WASHINGTON, D. C.-BRIEFING EXHIBIT 11 OKINAWA, RYUKYU ISLANDS-BRIEF HISTORY OF NAVAL ACTIVITIES In 1940 the population of Okinawa was about 443,000-slightly more than half that of the entire Nansei Shoto. The largest towns were Naha, an important harbor on the west coast with 68,000 inhabitants, and Shuri, about 4 miles inland from Naha, with 17,500. Other leading settlements were Yonabaru, just east of Shuri, and Itoman, south of Naha, with populations of 5,000 and 7,000 respectively. While most of Okinawa is agricultural, there was some manufacturing, principally in the city of Naha. In 1879 the Ryukyu Íslands had been completely incorporated as an integral part of the Japanese State. By the terms of the Washington Treaty of 1922 Japan bound herself to construct no new fortifications in the Ryukyus, but after 1935 this agreement became a dead letter. On April 1, 1945, Okinawa was occupied by United States troops. It was secured on June 21, 1945, after a campaign of 82 days, and a naval advanced base established. Other than air facilities were disestablished May 31, 1947; the Naval Air Facility, Naha, was established October 1, 1947, inactivated June 18, 1949, reactivated February 5, 1951, and commissioned April 18, 1951. * The Naval Air Facility, Naha, is located 2 miles south of Naha, Okinawa. It occupies approximately 10 acres of government-owned land which is a part of the Air Force Base, Naha. The base was originally occupied in April 1945 and has been used by the Air Force since that time. * *. During World War II this facility supported carrier type and antisubmarine warfare aircraft operations. * * * This facility is being developed because existing facilities operated by the Air Force provide economical joint usage. * * * The consolidated MSTS/NCSO office was established effective October 1, 1950, under the title MSTS Representative Okinawa/NCSO Buckner Bay; the title was changed March 15, 1951, to MSTS Representative/NCSO Okinawa. WASHINGTON, D. C.-BRIEFING EXHIBIT 12 UNITED STATES AIR FORCE SUPPLY SYSTEM As Presented to the Management Committee, Office of the Secretary of Defense by Maj. E. H. Steelnack, USAF, Management Branch, Programs Control Group, Directorate of Supply and Services DCS/Matériel, Hq. USAF, September 1951 1. INTRODUCTION The Air Force supply system is basically the same supply system that is used by civilian industry to get its manufactured products into the hands of the ultimate user or consumer. Its evolution parallels the development and employment of the airplane as a combat weapon and as a transportation vehicle for men and matériel. As the airplane came into its own, the responsibility for supply and maintenance of "parts peculiar to aircraft," was gradually transferred to Air Force Commanders, until full and complete responsibility for the duties relating to the management of "parts peculiar" were an integral part of Command responsibility. Under the Chief, Air Corps, and later Commanding General, Army Air Force, the parts peculiar concept matured. Air Depots were constructed for the storage and distribution of parts peculiar to aircraft and at base level Air Corps warehouses appeared side by side with Army Technical Service Warehouses. World War II proved the soundness of the centrally controlled matériel system for aircraft and related property and supplies which had been years in the embryonic stage of development. In 1944 the Air Force published TM 38-410, Army Air Force Base Supply Procedure, which was the counterpart of TM 38-403, the Army's Station Supply Procedure Manual. One base supply system for all supplies, both Air and Army came into being. Centralized control of all supplies at base level for both Air Force and Army matériel was established under the direction of one supply officer. In 1948 Air Force Manual 67-1, the USAF Supply Manual was published completing the establishment of an integrated supply system for the Department of the Air Force, at base and depot level, world-wide. The USAF supply system is founded on six basic concepts. They are: 1. Undivided responsibility and authority at all levels of Command. 2. Control over all assets in the Air Force with item reporting from the lowest echelon. 3. Minimum pipeline and stockage objectives. 4. Utilization of reparable assets to the maximum extent feasible to meet current and future programs. 5. Item and Case Control of oversea shipments. 6. Sound management programs. The Air Force has developed a sound, controlled, efficient, and effective supply system, utilizing the experiences of big business and the aggressiveness of its Officer and Civilian matériel personnel to insure that the system is geared to cope with the accelerated pace of the national emergency and the technical growth of the United States Air Force. II. NEW DISTRIBUTION CONCEPT Since the end of World War II, the Air Force has adopted a new concept in the distribution of supplies, called the Zonal Concept. It is designed to provide greater efficiency in the handling and shipping of supplies; provide more effective and faster distribution; eliminate paper work; make greater utilization of manpower and facilities; and improve maintenance and transportation operations. Simultaneously, several special functions, such as expediting from contractors and distribution operations, which previously had been performed by Supply Division, Headquarters, AMC, at Dayton, Ohio, have been decentralized to various field organizations. Decentralization of operational functions relieves the Supply Division, Headquarters, AMC, of many details incident to obtaining supplies, and enables that Headquarters to devote its resources to administration, planning, and computation of item requirements for Air Force logistical support. As aircraft rose in combat effectiveness, supply and maintenance operations have grown into a far-flung system