and praised our (men). Our (men) are praised by Marcus, the son of the farmer.

4. Marcus had learned many (things) about the customs of the Gauls. He has often praised the courage of the Gauls. They were waging war for (prō) liberty.

1, Column of Antoninus Plus; 2, Column of Marcus Aurelius; 3, Column of Trajan; 4, Arch of Septimius Severus; 5, Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus; 6, Arch of Titus; 7, Arch of Constantine; 8, Fabrician Bridge; 9, Sublician Bridge.

5. Cornelia gave beautiful roses to (her) mother, a beautiful woman; has given; will give. Beautiful roses will be given by Cornelia to (her) mother.

163. Derivation Exercise. -To what Latin words are "cognizant," "election," and "demonstrable" related?

Tempora mutantur, et nos mūtāmur in illis 1
Times change and we change in them

CHAPTER XVIII

PASSIVE VOICE: FIRST CONJUGATION (Cont.)

FIRST SECTION

164. Preliminary Review. -1. Write a synopsis of the Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of vocō, laudō, culpō. 2. Repeat each synopsis three times, associating with

each tense its meaning.

ing your speed.

3. Conjugate these tenses, test

165. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive. We have learned the Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative of voco in the Passive voice. In these tenses the Passive is indicated by the personal endings (e.g. vócor, vocábar, vocábor). In the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, the Passive voice is expressed by using the Perfect Passive Participle vocátus (-a, -um) with sum for the Perfect; with eram for the Pluperfect; and with A Greek Vase ero for the Future Perfect. Thus: vocátus sum, I was called, or I have been called; vocátus

Aphrodite (Venus) and

Swan

1 English parallel: "New occasions teach new duties; time makes ancient good uncouth" (Lowell).

éram, I had been called; vocátus éro, I shall have been called. These tenses are conjugated as follows:

2. vocátī erátis, you had been 2. vocátī éritis, you will have been called

called

3. vocátī érant, they had been 3. vocáti érunt, they will have been called

called

NOTE. -The Perfect Passive Participle is an adjective and changes in form to agree in gender and number with the subject. Thus puella (f. sing.) vocata (f. sing.) est; puellae (f. pl.) vocatae (f. pl.) sunt; templum (n. sing.) laudātum (n. sing.) est; templa (n. pl.) laudāta (n. pl.) sunt.

166. Exercise. Conjugate the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive of laudō and culpō.

168. A. 1. Puella ā mātre laudāta est. Mater rosās in hortō colebat. Puella mātrī auxilium dederat.

2. Auxilium mātrī ā puellā dătum est. Puellae māter librōs dedit. Puellae ā mātre librī dătī sunt; dăti erant; dantur; dăti erunt.

1 Associate colo with agricola (16) and incola (40).

2 Associate consulō with cōnsul (consul, one-who-consults, 139). consilium was formed from the root of cōnsulō : cōnsul + ium became cōnsilium (a consulting), a noun of action. A similar noun of

action is iudicium (141).

3. Frumentum in oppidum comportatum est. Inopia frumenti in oppidō fuerat. Nunc est copia frumenti in oppidō.

4. Incolae oppidi bellum timebant. Agricolae ab incolis in oppidum vocabantur; vocati sunt; vocabuntur. De periculō

consulent.

5. Dux copias in oppidum duxit. Praesidia oppidi ante bellum confirmare cōnstituērunt. Manlius in proelio vulnerātus est. Nōn iam 1 in proeliō manere poterat.

6. Vōx mea libertatem semper defendet; defendit. Salūs patriae meae in libertate est; semper erit; semper fuit. Populus noster semper liber erit.

7. Amicos bonōs habere dēbēmus. Suntne amīcī tui boni? Et pater et māter amīcōs meōs laudant. Amicos bonōs semper

dēligō; dēlēgī; dēligam.

8. In medio horto fuit arbor magna et pulchra. Sub arbore Marcus ōrātiōnēs Ciceronis (of Cicero) legebat.

9. Terram colunt agricolae. Amīcōs colimus; coluimus; coluerāmus. Amīcī propter virtūtēs laudātī sunt.

B. 1. You will have been praised. He was praising; he was praised. We shall be able to remain in the town. The soldiers will defend the town.

2. The leader has enrolled new legions. The soldiers are being called together; have been called together. Why are the gates of the town being strengthened?

3. He wounded the leader of the barbarians with a sword. 4. We shall cultivate our friends. We ought to cultivate our friends. We have chosen good friends. The reputation of friends ought to be good. Is the reputation of your friends good?

- Can you find additional English words

169. Derivation Exercise. related to clāmō, portō, and ante?

1 iam: by this time, now; nōn iam: no longer.