In hoc signō vincēs 1- In this sign thou shalt conquer

CHAPTER XX (REVIEW)

WORD LIST

178. Suggestions for Study. Follow the method outlined in 55. Give a synopsis of each starred verb, then conjugate each tense, testing

1 Constantine, the first Christian emperor, saw in the sky a cross bearing a Greek motto which these words translate. (See pp. 52 and 53.)

SENTENCES ILLUSTRATING SYNTAX IN CHAPTERS I-XIX

179. 1. Germānī agrōs pulchrōs Galliae occupare studēbant. 2. Caesar mīlitēs novos in Italia conscribere et statim cum Germanis bellum gerere ausus est.

3. Sextius, amicus agricolae, mīlitēs in hīberna redūxerat. 4. Dux militum sagitta vulneratus erat.

5. Filius ducis virtutem et iustitiam Caesaris laudavit. 6. Amicus noster saepe de bellō

schola paucos

poterunt.

annōs manere

10. Nōnne est lux patriae nostrae libertas ? Libertatem semper defendēmus.

11. Leges sunt vox populi. In America populus, non rex, regit. Nostras lēgēs iūstās laudāmus.

12. Aestate multi greges in agris sunt.

13. In medio flumine est insula parva et pulchra. In insula sunt multae arborēs.

14. Agricola benignus fuit. Miserō servō pecuniam saepe dăbat.

180. Derivation Exercise, Type II. - Select five English words containing nav (the base of nāvis, f., ship), which appears in navigō (nāv + ago), I sail. Write a brief definition of each and insert this exercise, when approved by the teacher, in the notebook. See the following model :

voco, vocare, vocāvi, vocatus, call

vocation -a calling, occupation

vocational pertaining to a vocation or calling
vocal-pertaining to the voice

vociferous

with large calling power, with loud tones

invocation a calling upon, a prayer

Numquam periculum sine periculo vincitur. (Publilius)

Never is peril conquered without peril

CHAPTER XXI

PASSIVE VOICE: THIRD CONJUGATION. PERSONAL PRONOUNS EGO, TŪ . INTENSIVE PRONOUN IPSE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN SUĨ · REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVES

FIRST SECTION

181. The Indicative Passive of regō is: Present, régor, I am ruled; Imperfect, regébar, I was being ruled, I was ruled; Future, régar, I shall be ruled; Perfect, réctus sum, I was ruled, I have been ruled; Pluperfect, réctus éram, I had been ruled; Future Perfect, réctus érō, I shall have been ruled. These tenses are conjugated on page 329.

182. Suggestions for Study. -1. Conjugate each tense, associating with each form its meaning; then practice for accuracy and speed. 2. Write a synopsis of the Active and Passive tenses of regō. 3. Write a synopsis of the Indicative Passive of dūcō, mittō, scribō.

183. Personal Pronouns of the First and Second Per

sons. The personal pronoun of the first person is égo, I, plural nōs, we; that of the second person is tū, you (or thou), plural vōs, you.1

Since the personal endings of a verb express the person and number of the subject (e.g. laudō, I praise), the subject does not need to be separately expressed by a personal pronoun, except for emphasis (e.g. Ego laudō, I praise).

1 The personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it; plural they) are supplied by the demonstrative pronouns (215).

The personal pronouns of the first and second persons are declined as follows:

pound pronouns" (first person: myself, plural ourselves; second person yourself or thyself, plural yourselves; third person himself, herself, itself, plural themselves) are called intensive pronouns when used to emphasize a noun or pronoun beside which they are placed, thus: I myself; mother herself.

In Latin the intensive pronoun (with all persons) is ipse, m., ipsa, f., ípsum, n., self, very. The intensive pronoun agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun or pronoun to which it belongs, thus: Ego ipse, I myself; māter ipsa, mother herself. The Latin intensive pronoun is declined on page 323.

185. Exercise. (a) Pronounce each verb and give its person, number, and tense; then translate and conjugate each tense for

1 Also nostrī and vestrī, which are used only as Objective Genitives (359).

2 The Ablative of pronouns referring to persons usually requires a preposition (e.g. ā mē, from or by me). The preposition cum, with, is appended as an enclitic to mē, tē, nōbīs, võbīs: mécum, with me; técum, with you (thee); nobiscum, with us; vobiscum, with you. Similarly with the reflexive pronoun (186) sécum, with himself, with herself, with themselves.