patterned after the commercial concept of wholesaler, retailer, and consumer. In effect, an Air depot is a "wholesaler" and a "retailer." It operates a world-wide "mail order" business, receiving, storing, and issuing several hundreds of thousands of items annually for the Air Force. A depot's activity is geared to one purpose-providing logistical support to the Air Force on a world-wide basis-in peace or in war. This means getting the right items to the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity, with the utmost economy. There are 16 active depots in the United States, their major mission being a "wholesale business." A depot is an exciting place, but there is not much glamour in its operation. It is all work, and strictly business. This Air Force Supply and Maintenance concept cuts out the "middleman." Supplies are shipped from the manufacturer directly to a zonal depot (wholesaler), and from there directly to the individual Air Force base, affording savings in time and money. Although the system of Air Force distribution has been much improved since the end of World War II, there has been no change in the geographic location of Air Force depots. Previously, specialized depots throughout the United States were stocked with a particular property commodity, and that commodity then was distributed to all depots and from depots to consuming bases. In effect, this made every depot a general depot, and meant that materials had to be shipped from the manufacturer to the specialized depot, then to the general depot, and finally to the Air Force base. Under the new concept, supplies are shipped from the manufacturer in accordance with terms of procurement contracts to the zonal depot in each of the two zones designated to handle the particular class of property; then to the consuming air base. This has made possible the requisitioning of supplies within a zone directly on the appropriate zonal depot, and eliminates channels through which requisitions previously had been processed. Greater utilization of space is accomplished, since area depots carry only a limited number of classes of stock. This policy lends itself to larger space utilization, and faster and simplified inventory. Previously, the general depots carried as many as 250,000 items of all classes of Air Force stock. In maintenance activities as well as in supply, the zonal system has brought vast improvements. Overhaul and repair of reparable equipment of the same property classification is accomplished at the depot which stores the property classification and bits and pieces. This parallel operation makes maintenance parts readily available, eliminates delays, and assures a backlog of work which will permit planned maintenance repair on a long-range schedule. Control of production and allocation of man-hours for designated commodities and types of equipment and aircraft components are accomplished at only two points. This provides greater flexibility and greater effectiveness of repair processes. It also insures the maximum use of equipment and avoids the expensive duplication of jigs and dies. Specialization of repair and manufacturing operations permits greater use of money-saving production-line maintenance techniques. With supply and maintenance paralleling each other, the maximum use of available structural facilities is possible. Another important aspect in logistic support of the Air Force is transportation. Specialized distribution affords many transportation advantages. The routing of specific commodity shipments from the manufacturer to definite points is planned with an eye toward advantageous freight rates. Transportation pipeline time and expense are held to a minimum. By locating bulk stock and overhaul parts, and accomplishing parallel maintenance repair in two designated zonal depots only, much of the carload and air transport shipments formerly made back and forth between depots has been reduced. Packing, crating, and boxing production lines for identical stocks have been perfected, thus saving weight and space, since supply action for one stock classification is accomplished at one zonal depot only. Transportation funds and air transport allocations are made in relation to those depots having the greatest volume of fast-moving supplies. Specialization also affords maximum efficient utilization of air transport trunk lines between depots and feeder lines for area distribution, supplemented by fast motor freight. An air transport system based on known pay loads and fixed schedules speeds up distribution of supplies, reduces pipeline time and stock levels. In the three principal fields of logistics-supply, maintenance, and transportation-the zonal system is vastly superior to previous methods used in supply and maintenance operations. Included among the improvements as a result of this specialization are increased operating efficiency, reduction in operating and transportation costs, greater utilization of available manpower and equipment, and elimination of paper work and duplication of effort, faster and more efficient movement of supplies, and improved operations in maintenance and overhaul of aircraft. III. TWO-ZONE SYSTEM Under the new concept in the Air Force Supply and Maintenance System, the continental United States is divided into two integrated and complete East and West zones. The zones are separated by the Mississippi River and the eastern boundaries of Illinois and Wisconsin. Each zone has a complete stock of all classes of Air Force property, divided between the two zones on an equitable basis, using airplane population, vehicle population, or troop strength, as applicable for the basis of distribution. States in each zone are grouped into Air Material Areas. Within each Air Materiel Area, there is a headquarters established at an Air Force depot. Each headquarters provides supply and