as follows:

Section 21. Heating and Ventilation.-A heating system shall be installed which will uniformly heat all corridors, hallways, play rooms, toilet rooms, recreation rooms, assembly rooms, gymnasiums and manual training rooms to a uniform temperature of 65° F. in zero weather; and will uniformly heat all other parts of the building to 70° F. in zero weather. (Exceptions. Rooms with one or more open sides used for open air or outdoor treatment.)

The heating system shall be combined with a system of ventilation which will change the air in all parts of the building except the corridors, halls and storage closets not less than six times per hour.

The heating system to be installed where a change of air is required, shall be either standard ventilation stoves (Part 3, Title 10), gravity or mechanical furnaces, gravity indirect steam or hot water, or a mechanical indirect steam or hot water system. Where wardrobes are not separated from the class room they shall be considered as part of the classroom and the vent register shall be placed in the wardrobe. Where wardrobes are separated from the class rooms, they shall be separately heated and ventilated the same as the class rooms.

The bottoms of warm air registers shall be placed not less than 8 ft. above the floor line, except foot warmers which may be placed in the floors of the main corridors or lobbies.

Vent registers shall be placed not more than 2 in. above the floor line.

The fresh air supply shall be taken from the outside of the building and no vitiated air shall be reheated. The vitiated air shall be conducted through flues or ducts and be discharged above the roof of the building.

A hood shall be placed over each and every stove in the domestic science room, over each and every compartment desk or demonstration table in the chemical laboratories and chemical laboratory lecture rooms, of such a size as to receive and carry off all offensive odors, fumes and gases. These ducts shall be connected to vertical ventilating flues placed in the walls and shall be independent of the room ventilation as previously provided for.