Virtutum amicitia adiutrix a natūrā data est. (Cicero) Friendship was given by Nature as a helpmeet of the virtues CHAPTER XXXI FOURTH CONJUGATION: AUDIO. EXPRESSIONS OF CAUSE FIRST SECTION 259. Preliminary Review. 1. Write the synopsis of capio in the Indicative, Active and Passive side by side. 2. Conjugate each tense twice, testing your speed. 260. Fourth Conjugation. Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation end in iō (e.g. aúdio, I hear). The Present Infinitive Active ends in -ire (e.g. audire, to hear). The Perfect Indicative Active regularly ends in ivi (e.g. audivi, I have heard, I heard). The Perfect Passive Participle regularly ends in -itus (e.y. auditus, -a, -um, having been heard). The characteristic vowel is ī. Learn the Indicative Active, page 333. 261. Observe. In the Present Indicative Active of capio (an io verb of the Third Conjugation) the i of the Present stem (capi-) is short in all the forms; in audio (Fourth Conjugation) the i of the Present stem (audi-) is long, except before a vowel, and in audit, he hears. All verbs in iō are alike in the Imperfect Indicative and in the Future Indicative. A Coin of Vespasian (Reverse of Coin on page 88) The soldier is suffering because-of-wounds states a fact (A), and the cause for that fact (B). We We may also say: The soldier is suffering from, or on-account-of, or as-a-result-of, wounds. Thus we see that in English we have several 1 Associate the noun aegritūdō, illness, with the adjective aeger, aegra, aegrum, ill. The suffix -tūdō expresses a quality or condition. (Cf. the suffixes -tūs, -tās, -a, 238). The English suffix "-tude represents the Latin suffix -tūdō, as in "fortitude," from fortitúdō, bravery. phrases to express a cause or reason. Each of these phrases conveys about the same idea. This sentence becomes in Latin: Mīles vulneribus (or propter vulnera, or ob vulnera, or ex vulneribus) laborat. Thus we see that in Latin the cause may be expressed in several ways, but with practically the same meaning. 264. Rule. Cause is expressed in Latin by the Ablative alone; by ob or propter with the Accusative; by ē (ex) or de 1 with the Ablative. 265. Exercise. Express in Latin in four ways: 1. The town suffers from lack of grain. 2. He fled on account of 266. A. 1. Custōdi non licet dormire. 2. Ob fugam hunc militem timidum pūnīre debent. lēgātō a duce tributa erat. tudinem semper vigilabat. 3. Octava enim legio Fabio 4. Ille vir miser propter aegri 5. Iam barbari ad flumen con 1 e.g. multis de causis: for (from) many reasons; qua de causā? for what reason? vēnērunt; hūc pervenient cum celeritate; vincentne militēs Rōmānōs? 6. Rīdēbis verba mea, et licet rīdĕre. B. 1. In that year this foot-soldier was punished because of (his) fear. 2. On account of the lack of men, we shall never take that town, which has been fortified with a great wall. 3. Your friend will not come to this place, because the seventh legion has been sent back to the small camp. 4. It is never lawful to punish the good, for, because of (their) virtue, they do nothing contrary to the laws of the state. 5. Because of his father's illness, the scout has not yet come to our camp. 267. Derivation Exercise, Type II. - Find, for the notebook, five English words related to audiō. THE ROMAN ROADS (Optional) 268. The entire country occupied by the Romans was covered with a network of great roads for commercial and military purposes. They were built somewhat as our macadam roads are, and were so perfectly constructed that many of them are still in use. The most famous of the Roman roads was the Appian Way, the "Queen of Roads," which ran nearly southeast from Rome. It was built as far as possible in a straight line, cutting through hills and bridging ravines. It had a pavement of hard stone resting upon several layers of smaller stones partially set in lime. The visitor to Rome usually makes at least one excursion out upon the Appian Way. "Awe-struck I gazed upon that rock-paved way, Of Rome's resistless stride and fateful will." (Aubrey de Vere.) |