maintenance technical assistance to all Air Force bases within its geographical area. There are eight Air Matériel Areas in the United States, three of which are in the Eastern zone, and five in the Western zone. Headquarters of each of these in the Eastern zone are located at Middletown, Pa.; Macon, Ga.; and Mobile, Ala. Headquarters of each of these in the Western zone are situated at Ogden, Utah; Oklahoma City, Okla.; San Bernardino, Calif.; Sacramento, Calif.; and San Antonio, Tex. At each of these locations there exists an area depot. In addition to the 8 depots located at the AMA Headquarters, there are 8 other depots in the ZI, 5 of which are in the Eastern zone and three in the Western zone. Each Air Force depot is known as a "Zonal" depot, having parallel supply and maintenance responsibilities for a specific property class, on a zonal basis. For example, all B-29 engines and accessories are stocked at two depots in the United States, one in the Eastern zone, one in the Western zone. All maintenance overhaul for B-29 engines is scheduled for those designated depots. A zonal depot also may be designated as either a "prime" or an "opposite" depot to indicate single property class functions, which are in addition to a depot's normal 94756-52--19 operations. Such designation is designed to promote USAF policy of decentralizing supply distribution and expediting from contract functions from Supply Division Headquarters, AMC, to zonal depots. A "prime" depot is the zonal depot which has been designated by Headquarters, AMC, to handle world-wide distribution of a specific Air Force property class; expedite deliveries from manufacturers, and assure that adequate supplies are on hand in zone. An "opposite" depot is located physically in the zone which is opposite the prime depot. It has the same responsibilities as a zonal depot. However, it looks to the prime depot for the answers to quesitions pertaining to the maintenance of sufficient sticks within its zone and for furnishing matériel for priority requests which they cannot supply. A single property class is stocked in only two depots, one in each zone. Matériel is shipped directly from the manufacturer to the zonal depot in each zone; from these directly to the requiring activity. AF activities requisition directly on the depot in their zone responsible for the classification of matériel involved. Oversea requisitions received by the overseas shipment control depot (Newark, Mobile, and Sacramento) are extracted direct to the appropriate zonal depot in which they are located. Priority requisitions which cannot be filled by an "opposite depot" are extracted to the "prime depot". "Prime Depots" have the authority to request expedited or diversion actions when matériel is due in on AF contracts. All requests for matériel not available are back-ordered by the prime depot pending receipt of information from Headquarters, AMC. Levels are established by zonal depots which reflect when: (1) Action should be taken to initiate procurement. (2) Supply of the items should be limited to fill emergency requests, and requests originating from high precedence organizations. There are certain Air Force property classes which contain items of supply which are commonly used and have general application. These classes are called "Common Item Classes" and stock matériel and such as hardware, paints, dopes, metals, gases, petroleum products, chemicals, office supplies, etc. Usually, all AMA depots stock above types of material. In addition, a back-up stock is maintained at desigated master depots. A master depot is a specialized activity located in the Eastern and Western zones in which is stored all quantities of common item classes above the amounts authorized to be stored at other depots. Master depots may be either "prime" or "opposite" depending upon the distribution responsibilities given to them by Headquarters AMC. An "opposite" or "prime" master depot supplies stocks to each AMA depot. Air Force activities physically located within an AMA, requisition directly on their AMA depot except in instances where the master depot is physically located in the same AMA. In these instances AF activties located in the same geogrpahical area as the master depot submit their requisitions directly on the master depot. Priority requistions which cannot be filled at an AMA depot are extracted to the appropriate master depot in the zone in which the AMA depot is physically located. If the master depot is the "opposite" master depot and the matériel is not available, the request is extracted to the prime master depot. All requests for matériel not vailable at the Prime Master Depot are back-ordered pending receipt of information from Headquarters AMC. Levels are also established by the prime master depot which reflect when: (1) Action should be taken to initiate procurement. (2) Supply of the item should be limited to fill emergency requests and requests originating from high supply precedence organizations. IV. GLOBAL ASPECTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Channels for overseas requisitions All oversea requisitions are submitted to shipment control activities in the Z/I, whose function is to monitor and control the requisition and shipment of matériel to the oversea requisitioning activity. A total of three (3) oversea shipment control activities perform these functions. They are: Newark Transportation Control Deport.-This shipment control activity receives and controls requisitions submitted by all AF activities in England, Germany, France, and independent oversea bases such as those located in Greenland, Iceland, Azores, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Turkey, and Bermuda. Sacramento Overseas Shipment Control Deport.-This oversea shipment control depot receives and controls requisitions submitted by activities within the Far |