next to the last (the penult) if this syllable is long, otherwise upon the antepenult (the syllable before the penult); amicus (a-mí-cus), válidus (vá-li-dus), impediméntum (im-pe-di-méntum) (7 c), benefícium (be-ne-fí-ci-um), medíocre (me-dí-o-cre).

c. Certain words like -ne, the sign of a question, and -que, and, are joined to the preceding word and pronounced with it; hence they are called enclitics (from Greek ẻykλívaiv, to lean upon, because they lean on the word to which they are joined); amátne, does-he-love? naúta agricólaque, the sailor and-thefarmer.

QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES

7. The quantity of a syllable (i.e. the amount of time it takes to pronounce it) is determined as follows:

a. A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong; cura (cu-ra), Caésar (Caé-sar).

b. A syllable is short if it ends in a short vowel: vía (ví-a), naúta (naú-ta).

c. A syllable, even if the vowel is short, is long when the short vowel is followed by a double consonant (x or z): aspéxi (a-spéc-si), gáza (gád-za); or by two or more consonants when one or more of these consonants closes (i.e. ends) the syllable: est, sunt, suspéctus (su-spéc-tus), vérba (vér-ba), múlta (múl-ta). When the consonants go with the next syllable, as in 5 c above, the preceding syllable is not closed and the length of the syllable is determined by the length of its vowel.

d. A vowel is always long before nf, ns, nx, and nct : ínferō (ín-fe-rō), prūdēns (prú-dēns), sánctus (sánc-tus).

e. A vowel is usually short before another vowel or h: vía (vía), cốpia (cố-pi-a), tráho (trá-ho); but diến (diết).

f. A vowel is regularly short before nd and nt, before final m or t, and, except in words of one syllable, before final 1 or r:

vocándus (vo-cán đus), vócant (v6-cant), laudabam (lau đá

bam), laudabat (lau-da-bat), ánimal (á-ni-mal), lábor (lá-bor).

1

But the vowel is long, if it represents a contraction, as in cóntiō (from conventiō), préndō (from prehéndō).

8. Exercise. Pronounce carefully, dividing each word into its syllables, and placing the accent on the proper syllable:

1. Labor omnia vincit. 2. Terra est pulchra. 3. Rex est crūdēlis. 4. Regit crūdēliter. 5. Multae insulae in marī sunt. 6. Rōma est urbs magna. 7. Lūna clara est. 8. Studium linguae Latinae delectat pueros et puellas. 9. Saepe lēgēs bonae cīvēs defendunt. 10. Inter civitātēs foedus firmum erat. 11. Heu! pacem nōn amant. 12. Gallia est terra pulchra. 13. Caesar Galliam occupavit. 14. Hostes in castra tēla iēcērunt. 15. Rōma est urbs maior quam urbs nostra. 16. Quis dixit, "Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī”? 17. Innocentia nōs dēfendit. 18. Agricola in via ambulat. 19. Tenebrae noctis cadunt. 20. Prūdēns nihil dīcit nisi prudenter. 21. Amanda est patria nostra. 22. Militēs impedimenta in castrīs reliquerunt. 23. Estne Italia terra pulchra ? 24. Suntne nauta et agricola amīcī ? 25. "Ubi est," inquit, "liber meus?" 26. Heu, mē miserum! librum meum āmīsī.

9. (a) THE COMING OF THE WISE MEN 1

(St. Matthew ii. 7-9)

7. Tunc Herōdēs, clam vo- Then Herod, when he had cātis Magis, diligenter didicit ab eis tempus stellae, quae apparuit eīs.

8. Et mittens illōs in Bethlehem dixit: Ite et interrogate diligenter de puerō,

et cum inveneritis, renuntiate mihi, ut et ego veniens adōrem

eum.

secretly called the wise men, inquired of them diligently what time the star appeared.

And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child;

and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also.

1 From the Vulgate, the Latin version of the Scriptures.

9. Qui cum audissent rēgem, abierunt; et ecce stella, quam viderant in oriente,

antecēdēbat eos, úsquedum veniēns stāret supra, ubi erat puer.

When they had heard the king, they departed; and lo, the star, which they saw in the east,

went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.

(b) THE PRAYER OF MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

E pluribus unum - Out of many, one

CHAPTER I

FIRST DECLENSION SUBJECT, OBJECT, AGREEMENT OF VERBS, POSSESSIVE GENITIVE

FIRST SECTION

10. Preliminary Review.

-

Study the Introductory Chapter on Pronunciation, Sections 1-6, and pronounce carefully the Exercises in 8

and 9.

11. Changes in the Form of English Words. In English many words (especially nouns, pronouns, and verbs) change in form to express a change in meaning. Thus (a) I praise him and (b) He praises me, express different meanings by different forms of the same words. To express this change of meaning each word has changed in form.1 Likewise, if we have the sentence (c) This man is brave, and wish to express the same idea in the plural, we change the first three words into (d) These men are. The word brave we do not change, because in English the form of an adjective is the same in the plural as in the singular. Similarly (e) I go (the Present tense) changes to (f) I went to express the Past tense, and to (g) I have gone to express the Present Perfect tense.

Such changes in form are called inflection. The inflection of a noun or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation.

1 The word I has changed in form to me, showing that the word is now not the subject, but the object of the verb; the word praise has changed in form to praises, showing that the verb is now of the third person; the word him has changed in form to he, showing that it is now the subject of the verb.

In English there are three cases, Nominative, Possessive, and Objective, as The sailor praises the farmer's house. Here the subject (sailor) is in the Nominative case, the object (house) is in the Objective case, and the Possessive case (farmer's) indicates the possessor, or owner, of the house. The Nominative and Objective cases of an English noun are alike in form; the singular Possessive case (farmer's) is formed by adding the ending -'s. This ending, which changes the form to show a change of meaning, is called an inflectional ending.

12. Changes in the Form of Latin Words. In Latin there are many more changes in the form of words than in English, which has lost many of the inflections it formerly had. Hence we say that Latin is a "more highly inflected" language than English.

In Latin there are six cases, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. Thus térra, the land, is the Nominative, the case of the Subject; térram, the land, is the Accusative, the case of the Object. The case endings of the plural are different from those of the singular. Thus térra, the land, is the Nominative singular; térrae, the lands, is the Nominative plural. Many of the relations expressed in English by the use of prepositions are expressed in Latin by case endings. Thus the Genitive singular is térrae, OF-the-land; the Genitive plural is terrárum, OF-the-lands. It is very important, therefore, to observe carefully the case ending, and to be able to associate at once with the form its meaning. In addition, Latin prepositions are used with certain cases.

13. First Declension. - Nouns of the First Declension are mostly feminine and are declined like térra, land, as in the